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Liu S, Chen R, Ye M, Luo J, Yang D, Dai M. EcoDetect-YOLO: A Lightweight, High-Generalization Methodology for Real-Time Detection of Domestic Waste Exposure in Intricate Environmental Landscapes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4666. [PMID: 39066064 PMCID: PMC11280945 DOI: 10.3390/s24144666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In response to the challenges of accurate identification and localization of garbage in intricate urban street environments, this paper proposes EcoDetect-YOLO, a garbage exposure detection algorithm based on the YOLOv5s framework, utilizing an intricate environment waste exposure detection dataset constructed in this study. Initially, a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) is integrated between the second level of the feature pyramid etwork (P2) and the third level of the feature pyramid network (P3) layers to optimize the extraction of relevant garbage features while mitigating background noise. Subsequently, a P2 small-target detection head enhances the model's efficacy in identifying small garbage targets. Lastly, a bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) is introduced to strengthen the model's capability for deep feature fusion. Experimental results demonstrate EcoDetect-YOLO's adaptability to urban environments and its superior small-target detection capabilities, effectively recognizing nine types of garbage, such as paper and plastic trash. Compared to the baseline YOLOv5s model, EcoDetect-YOLO achieved a 4.7% increase in mAP0.5, reaching 58.1%, with a compact model size of 15.7 MB and an FPS of 39.36. Notably, even in the presence of strong noise, the model maintained a mAP0.5 exceeding 50%, underscoring its robustness. In summary, EcoDetect-YOLO, as proposed in this paper, boasts high precision, efficiency, and compactness, rendering it suitable for deployment on mobile devices for real-time detection and management of urban garbage exposure, thereby advancing urban automation governance and digital economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenlin Liu
- School of Mathematics and Computer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524008, China; (S.L.); (R.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruihan Chen
- School of Mathematics and Computer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524008, China; (S.L.); (R.C.); (J.L.)
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, International (Macau) Institute of Academic Research, Macau 999078, China
| | - Minhua Ye
- College of Ocean Engineering and Energy, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiawei Luo
- School of Mathematics and Computer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524008, China; (S.L.); (R.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Derong Yang
- School of Mathematics and Computer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524008, China; (S.L.); (R.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Ming Dai
- School of Mathematics and Computer, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524008, China; (S.L.); (R.C.); (J.L.)
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2
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Ledieu L, Tramoy R, Mabilais D, Ricordel S, Mosini ML, Mosset A, Flahaut B, Pineau L, Bridant Z, Bouchet E, Bruttin C, Rodriguez F, Tassin B, Gasperi J. Litter in French urban areas - Part 2: transport dynamic and fluxes in stormwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33774-0. [PMID: 38829498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Urban areas constitute a major hotspot of litter, including plastic litter, that stormwater can wash off towards waterways. However, few studies quantified and characterized litter densities in urban areas and fluxes transported by stormwater networks. Moreover, little information is available on litter transport dynamics in stormwater, and on the factors driving this transport. This study aims at characterizing and quantifying litter amounts transported by stormwater of two nested French urban catchments (total surface area of 105 ha). Litter densities relative to land uses and rain events were investigated in the same catchments as in a compagnon paper (Ledieu et al., 2024). The present study explores the impact of rain events on the transport of urban litter in stormwater. Litter collection and characterization combined with a capture/recapture experiment using tagged litter placed in stormwater inlets show total litter fluxes of 29 kg/year, in which 14 kg/year are plastics, exported at the stormwater outlet. These fluxes confirm that stormwater runoff is a considerable pathway from urban surfaces to waterways, especially regarding small plastic litter (< 2.5 cm). Item transport dynamic is however not linear and only 0.3% of the urban litter appear remobilized. Litter transport dynamics depends on several factors (urban litter densities, hydrometeorological parameters, item composition and morphologies, and stormwater management systems) that should be considered in global models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Ledieu
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France.
| | - Romain Tramoy
- LEESU, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Ecole Des Ponts, Creteil, France
| | - David Mabilais
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Ricordel
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Laure Mosini
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Mosset
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Flahaut
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Pineau
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Zoé Bridant
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Bouchet
- Nantes Métropole, 2 Cours du Champ-de-Mars, 44000, Nantes, France
| | | | - Fabrice Rodriguez
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Tassin
- LEESU, Ecole Des Ponts, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Marne-La-Vallée, France
| | - Johnny Gasperi
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, GERS-LEE, 44344, Bouguenais, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville IRSTV, CNRS, 1 Rue de La Noë, 44321, Nantes, France
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3
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Jokar Z, Banavi N, Taghizadehfard S, Hassani F, Solimani R, Azarpira N, Dehghani H, Dezhgahi A, Sanati AM, Farjadfard S, Ramavandi B. Marine litter along the shores of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30853. [PMID: 38765091 PMCID: PMC11101852 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic wastes -including cigarette butts (CBs)- are dangerous for marine ecosystems not only because they contain hazardous chemicals but also because they can finally turn into micro- or even nano-particles that may be ingested by micro- and macro-fauna. Even large pieces of plastics can trap animals. In this research, the pollution status of macroplastics (abundance, size, type, and colour) and cigarette butts (CBs, number/m2) on the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf has been investigated. A total of 19 stations were explored in Bushehr province (Iran), which covers a length equivalent to 160 km of the Persian Gulf coastline. Among the collected plastic waste (2992 items), disposable mugs were the most frequent (18 %). Plastics with sizes 5-15 cm were the most abundant, and the most common type of plastic was PET (P-value <0.05). The origin of most macroplastics was domestic (2269 items). According to the Index of Clean Coasts (ICC), most surveyed beaches were extremely dirty. The average number and density of CBs in this study were 220 and 2.45 items/m2, respectively. Household litter was the most abundant type of waste in the studied beaches, and this problem can be better managed by training and improving the waste disposal culture. In general, it is suggested that an integrated and enhanced management for fishing, sewage and surface water disposal, and sandy recreational beaches be implemented in Bushehr to control plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jokar
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Banavi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Sara Taghizadehfard
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hassani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Rezvan Solimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Nahid Azarpira
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Hanieh Dehghani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Atefeh Dezhgahi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Sanati
- Department of Environmental Science, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, 7518759577, Iran
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Faisal M, You ZJ, Buttar NA, Idrees MB, Naeem M, Ali S, Ali B, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF. Assessing Metal Exposure and Leaching from Discarded Cigarette Butts: Environmental Analysis and Integrated Waste Management Approaches. TOXICS 2024; 12:324. [PMID: 38787103 PMCID: PMC11125821 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette butts, often discarded as litter, are considered a common form of waste, containing a variety of pollutants within this hazardous residue. This study, which was designed to assess the environmental release of certain metals from cigarette butts, investigates a variety of scenarios under varying climatic conditions. Thus, in order to assess the level of metal contamination, samples of cigarette butts were collected in urban areas from seven popular brands in China, smoked artificially, and examined through graphite furnace atomic absorption (GF-AAS). The findings indicated mean concentrations of 1.77 for Cr, 2.88 for Ni, 12.93 for Cu, 24.25 for Zn, and 1.77 µg/g for Pb in the case of newly smoked butts. The emission of each of the metals increases to 8-10% when cigarette butts remain in the environment for an extended period of time. Furthermore, rainfall can accelerate metal leaching, reaching values of 18-20% compared to the controlled scenario. The worst-case scenario releases 2129.31 kg/year of metals into the environment, while the best-case scenario sees a lower release of 844.97 kg/year. The data reflect variations in metal emissions across different scenarios. There was also a strong correlation between cigarette butts in public spaces and cities. This research highlights the need to educate smokers and increase urban maintenance efficiency to reduce this litter and the metals it leaches into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal
- Centre for Ports and Maritime Safety, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;
| | - Zai-Jin You
- Centre for Ports and Maritime Safety, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China;
| | - Noman Ali Buttar
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Bilal Idrees
- Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Shoaib Ali
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518005, China;
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan;
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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5
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Ghasemi M, Feyzi Kamareh T, Morovati M, Kazembeigi F, Alinejad N, Moein H, Hassani G. The fate of leaked heavy metals in the urban environment under different persistence and precipitation scenarios. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8343. [PMID: 38594514 PMCID: PMC11004182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of tobacco will lead to the littering of a large number of filters, and the leakage of pollutants from them into the urban environment is a serious concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the leakage of heavy metals from filter and estimate the annual concentration of pollution leakage in different waste routes and different climatic conditions. The results showed that the highest and lowest density of filter in the studied urban environment were 0.51 and 0.01 number/m2, respectively. According to the estimated annual production of 306 million cigarette butts in the studied area, the leakage of the studied metals was estimated to be 401 g. The share of copper, chromium, and cadmium from the total leakage was 67%, 8.3%, and 1.88%, respectively. The leakage of studied metals in rainy conditions was 2.86 times more than sunny conditions. In different scenarios, the minimum and maximum annual leakage of metals were estimated 23,043 and 350,419 mg/year, respectively. Filters are a little but important source of heavy metal emission into the urban environment, the amount of pollution from which is affected by the consumers' behavior and the efficiency of the urban cleaning system. Education on the correct disposal of filters and increasing the efficiency of the urban cleaning system will lead to a reduction in pollution caused by tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ghasemi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Touran Feyzi Kamareh
- Faculty of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Morovati
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
| | - Farogh Kazembeigi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Navid Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hossein Moein
- Department of Environmental Health, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Ghasem Hassani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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6
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Delavari Heravi M, Haddadi M, Karami Nejad F, Izadi Yazdanabadi Z, Haghighat GA. A comparative study of indexes used for litter pollution assessment in urban and public environments. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24954. [PMID: 38317978 PMCID: PMC10838791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Litter is a common pollution in the urban environment and public places such as beaches, which has serious health and economic consequences. Several indexes are used to interpret the pollution status caused by litter, which have different limitations and strengths. In this review, the efficiency and characteristics of different indexes were compared. For this purpose, related articles were searched in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Knowledge, and after screening, 21 articles were selected. The main questions of this study included factors affecting the interpretation of pollution in different indexes and the criteria considered in each index. The results showed that the existing indexes based on the type of litter include two categories of comprehensive indexes such as Clean Environment Index and specific indexes such as Cigarette Butt Pollution Index. Also, the index can be divided into two categories in terms of spatial application, including general indexes such as Environmental Status and specific indexes such as Clean Coast Index. An important difference in the indexes is the importance of the impact of the pollution potential of different litter in the assessment of the status in indexes such as Clean Environment Index and Environmental Status, while indexes such as Clean Coast Index evaluate the status based only on the density of litter. According to the capabilities of each of the indexes, it is necessary to pay attention to the local needs as well as the characteristics of each index in using in urban management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdieh Haddadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Karami Nejad
- Environmental Health Engineering Expert, Boyer Ahmad City Health Center , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Gholam Ali Haghighat
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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7
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Darabi K, Hayati R, Morovati M, Alinejad N, Hassani G. Impact of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown on the urban litter and clean environment index. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9099. [PMID: 37277411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing the level of pollution in the urban environment is one of the consequences of Covid-19. Litter are one of the most important urban pollutants affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. In this research, the pollution level of urban areas during the Covid-19 pandemic was investigated by studying the urban environment. To this end, the protocol of observation and counting was used and litter were studied in two groups including common litter and Covid-19 related litter in Yasuj, Iran. The results were interpreted based on the clean environment index (CEI). The time of observation was selected based on the peak of the disease and the decline in the incidence rate. The results showed that on average, at the peak of the disease, the density of the litter was reduced by 19% compared to the low lockdown related to Covid-19. The CEI on average was 4.76 at the peak of the disease that was interpreted in the clean status, while the CEI on average was 5.94 at the low lockdown related to Covid-19 so interpreted in the moderate status. Among urban land uses, recreational areas with a difference of more than 60% showed the greatest impact caused by Covid-19, while in commercial areas this difference was less than 3%. The effect of Covid-19 related litter on the calculated index was 73% in the worst case and 0.8% in the lowest case. Although Covid-19 decreased the number of litter in urban areas, the emergence of Covid-19 lockdown related litter was a cause for concern and led to increasing the CEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Darabi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Hayati
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maryam Morovati
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
| | - Navid Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hassani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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8
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Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, Mohebbi G, Vazirizadeh A, De-la-Torre GE, Saeedi R, Nabipour I, Novotny TE, Schmidt TC. Toxic effect of cigarette butts leachates on blood markers of Periophthalmus waltoni species from the Persian Gulf region. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:138036. [PMID: 36736482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CBs) are one of the most common, long-lasting, and toxic forms of marine and coastal area debris. Although the significance of CBs and the toxic contents of this waste items are well recognized, but there is still a lack of information about the effects of this waste on the aquatic organisms. Therefore in this study, the in-vivo toxic effects of various CBs leachates (smoked cigarette butts with tobacco [SCBs], smoked CBs without tobacco [SFs], and unsmoked filters [USFs]) on cellular and chemical hematologic markers in fish (Periophthalmus waltoni) were evaluated. In three acute, sub-acute, and sub-chronic exposure measurements, P. waltoni exposed to different CBs leachates showed a significant increase in white blood cells, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase, as well as a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) levels. The mean ± SD values of Hb in P. waltoni species exposed to different CBs leachates (control, SCBs, SFs and USFs) in acute (1 day) phase were 7.15 ± 0.34, 6.02 ± 0.29, 6.25 ± 0.25 and 6.89 ± 0.1 g/dl respectively. These values in subacute (28 days) phase were 6.70 ± 0.15, 5.19 ± 0.24, 5.67 ± 0.30 and 6.10 ± 0.24 g/dl and in sub chronic exposure (42 days) phase were 7.20 ± 0.40, 5.16 ± 0.30, 5.88 ± 0.34 and 6.60 ± 0.33 g/dl respectively. Our results showed that CBs leachates act as a stressor, leading to changes in some hematologic markers in P. waltoni species. Because of the continued deposition of CBs waste into global aquatic environments, policies to mitigate this waste in coastal areas are needed to prevent potentially negative effects on fish and other aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany.
| | - Gholamhossein Mohebbi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Amir Vazirizadeh
- Persian Gulf Research Institute, Marine Biology and Fishery Sciences Department, Persian Gulf University, Iran
| | | | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Thomas E Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany
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9
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Farzadkia M, Alinejad N, Ghasemi A, Rezaei Kalantary R, Esrafili A, Torkashvand J. Clean environment index: A new approach for litter assessment. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:368-375. [PMID: 35959868 PMCID: PMC9925890 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Littered waste is one of the ubiquitous problems in urban environments. In this study, urban environmental pollution was evaluated for the first time using a new developed index. The findings indicated that cigarette butts with an average 58% are the largest share in the composition of littered waste. In addition, the numbers of littered wastes throughout the study area had a spatial variation. According to clean environment index (CEI), the entire study area was found to be in a moderate status. However, 40% of the study areas were classified in a dirty and extremely dirty status. Comparison of the studied urban land-uses showed that residential land use with CEI equal to 3.38 is interpreted in the clean status, while commercial land use with CEI equal to 15.05 can be classified in the dirty status. The application of CEI has a good capability to assess littered waste; this index can be employed to evaluate the pollution of urban sidewalks and other environments such as beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental
Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health
Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Navid Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa
University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Ghasemi
- Department of Public Health, Fasa
University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Research Center for Environmental
Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health
Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Research Center for Environmental
Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health
Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
| | - Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental
Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health
Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
Iran
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10
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Spatial and temporal variation of CBPI and leakage of heavy metals from cigarette butts into the urban environment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1424. [PMID: 36697425 PMCID: PMC9876916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 5 trillion cigarettes are produced in the world every year. This hazardous waste is one of the most important litter in the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the density and dispersion of cigarette butts in the urban environment and to estimate the leakage of pollution from it to the environment. For this purpose, the cigarette butt pollution index was used in 14 locations. Observations were made during a year and once a month for each location. The study of the locations was done with the same conditions on weekend and working days. The amount of heavy metal leakage was estimated based on the average weight of cigarette butts and the ratio of metal leakage in different weather conditions. The results showed that the annual average of index for the studied locations was 1.36 (SD 0.11) to 10.6 (SD 1.23). Based on this, 28.5% of the locations were in the low pollution status and 42.8% were in the significant pollution status and worse. On average, the index on weekend decreased by 32.3 percent in all locations, and the average index of the studied locations in spring and summer was 26.2 percent higher than in autumn and winter. The average leakage of heavy metals including chromium, cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, and nickel from littered cigarette butts in commercial, residential, and recreational areas was estimated to be 0.27, 0.079, and 0.17 µg per square meter, respectively. Cigarette butt is one of the most abundant litter in the studied area, which is the source of many pollutants, including heavy metals. This hazardous waste is a serious threat to the urban environment.
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11
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Conradi M, Sánchez-Moyano JE. Toward a sustainable circular economy for cigarette butts, the most common waste worldwide on the coast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157634. [PMID: 35905959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The circular economy is based on the maximum use of resources by reducing, reusing, and recycling the elements used. Currently, the items littered most frequently in the world are cigarettes butts (CB) as these debris are freely disseminated in the marine habitat, they are generally difficult to collect and very complex to recycle. Litter CB is a great social problem that generates excessive economic costs and serious environmental problems. CB is also not biodegradable and highly toxic to marine organisms and presents a distinctive mixture of physical and chemical contamination. However, little research has been done on the management and recycling of this dangerous waste. Several proposals have been made to incorporate this waste into high-volume articles of direct production or recycling, but collection logistics are lacking since the current system is inefficient, in addition to the poor environmental behaviour of citizens. This work presents a current synthesis of the CB problem from all its possible aspects in order to have a global vision of the life cycle of the CB, indicating both the known and the gaps in the knowledge of each of them, and intends to give a general outline of the steps to follow to try to end such a worrying problem at the global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Conradi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Emilio Sánchez-Moyano
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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12
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Kazembeigi F, Ahmadinejad P, Aryaeefar MR, Ghasemi M, Hassani G, Kashi G. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Urban Litter. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2022; 35:954-956. [PMID: 36443272 PMCID: PMC9639803 DOI: 10.3967/bes2022.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farogh Kazembeigi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran;Student Research Committe, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Parvin Ahmadinejad
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Aryaeefar
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Ghasemi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hassani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Giti Kashi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;Water Purification Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Ribeiro VV, Lopes TC, Amaral Dos Santos Pinto M, Póvoa AA, Corrêa VR, De-la-Torre GE, Dobaradaran S, Green DS, Szklo AS, Castro ÍB. Cigarette butts in two urban areas from Brazil: Links among environmental impacts, demography and market. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113730. [PMID: 35732200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental impacts are currently linked to smoking cigarette behavior, as cigarette butts (CBs) represent the most common litter item in natural areas. Despite this, even the best ranked Brazilian cities, in terms of urban cleaning, have no information about urban littered CBs. Thus, CBs were monitored in Santos and Niterói cities, aiming to assess contamination, Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI) and the illegal market size. CBs were collected in 36 walkways considering different land usage types and urban density levels. The CBPI was calculated, and brands were used to identify the size of the illegal market. CBs contamination in Santos (0.25 CBs/m2) was three times higher than Niterói (0.08 CBs/m2) and their occurrence and distribution presented no relationship with land usage types and urban population densities levels. CBPI = 17.6 was severe and the highest so far reported. A total of 28 cigarette brands were found both studied cities. Further, illegal cigarette consumption in Santos and Niteroi was estimated, based on brands of collected CBs, at 25.2% and 36.8%, respectively. Such data may be valuable for implementation of logistic reverse actions seeking to environmentally sustainable and socially resilient cities. Cigarette consumption threatens human life and the environment, and tobacco companies should be accountable for the pollution they generate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Alves Póvoa
- Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós Graduação em Dinâmica Dos Oceanos e da Terra, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | - Victor Rocha Corrêa
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Enrique De-la-Torre
- Grupo de Investigación de Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Sociedad, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany
| | - Dannielle Senga Green
- Applied Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - André Salem Szklo
- Divisão de Pesquisa Populacional, Instituto Nacional Do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Ghasemi A, Golbini Mofrad MM, Parseh I, Hassani G, Mohammadi H, Hayati R, Alinejad N. Cigarette butts as a super challenge in solid waste management: a review of current knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51269-51280. [PMID: 35612701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Filtered cigarette is the most common type of tobacco used and cigarette butt is the most important environmental consequence of smoking. This study aimed to investigate the cigarette butt management and identify future needs to improve the current situation. The results showed that cigarette butts are the most abundant and widespread hazardous waste in the world. The current form of cigarette butt management has inferior performance that faced waste management systems with serious challenges. The results showed that reducing the littering rate and recycling are known as basic strategies in the management of this hazardous waste. Future studies should focus on reducing cigarette butt pollution and the amount of pollutant leakage from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Ghasemi
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Golbini Mofrad
- Environmental Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial of Non-Communicable Disease Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Iman Parseh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Ghassem Hassani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Ramin Hayati
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| | - Navid Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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15
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Yousefi Nasab A, Oskoei V, Rezanasab M, Alinejad N, Hosseinzadeh A, Kashi G. Cigarette butt littering consequences: a study of pollution rate on beaches and urban environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45396-45403. [PMID: 35143006 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts are hazardous wastes that are not properly discarded by most smokers. They are one of the most abundant litters in the environment and a threat to various organisms because they leak numerous pollutants. This study aimed to assess the distribution of cigarette butts in a coastal city south of the Caspian Sea in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Observations were performed using the visual survey technique based on standardized protocol. The results showed 11,261 littered cigarette butts in 15 studied urban areas ( an average of 0.306 units per square meter). Also, the average density of littered cigarette butts on the studied beaches was 0.106 per square meter. The littered cigarette butts had significant spatial variation, and the number of counts was 135 to 2090. The land-use has a significant effect on the density of littered cigarette butts due to its population density. The inquiry's index demonstrated that 33.3% of the studied urban areas are high pollution and severe pollution, while all beaches are high and severe. Therefore, a significant focus must be considered to reduce cigarette butts littering due to the collection problems and challenges of cigarette butt management. Because the pollution on the beaches is higher than in urban areas, improving waste management services and establishing a regular cleaning program are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yousefi Nasab
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Vahide Oskoei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Rezanasab
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, , Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ali Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Giti Kashi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- Water Purification Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Farzadkia M, Salehi Sedeh M, Ghasemi A, Alinejad N, Samadi Kazemi M, Jafarzadeh N, Torkashvand J. Estimation of the heavy metals released from cigarette butts to beaches and urban environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127969. [PMID: 34891016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CB) are considered as a commonly littered waste. This hazardous waste contains a variety of pollutants. This study was developed to estimate the release of some heavy metals from CBs to the environment in different climatic conditions in different scenarios. To this end, CBs samples were obtained through artificial smoking from 10 high-consumption brands in the Iranian market, and their samples in urban areas were taken and analyzed in terms of heavy metals pollution. The results showed that the average concentrations of Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Zinc, Copper, Nickel in the studied CBs were 1.71, 0.36, 1.59, 24.61, 12.83, and 2.66 µg/g, respectively. The long persistency of CBs in the environment leads to increased release of all heavy metals to 9.7%. In addition, the rainfall can accelerate the leaching of heavy metals to 17.7% compared to the control scenario. The total mean concentrations of the studied metals in the CBs samples collected from the urban areas in rainy and non-rainy conditions were measured to be 32.67-51.81 μg/g, respectively. According to the data obtained for the amount of each heavy metal releases in four scenarios, 147.5 kg/year and 57.3 kg/year heavy metals are released to the environment in the worst and the best-case scenarios. This study showed that CBs littering lead to the release of heavy metals into the environment; it is necessary to reduce the density of CBs in urban and public environments by training the smokers as well as increasing the efficiency of the urban cleaning system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Salehi Sedeh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Ghasemi
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Navid Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Malihe Samadi Kazemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Jafarzadeh
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Hayati R, Ghasemi A, Hassani G, Norozi D, Mohammadi H, Alinejad N, Shahkarami N. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on coastal environment: positive or negative? A 1-year study on litter in Caspian coasts. ARABIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 2022; 15:1623. [PMCID: PMC9579681 DOI: 10.1007/s12517-022-10886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Litter is one of the major environmental problems. These wastes cause adverse health, environmental, and even economic effects. One of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic is the impact on litter composition and density due to its changes in lifestyle and consumption patterns. In this study, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the composition and density of litter on the ten southern beaches of the Caspian Sea in Iran in 1 year was investigated. The results showed that the density of the litters was in the range of 36.5–306 items/m2. The highest and lowest proportions of the COVID-related litters on the locations studied were 2.54 and 5.95%, respectively. The indexes in the areas studied showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the density of the litter in 90% of the beaches studied by changing the style of citizens, but the emergence of new dumping related to COVID-19 has increased the potential for health and environmental hazards caused by litters. The effects of the COVID-related litters increased the clean environment index by 5 to 12% on the beaches. This study shows that the impact of social phenomena such as a pandemic on litter and its results can be used for the better management of municipal solid wastes, including litter in similar situations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Hayati
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Ghasemi
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hassani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Diba Norozi
- Department of Health Services Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Hafez Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
| | - Navid Alinejad
- Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Negar Shahkarami
- Instructor of Operation Room, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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18
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Jonidi Jafari A, Latifi P, Kazemi Z, Kazemi Z, Morovati M, Farzadkia M, Torkashvand J. Development a new index for littered waste assessment in different environments: A study on coastal and urban areas of northern Iran (Caspian Sea). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112684. [PMID: 34271504 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coastal pollution has been evaluated using indexes like Clean Coast Index (CCI) in many countries. In this study, several coasts and urban areas in northern of Iran along the Caspian Sea, were assessed in terms of number and composition of litters. Furthermore, Clean Environment Index (CEI) was used for the first time to interpret the results. The results indicated that 60% of the coasts and 50% of the urban areas were in a dirty status and only 22% of the total surveyed areas were found to be in a clean status. The highest number of litters observed in the study areas was cigarette butt. Due to the impact of risk factor of different types of littered waste, it was obviously clear that CEI offers a more realistic and rigorous interpretation than CCI. Therefore, this new index can be considered to evaluate litters pollution in various areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Latifi
- Department of Geography and Environment Management of Health, Safety and Environment Islamic Azad University Tehran Central Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Kazemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kazemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Morovati
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, P.O. Box 184, Ardakan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Kalantary RR, Jamshidi A, Mofrad MMG, Jafari AJ, Heidari N, Fallahizadeh S, Hesami Arani M, Torkashvand J. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste management: a case study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:831-836. [PMID: 33758671 PMCID: PMC7970745 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 Pandemic leads to medical services for the society all over the world. The Covid-19 pandemic influence the waste management and specially medical waste management. In this study, the effect of the Covid-19 outbreak on medical waste was evaluated via assessing the solid waste generation, composition, and management status in five hospitals in Iran. The results indicated that the epidemic Covid-19 leads to increased waste generation on average 102.2 % in both private and public hospitals. In addition, the ratio of infectious waste in the studied hospitals increased by an average of 9 % in medical waste composition and 121 % compared with before COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in plans and management measurement such as increasing the frequency of waste collection per week leads to lower the risk of infection transmission from medical waste in the studied hospitals. The results obtained from the present research clearly show the changes in medical waste generation and waste composition within pandemic Covid-19. In addition, established new ward, Covid-19 ward with high-infected waste led to new challenges which should be managed properly by change in routine activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Arsalan Jamshidi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Golbini Mofrad
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Neda Heidari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Saeid Fallahizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohsen Hesami Arani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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20
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Yousefi M, Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Godini K, Torkashvand J. Challenges on the recycling of cigarette butts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30452-30458. [PMID: 33890223 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butt (CB) is a crucial litter in urban communities because it may contain various toxicants. Due to serious limitations on incinerating or landfilling CB, recycling of this hazardous waste is essential. The objective of this study was to investigate the most important challenges in CB collection and recycling. To this end, a search was done on Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science by defining a search protocol and identifying appropriate keywords. At the end of the screening process, 52 appropriate papers were selected. In this review, all methods for the CB recycling were considered. This review showed that nine categorizations of different products have been produced from the recycling of CBs, but three important challenges were identified for the recycling of this hazardous waste. It should be noted that finding solutions to these challenges may be helpful in better management of CB as a toxic litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Yousefi
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Godini
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdestan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Torkashvand J, Godini K, Jafari AJ, Esrafili A, Farzadkia M. Assessment of littered cigarette butt in urban environment, using of new cigarette butt pollution index (CBPI). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144864. [PMID: 33477037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CBs) are hazardous wastes usually littered by smokers and are of the prevalence wastes in the environment. Although various studies have been done regarding the quantity of CBs on the coast, few studies have been conducted on its density and distribution in urban areas. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the quantity and distribution of CBs in urban areas to define an index to convert the results into comparable data in various conditions and cities. The data were obtained by visual surveys using field CB counts in the summer of 2019 in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Cigarette butt pollution index (CBPI) was defined by considering CB density, weather conditions, urban characteristics including the structure of the walkways, and distance from groundwater. The findings indicated that the average cigarette butts density in urban areas were found to be in range of 0.01 and 0.51. Spatial variation of CB was observed in the city due to urban characteristics like land use, differences in municipal services, and population density. The CBPI index calculated for a park showed the highest number whereas an administrative (official) area had the lowest CBPI of 0.15. Given the significant pollution of the city studied with CBs and the proper performance of CBPI in classifying various parts of the city, using this method and index can be a good way to assess CBs in the streets of most of the cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Torkashvand
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Godini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kurdestan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yousefi M, Oskoei V, Jonidi Jafari A, Farzadkia M, Hasham Firooz M, Abdollahinejad B, Torkashvand J. Municipal solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic: effects and repercussions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-14214-9. [PMID: 33942263 PMCID: PMC8092713 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has an adverse effect on the environment. This epidemic's effect on the waste composition and management and the impacts of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) on disease transmission or controlling are considered a compelling experience of living in the COVID-19 pandemic that can effectively control the process. This systematic review research was conducted to determine the effects of COVID-19 on the quantity of waste and MSWM. Searches were conducted in three databases (using keywords covid 19, coronaviruses, and waste), and among the published articles from 2019 to 2021, 56 ones were selected containing information on the quantity and waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that COVID-19 caused the quantity variation and composition change of MSW. COVID-19 also has significant effects on waste recycling, medical waste management, quantity, and littered waste composition. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic has changed waste compounds' management activities and waste generation sources. Recognizing these issues can help plan MSWM more efficiently and reduce virus transmission risk through waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahide Oskoei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Hasham Firooz
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Abdollahinejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javavd Torkashvand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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