1
|
Mansyur M, Fitriani DY, Prayogo A, Mutiara A, Asep, Fadhillah R, Aini R, Putri WW, Ramadhani SEF, Rubaya AK, Windarso SE, Santjoko H, Sudaryanto S, Haryono, Susilorini B, Hariojati N, Rodriguez A, Bose-O'Reilly S. Determinant Factors of Children's Blood Lead Levels in Java, Indonesia. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 261:114426. [PMID: 39043055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning contributes to a significant burden of disease as a toxic substance found in air, soil, and water. In Indonesia, the risk of exposure is high due to the inappropriate recycling of used lead batteries. The objective was to investigate the factors that influence lead levels in children's blood. METHODS This cross-sectional study assessed blood lead levels (BLLs) in children aged 12-59 months in four communities exposed to used lead-acid batteries (ULABs) recycling activities, comparing them to a control area. The study employed a threshold level of 20 μg/dL to identify high BLLs and utilized a sample size of 324 children from exposed sites and 240 from control sites. Questionnaires, blood lead tests and a home-based assessment for environmental exposures were applied. RESULTS The study participants comprised 295 boys and 269 girls, with an average age of 35 months. Significant disparities in soil lead concentrations median: Q1-Q3 were found between exposed (6581.7 : 2432.6-16647.1) ppm and control areas (253.5 : 158.8-417.1) ppm. Children in exposed areas had 3.9 times higher odds of BLL ≥20 μg/dL. Fathers with BLL ≥20 μg/dL had children with similarly elevated BLLs. Multivariate analysis identified socioeconomic status, study areas, environmental factors (cookware, food ware, spices, house cleaning), and children's behavior (breastfeeding duration) as determinants of elevated BLLs. Reported environmental factors had notable impact on BLLs, with aluminum cookware (aOR = 1.4, 95%CI [1.2-1.6]), food ware materials (aOR = 1.15, 95%CI [1.0-1.3]), type of spices (aOR = 2.7, 95%CI [1.7-48.0]), and house cleaning method (aOR = 2.9, 95%CI [1.2-7.1]). CONCLUSION This study highlighted key risk factors affecting children's blood lead levels (BLL) and emphasized the urgency of employing effective strategies to remediate lead-contaminated soils in exposed regions. The findings underscore the need for prompt medical intervention and monitoring for children in these areas, with additional research essential to fully understand lead poisoning pathways in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muchtaruddin Mansyur
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| | - Dewi Yunia Fitriani
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| | - Ari Prayogo
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Tebet Regional Public Hospital, South Jakarta, 12810, Indonesia.
| | - Ade Mutiara
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| | - Asep
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| | - Ratih Fadhillah
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| | - Rifka Aini
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| | - Winda Widyaning Putri
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| | - Sarah Edna Fadilah Ramadhani
- Occupational & Environmental Health Research Centre, Indonesian Medical and Education Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| | | | | | - Herman Santjoko
- Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health, Yogyakarta, 55293, Indonesia.
| | - Sigid Sudaryanto
- Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health, Yogyakarta, 55293, Indonesia.
| | - Haryono
- Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health, Yogyakarta, 55293, Indonesia.
| | - Budi Susilorini
- Yayasan Pure Earth Indonesia, Victorian Business Park, Block CC-09, 2nd Floor, Jl. Bintaro Utama 3A, Bintaro, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, 15221, Indonesia.
| | - Nickolaus Hariojati
- Yayasan Pure Earth Indonesia, Victorian Business Park, Block CC-09, 2nd Floor, Jl. Bintaro Utama 3A, Bintaro, Tangerang Selatan, Banten, 15221, Indonesia.
| | | | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10115, USA; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 5, Munich, 80336, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aalami Z, Hoseinzadeh M, Hosseini Manesh P, Aalami AH, Es'haghi Z, Darroudi M, Sahebkar A, Hosseini HA. Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of green sol-gel ZnO nanoparticles using Abelmoschus esculentus and Salvia officinalis: A comparative study versus co-precipitation-synthesized nanoparticles. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24212. [PMID: 38298703 PMCID: PMC10828648 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The development of green chemistry methods involving plant-based nanoparticle synthesis presents an affordable and eco-friendly approach for wastewater treatment and color removal. This study aimed to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using the sol-gel method with Salvia officinalis and Abelmoschus esculentus plants, examining their photocatalytic efficiency for organic dye removal. Methods To compare the properties of ZnO nanoparticles, another type of ZnO-NPs was synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta potential (ZP), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results Based on XRD results, the average crystalline size of nanoparticles was calculated using the Debye-Scherer equation for synthesized nanoparticles using the S. officinalis at 22.99 nm and for the A. esculentus at 29.79 nm, and for the co-precipitation method at 18.83 nm. The FE-SEM images showed spherical ZnO nanoparticles. Photocatalytic properties of ZnO-NPs were investigated for remove of methylene blue organic dye in the presence of UV light. The pH 10 was identified as the best pH, which had the highest percentage of color degradation. All three types of nanoparticles were tested by up to 360 min to optimize the dyeing time. For A. esculentus, the highest percentage of color removal occurred in the first 90 min (41.0 %), for S. officinalis nanoparticles between 75 and 90 min (86.9 %), and for chemically synthesized nanoparticles between 30 and 45 min (100 %). Conclusions In conclusion, the best MB dye degradation capacity belonged to co-precipitation ZnO nanoparticles followed by S. officinalis and A. esculentus nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakie Aalami
- Chemistry Department, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadsaleh Hoseinzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parsa Hosseini Manesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Aalami
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zarrin Es'haghi
- Chemistry Department, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharifiarab G, Ahmadi M, Shariatifar N, Ariaii P. Investigating the effect of type of fish and different cooking methods on the residual amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in some Iranian fish: A health risk assessment. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100789. [PMID: 37780318 PMCID: PMC10534125 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the level of PAHs and associated health risks in different types of fish cooked with different methods, using the MSPE-GC/MS technique (magnetic solid phase extraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). The limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs) and recovery percentages ranged from 0.1 to 0.63 μg/kg, 0.3-1.89 μg/kg, and 93.7 to 102.6%, respectively. The results showed that the mean of ƩPAHs in all samples was 20.31 ± 6.60 µg/kg. Additionally, PAH4 and BaP levels in all samples were 4.58 ± 1.40 and 1.08 ± 0.36 µg/kg, respectively, which were below the European Union (EU) standard level (12 and 2 µg/kg, respectively). The results showed that among 5 types of fish, starry sturgeon had highest average total PAHs (13.24 ± 1.84 µg/kg), while Caspian Sea sprat had the lowest average total PAHs (1.24 ± 0.8 µg/kg). In terms of cooking methods (charcoal-grilled fish, fried fish and oven-grilled fish), charcoal-grilled fish had the highest average total PAH level at 25.41 ± 7.31 µg/kg, while the lowest average total PAH was found in the raw fish sample at 16.44 ± 4.63 µg/kg. The Monte Carlo Simulation was used to determine the 95% ILCRs (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) due to ingestion of fish. The results showed that the ILCR for adults was 2.85E-9, while for children it was 1.32E-8. Therefore, based on these findings, it can be concluded that the consumption of fish cooked with different methods does not pose a risk to human health in terms of the amount of PAHs (ILCR < 1 × 10-4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gholamali Sharifiarab
- Department of Food Hygiene, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad Uneversity, Amol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad Uneversity, Amol, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peiman Ariaii
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad Uneversity, Amol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|