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Kumar D, Awasthi S, Mahdi AA, Singh S, Pandey AK, Agarwal GG, Anish TS, A R S, Kar S, Nair S, Mathew JL, Bhat MA, Mahanta BN, Singh K, Singh CM. Assessment of Blood Lead Level of School Children in 10 Cities of India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Pediatr 2023:10.1007/s12098-023-04864-7. [PMID: 37919485 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the blood lead level (BLL) of school children in 10 cities of India. METHODS This multi-centric cross-sectional study enrolled participants from randomly selected schools. Data on demographic details, socioeconomic status (SES) and anthropometric indicators was collected. Samples were collected for assessment of lead level in blood. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry technique was used to assess BLL. RESULTS From April 2019 through February 2020, 2247 participants were recruited from sixty schools (62.6% government schools) with equal gender distribution. The overall median (interquartile range) BLL was 8.8 (4.8, 16.4) µg/dl. The highest median (interquartile range) BLL was in Manipal 30.6 (23.0, 46.7) and lowest in Dibrugarh 4.8 (3.2, 7.0). Overall, 82.5% of participants had BLL above ≤4 µg/dl. Significant negative correlation was observed between BLL and SES (correlation= -0.24, p <0.001), anthropometric indicators (correlation= -0.11, p <0.001), hemoglobin level (correlation= -0.045, p = 0.03) and multivariate regression model showed association with gender, SES and anthropometric indicators. CONCLUSIONS BLL are elevated in urban school going children and there is intercity variation. Hence, urgent focus is needed to reduce exposure to lead in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divas Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shally Awasthi
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Girdhar G Agarwal
- Department of Statistics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Somashekar A R
- Department of Pediatrics, M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonali Kar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Suma Nair
- School of Public Health, DY Patil Deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Joseph L Mathew
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mushtaq A Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - B N Mahanta
- Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - C M Singh
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
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Wang W, Lu X, Li Q, Chen D, Zeng W. The Relationship between Blood Lead Level and Chronic Pain in US Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Pain Ther 2023; 12:1195-1208. [PMID: 37391620 PMCID: PMC10444925 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-023-00535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead toxicity has been a major public health problem worldwide, yet no study has investigated the association between lead exposure and chronic pain. METHODS We used data from three cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with chronic pain status. We conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to investigate the association between chronic pain and blood lead level (BLL). Subgroup analyses were performed to explore which confounding factor modified the association between chronic pain and BLL. RESULTS A total of 13,485 participants were included in our final analysis, out of which 1950 (14.46%) had chronic pain. In the fully adjusted model, a 1 μg/dL increase of BLL was associated with 3% higher risk of chronic pain. The highest BLL quartile (BLL > 2.40 μg/dL) was associated with a 32% increase in the risk of chronic pain compared with the lowest BLL quartile (BLL < 0.90 μg/dL). In the subgroup analyses, hypertension (P for interaction = 0.018) and arthritis (P for interaction = 0.004) status modified the association between BLL and chronic pain. Higher quartiles of BLL were associated with a higher risk of chronic pain only in individuals with hypertension or arthritis but not those without these conditions. CONCLUSION A higher BLL was associated with a higher risk of chronic pain. Further research is warranted to investigate whether a causal relationship exists between the two, as well as potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 510060, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 510060, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 510060, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongtai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 510060, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weian Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 510060, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Obeng A, Roh T, Aggarwal A, Uyasmasi K, Carrillo G. The contribution of secondhand tobacco smoke to blood lead levels in US children and adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2015-2018. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1129. [PMID: 37308859 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a major developmental neurotoxicant in children, and tobacco smoke has been suggested as a source of lead exposure in vulnerable populations. This study evaluates the contribution of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) to blood lead levels (BLLs) in children and adolescents. METHODS We analyze data from 2,815 participants aged 6-19 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2018) to investigate the association between serum cotinine levels and BLLs. A multivariate linear regression was conducted to estimate geometric means (GMs) and the ratios of GMs after adjusting for all covariates. RESULTS The geometric means of BLLs in study participants aged 6 - 19 years were 0.46 µg/dl (95% CI 0.44, 0.49). After adjusting for relevant participant characteristics, the geometric means of BLLs were 18% (BLL 0.48 µg/dl, 95% CI 0.45, 0.51) and 29% (BLL 0.52 µg/dl, 95% CI 0.46, 0.59) higher in participants who had intermediate serum cotinine levels (0.03 - 3 ng/mL) and those who had high serum cotinine levels (> 3 ng/mL) respectively, compared to participants who had low serum cotinine levels (BLL 0.41 µg/dl, 95% CI 0.38, 0.43). CONCLUSIONS SHS exposure may be a source of BLLs in US children and adolescents. Efforts to reduce lead exposure in children and adolescents should include strategies to reduce SHS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Obeng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Taehyun Roh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Anisha Aggarwal
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kido Uyasmasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Genny Carrillo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Chen X, Duan X, Cao S, Wen D, Zhang Y, Wang B, Jia C. Source apportionment based on lead isotope ratios: Could domestic dog's blood lead be used to identify the level and sources of lead pollution in children? Chemosphere 2022; 308:136197. [PMID: 36064012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domestic dogs have been proved to be used as "sentinel organisms" to monitor human lead exposure. However, whether dogs' blood can be used to identify the levels and pollution source of children's lead exposure still needs evidence. To evaluate the potential use of domestic dogs' blood lead as an indicator of lead exposure levels and pollution source of children, accompanying with potential environmental media samples, lead concentrations and isotope ratios (expressed as 207Pb/206Pb, 208Pb/206Pb) in blood were investigated and compared between children and dogs, who came from a Pb-Zn smelter area, a coal fired area and a control area without industrial activity. The results showed that there were significant correlations in blood lead levels (BLLs) between children and dogs in the study areas (p < 0.01). The lead isotope ratios (LIRs) in blood of children and dogs were disparate among the three areas, however, the LIRs of dogs were quite correlated with those of children in each area (p < 0.01). With the comparison of LIRs between potential pollution sources (slag, ore, coal, paint) and blood samples, the identified lead sources based on dogs' blood were found to be coincident with those based on children's blood. Ore smelting and coal combustion were the main sources of lead exposure for the dogs and children in the smelting area, and coal combustion was the predominant source for the children and dogs living in the coal burning area and control area. The results showed that dogs' BLLs might be used to estimate children's BLLs, and blood LIRs measurements of dogs' could be used as an alternative for identifying the sources of children's lead exposure. This study further provided relevant evidence for dogs to be sentinels exposed to human lead exposure and an alternative method for source apportionment of children's lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - SuZhen Cao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dongsen Wen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Science, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
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Mohammadi M, Ariafar S, Talebi-Ghane E, Afzali S. Comparative efficacy of silibinin and nano-silibinin on lead poisoning in Male Wistar rats. Toxicology 2022; 475:153242. [PMID: 35752206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is an environmental neurotoxin that can lead to toxicity. It has shown that tissues can be exposed to oxidative stress in lead poisoning. Since silymarin is a natural agent with antioxidant effects, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and chelation effects of silibinin and nano-silibinin on the oxidative stress status in lead-poisoned rats. Sixty male Wistar rats randomly divided into ten groups (n = 6). Control and Pb groups treated with or without silibinin and nano-silibinin for six days. Following measuring of weight and blood lead levels, biochemical antioxidant parameters evaluated. Finally, a histopathological examination of the liver performed. In this experiment, silibinin and more efficiently nano-silibinin prevented weight loss and blood lead level elevation induced by lead. Also, they increased the attenuated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT), total thiol molecules (TTM), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Lead-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation products (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) normalized to the standard level in silibinin and especially nano-silibinin groups. These data suggested that silibinin and especially nano-silibinin can decrease blood lead levels and prevent weight loss and oxidative stress in the lead-poisoned rat's model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saba Ariafar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Talebi-Ghane
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Modeling of Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeed Afzali
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Etemadi A, Hariri S, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Poustchi H, Roshandel G, Shayanrad A, Kamangar F, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Dargan PI, Dawsey SM, Jones RL, Freedman ND, Malekzadeh R, Abnet CC. Lead poisoning among asymptomatic individuals with a long-term history of opiate use in Golestan Cohort Study. Int J Drug Policy 2022; 104:103695. [PMID: 35472727 PMCID: PMC9133202 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports of lead poisoning suggest that people who use opium may be exposed to high amounts of lead. Here, we investigate the association between opium use and blood lead levels (BLL) in a population-based cohort study. METHODS In 2017, we studied a random sample of 410 people who currently (both within the past year and the past month) used opium and 104 who did not from participants of the Golestan Cohort Study in northeast Iran. Participants were stratified by sex and tobacco use history, completed a comprehensive opiate and tobacco use questionnaire and provided blood. BLL was measured by Lead Care® II Blood Lead Test Kit, validated by inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. BLL was categorized as "<5 µg/dL", "elevated" (5-10 µg/dL), "high" (10-50 µg/dL), and "very high" (above 50 µg/dL). To assess the association between BLL categories and opiate use, route of consumption and weekly use, we used ordered logistic regression models, and report OR (odds ratio) and 95% CI (confidence interval) adjusted for age, sex, place of residence, education, occupation, household fuel type, and tobacco use. RESULTS In the cohort, participants used only raw (teriak) or refined (shireh) opium, which were smoked (45%, n = 184), taken orally (46%, n = 189), or both (9%, n = 37), for a mean duration of 24.2 (standard deviation: 11.6) years. The median BLL was significantly higher in people who currently used opium (11.4 µg/dL; IQR: 5.2-23.4) compared with those who did not (2.3 µg/dL; IQR: 2.3-4.2), and the highest median BLL was seen in oral use (21.7 µg/dL; IQR: 12.1-34.1). The BLL was <5 µg/dL among 79.8% of people with no opiate use, compared with only 22.7% in those using opium. BLL was elevated in 21.7%, high in 50.5% and very high in 5.1% of people using opium. About 95% of those with oral (180/189) or dual use (35/37) and 55% (102/184) of those who smoked opium had levels of blood lead above 5 µg/dL. The OR for the association between any opium use and each unit of increase in BLL category was 10.5 (95%CI: 5.8-19.1), and oral use of opium was a very strong predictor of increasing BLL category (OR=74.1; 95%CI: 35.1-156.3). This odds ratio was 38.8 (95%CI: 15.9-95.1) for dual use and 4.9 (95%CI: 2.6-9.1) for opium smoking. There was an independent dose-response association between average weekly dose and BLL among people using opium, overall and when stratified by route of use. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that regular use of lead-adulterated opium can expose individuals to high levels of lead, which may contribute to mortality and cancer risks associated with long-term opium use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Etemadi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sanam Hariri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amaneh Shayanrad
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Paul I Dargan
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert L Jones
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chavez-Garcia JA, Noriega-León A, Alcocer-Zuñiga JA, Robles J, Cruz-Jiménez G, Juárez-Pérez CA, Martinez-Alfaro M. Association between lead source exposure and blood lead levels in some lead manufacturing countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126948. [PMID: 35219028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lead is one of the 10 most toxic chemicals of greatest concern for its effects on public health. Predominantly, in undeveloped countries, high blood lead levels (BLLs) persist in the population. To develop intervention strategies that may reduce lead exposure in populations, it is a priority to know the sources of lead pollution. The objective of this critical review and meta-analysis is to assess whether there is an association between different sources of lead exposure and the mean difference in blood lead levels in people exposed. To identify the major lead source exposure, a statistical analysis was performed on selection studies. This investigation reveals the limited information available on the sources of lead in Mexico and other lead producer countries, such as Croatia, Ecuador, Brazil, South Korea, India, Nigeria, Turkey, and China. Meta-analysis could be performed only in battery, smelting mining, and glazed ceramic workers. Battery manufacturing workers have the highest mean difference level of lead in their blood worldwide. Mexico has the second highest mean difference BLL in battery workers in the world. An interesting difference between the mean difference in BLL in mining workers from uncontrolled industry (-39.38) and controlled industry (-5.68) was found. This difference highlighted the success of applying strict control of lead sources and community education to reduce BLL and its potential harmful effects on human health and the environment. Children living near mining sites have the highest mean difference BLL (-11.1). This analysis may aid in assessing the source of lead exposure associated with a range of BLLs in people. Furthermore, this review highlights several social and cultural patterns associated with lead exposure and lead levels in control populations. These results could help to develop international lead regulations and appropriate public health guidelines to protect people around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cuauhtémoc Arturo Juárez-Pérez
- Research Unit Health at Work, XXI Century National Medical Center (CMNSXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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Tatsuta N, Nakai K, Nakayama SF, Takeuchi A, Arima T, Yaegashi N, Kamijima M, Yamazaki S, Ohya Y, Kishi R, Hashimoto K, Mori C, Ito S, Yamagata Z, Inadera H, Nakayama T, Iso H, Shima M, Kurozawa Y, Suganuma N, Kusuhara K, Katoh T. Effects of maternal exposure to lead on secondary sex ratio in Japan: The Japan Environment and Children's Study. Sci Total Environ 2022; 817:152726. [PMID: 34995582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A decline in the proportion of male births (secondary sex ratio, SSR) has been seen in several countries including Japan in recent years. Although previous studies have reported that the SSR is affected by exposure to chemical substances such as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, as well as heavy metals such as methylmercury, the effects of lead exposure on the SSR have been little studied. The aim of this study was to determine the association between maternal lead exposure and SSR. In a large-scale nationwide birth cohort study, maternal blood lead level (BLL) was determined using whole blood from the second or third trimester of pregnancy. The association between SSR and maternal BLL was estimated using multivariable logistic models. Binomial distribution was applied to examine the differences in SSR by dividing the participants into five groups based on BLL. The primary outcome was SSR, and the child sex was obtained from the medical record transcripts. Of 104,062 fetal records, 85,171 were examined for analysis. The median maternal BLL was 5.85 ng/g (5th-95th percentile 3.45-10.6 ng/g). The overall proportion of males among participating infants was 0.512. In logistic regression models adjusted for covariates, the analysis revealed an increased odds ratio for SSR with higher blood lead concentrations [Group 2: adjusted OR 1.082, 95% confidence interval 1.037 to 1.129, Group 3: 1.122, 1.074 to 1.171, Group 4: 1.214, 1.163 to 1.268, Group 5: 1.279, 1.224 to 1.336]. Compared to the general birth probability in Japan, the group with low BLL had a lower SSR and the group with high BLL had a higher SSR. Higher maternal lead exposures during pregnancy were associated with increased SSR. Further investigations including assessment of paternal lead exposure are necessary to understand the association between lead exposure and SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Tatsuta
- Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Ayano Takeuchi
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Koichi Kusuhara
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Wan H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang K, Chen Y, Chen C, Zhang W, Xia F, Wang N, Lu Y. Chronic lead exposure induces fatty liver disease associated with the variations of gut microbiota. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 232:113257. [PMID: 35104782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) has been suggested as an endocrine-disrupting chemical. However, few studies have investigated the association between chronic Pb exposure and fatty liver disease. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the association of chronic Pb exposure with fatty liver disease and whether the variations of the gut microbiota involve in the mechanism of the fatty liver disease induced by chronic Pb exposure. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 3066 rural participants in East China. Blood lead level (BLL) was detected, and abdominal ultrasonography was used to diagnose hepatic steatosis. Both the definition of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) were used. Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups and each group was exposed to 0 or 0.05% w/v Pb through drinking water for 28 weeks. The relevant parameters of hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota were analyzed. RESULTS In humans, after adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of having NAFLD and MAFLD were significantly increased by 54% and 52% in the participants in the fourth BLL quartile (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.24, 1.91 and OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.22, 1.89). In the rats, chronic Pb exposure induced the increased visceral fat, hepatic steatosis, and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including the decrease of richness, diversity, evenness and phylogenetic diversity of the gut microbiota and the significant alternations of the gut microbiota composition, particularly, the decrease of the relative abundance of Coprococcus and Oscillospira at the genus level. CONCLUSIONS Chronic Pb exposure could induce fatty liver disease, which may be associated with the variations of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wan
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Dobrescu AI, Ebenberger A, Harlfinger J, Griebler U, Klerings I, Nußbaumer-Streit B, Chapman A, Affengruber L, Gartlehner G. Effectiveness of interventions for the remediation of lead-contaminated soil to prevent or reduce lead exposure - A systematic review. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150480. [PMID: 34844314 PMCID: PMC8655614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of soil remediation to prevent or reduce lead exposure. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, the Agricultural & Environmental Science Database, Web of Science, and Scopus from 1980 to February 15, 2021. We also performed reference list checking, hand-searched websites, and contacted experts. Eligible studies evaluated the effect of soil remediation to prevent or reduce lead exposure in humans of any age. We screened all records dually; one investigator performed the data extraction; a second checked for completeness and accuracy. Two investigators independently rated the risk of bias of included studies and graded the certainty of evidence. We synthesized findings narratively. RESULTS We identified 6614 potentially relevant publications, all focused on children, of which five studies (six records) fulfilled our prespecified inclusion criteria. The number of evaluated participants ranged from 31 to 1425, with follow-up periods of 11 months to one year. The primary soil remediation method was the replacement of the upper layer with clean soil. Outcomes were limited to blood lead levels (BLL), dust lead levels, and soil lead levels. The largest study, a controlled before- after study (n = 1425) reported favorable effects of soil remediation compared to no intervention. This finding was consistent with results from two cross-sectional studies and one uncontrolled before-after study. One year post-remediation, the mean reduction in BLL was 2.1 μg/dL (p < 0.0001) greater in the intervention group than in the control group. Two randomized controlled trials with a total of 511 participants showed no statistically significant incremental effect of soil remediation when combined with paint and/or dust abatement. The certainty of evidence for all outcomes was low. CONCLUSION Soil remediation appears to reduce BLL in children when used as a single intervention. The incremental benefit of soil remediation when part of other interventions is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Iulia Dobrescu
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria.
| | - Agnes Ebenberger
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Julia Harlfinger
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Ursula Griebler
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Irma Klerings
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Barbara Nußbaumer-Streit
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Andrea Chapman
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Lisa Affengruber
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Gerald Gartlehner
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems a.d. Donau, Austria; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Bah HAF, Dos Anjos ALS, Gomes-Júnior EA, Bandeira MJ, de Carvalho CF, Dos Santos NR, Martinez VO, Adorno EV, Menezes-Filho JA. Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase, Low Blood Lead Levels, Social Factors, and Intellectual Function in an Afro-Brazilian Children Community. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:447-457. [PMID: 33723800 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme catalyzes the second phase of the heme biosynthesis and is involved in lead toxicokinetics. This research aimed to evaluate its influence on the relationship between blood lead (PbB) levels and intellectual performance in Afro-Brazilian children. PbB, hemoglobin concentration, ALAD activity, and polymorphism were determined in whole blood. Anthropometric, socioeconomic, and family environment stimuli data were collected with appropriate instruments. The non-verbal intelligence of children and their mothers or guardians was assessed using the correspondent Raven's Progressive Matrix versions. The medians (range) of PbB levels and ALAD activity were 1.0 μg/dL (0.1-21.3) and, 71 U/L (31-113), respectively. ALAD G177C was distributed as follows: 97.9% for ALAD1/1 and 2.1% for ALAD1/2 genotypes. The mean of Raven raw score was 19.3 (± 5.6) points and there were no differences according to sex or environmental Pb exposure. No statistically significant association was observed between PbB level and children's IQ. However, ALAD activity presented an inverse significant association with PbB levels, children's percentile IQ, and children's IQ/Age ratio, suggesting a neuroprotective role of ALAD1 genotype in those with low PbB level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homegnon A F Bah
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura S Dos Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Erival A Gomes-Júnior
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Chrissie F de Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor O Martinez
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elisângela V Adorno
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Endale YT, Ambelu A, Sahilu G G, Mees B, Du Laing G. Exposure and health risk assessment from consumption of Pb contaminated water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07946. [PMID: 34553084 PMCID: PMC8441166 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to lead (Pb) through drinking water has been linked to adverse health outcomes. Children are particularly susceptible. This study was designed to measure Pb contamination level in drinking water of the Ethiopian city Addis Ababa and assess the associated health risks. Eighty-eight fully-flushed drinking water samples were collected from all ten sub-cities of Addis Ababa. Pb concentration was measured using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The chronic daily intake (CDI), the hazard quotient (HQ), and the cancer risk (CR) of Pb were determined to assess exposure levels and health effects. Blood lead level (B-Pb) for children was modelled using the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model (IEUBK). The mean concentration of Pb in the drinking water was 17.8 μg/l, where >50% of the samples exceeded WHO's 10 μg/l guideline. Significant spatial variation of Pb was noticed among sub-cities. The mean CDI was 1.43 and 0.59 μg/kg/day for children and adults, respectively. The HQ showed that 8% of children and 2.3% of adults exceeded the safe limit. The predicted geometric mean of B-Pb ranged from 3.23 to 14.65 μg/dl. The risk of a child having a B-Pb level >5 μg/dl at the median water Pb concentration (10.5 μg/l) was estimated at 13.4%. Based on the 95th percentile Pb concentration (75.1 μg/l), 89.6% of children would have B-Pb levels above the 5 μg/dl threshold. The estimated CR was found in the range of 1 × 10-7 to 9.9 × 10-5; hence cancer risks are not a concern. The study concluded that Addis Ababa's drinking water is likely to be a source of lead exposure where consumers at specific city locations are at risk of numerous non-cancer health effects. The impacts are expected to be severe in the Ethiopian context; hence further investigations and coordinated interventions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Tesfaye Endale
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Department of Environmental Health Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, P.O.Box: 807, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Sahilu G
- Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bernd Mees
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653 - B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Gijs Du Laing
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653 - B-9000, Gent, Belgium
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Wan H, Wang B, Cui Y, Wang Y, Zhang K, Chen C, Xia F, Ye L, Wang L, Wang N, Lu Y. Low-level lead exposure promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and contributes to the elevation of fasting glucose level. Chemosphere 2021; 276:130111. [PMID: 33691221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is considered an endocrine-disrupting chemical. However, few studies have investigated the effects of low-level Pb exposure on plasma glucose levels. Herein, we aimed to investigate whether low-level Pb exposure causes elevated plasma glucose levels and the possible mechanisms involved. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 5747 participants from 16 sites in China. The participants underwent measurements of anthropometric factors, blood lead level (BLL) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Wistar rats were exposed to 0.05% Pb through drinking water or fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 28 weeks. The relevant parameters of glucose homeostasis, hepatic glucose production (HGP) and gene expression levels of hepatic gluconeogenesis enzymes, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1), were measured. In addition, gene expression levels of gluconeogenesis enzymes were also measured in HepG2 cells administered with different concentrations of lead acetate for 24 h. RESULTS In humans, after adjusting for confounders, the odds of having High_FPG (≥5.6 mmol/L) were significantly increased by 25% in the participants in the fourth BLL quartile (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.05, 1.49). In the animals exposed to 0.05% Pb, FPG, HGP and hepatic gene expression levels of PEPCK, G6PC and FBP1 were increased. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of PEPCK, G6PC and FBP1 in HepG2 cells were also increased in response to Pb exposure. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the possibility that low-level Pb exposure may increase HGP by affecting key enzymes of hepatic gluconeogenesis, eventually resulting in impaired FPG and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wan
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuke Cui
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangzhen Xia
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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L M, Mitra P, Goyal T, Abhilasha, Sharma S, Purohit P, Sharma P. Association of blood lead level with neurobehavior and neurotransmitter expressions in Indian children. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:971-976. [PMID: 34026560 PMCID: PMC8122146 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BLL had a significant direct correlation with abnormal neurobehavior. Serum serotonin levels were significantly lower in children with high blood lead levels (BLL). Serum serotonin and dopamine receptor expression were upregulated in children with high BLL. Serum serotonin levels had significant negative association with adverse neurobehavior. Dopamine receptor expression had significant positive association with adverse neurobehavior.
Present study aimed to assess the alterations in neurotransmitter expression and its association with Blood Lead Level (BLL) and neurobehavioral pattern in children. 72 school going children were recruited. Blood lead levels were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Neurobehavioral state was assessed by means of population specific scale i.e. CPMS (Childhood Psychopathological measurement Schedule). Serum serotonin and dopamine were estimated by ELISA, receptor and transporter gene expressions were assessed by quantitative real time PCR. Significant positive correlation was observed between Total CPMS score (i.e. adverse neurobehaviour) and BLL. Further, serum serotonin levels and dopamine receptor expression showed a negative and positive association with BLL, respectively. In similarity, serum serotonin levels showed a negative correlation and dopamine receptor expression had a significant positive correlation with total CPMS score. Environmental exposure to Lead (Pb) may result in significant alterations in the neurotransmitter levels which may be associated with neurobehavioral changes in the children exposed to Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika L
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Prasenjit Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Taru Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Abhilasha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Chowdhury KIA, Nurunnahar S, Kabir ML, Islam MT, Baker M, Islam MS, Rahman M, Hasan MA, Sikder A, Kwong LH, Binkhorst GK, Nash E, Keith J, McCartor A, Luby SP, Forsyth JE. Child lead exposure near abandoned lead acid battery recycling sites in a residential community in Bangladesh: Risk factors and the impact of soil remediation on blood lead levels. Environ Res 2021; 194:110689. [PMID: 33412099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a potent neurotoxin that is particularly detrimental to children's cognitive development. Batteries account for at least 80% of global lead use and unsafe battery recycling is a major contributor to childhood lead poisoning. Our objectives were to assess the intensity and nature of child lead exposure at abandoned, informal used lead acid battery (ULAB) recycling sites in Kathgora, Savar, Bangladesh, as well as to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a soil remediation effort to reduce exposure. ULAB recycling operations were abandoned in 2016 due to complaints from residents, but the lead contamination remained in the soil after operations ceased. We measured soil and blood lead levels (BLLs) among 69 children living within 200 m of the ULAB recycling site once before, and twice after (7 and 14 months after), a multi-part remediation intervention involving soil capping, household cleaning, and awareness-raising activities. Due to attrition, the sample size of children decreased from 69 to 47 children at the 7-month post-intervention assessment and further to 25 children at 14 months. We conducted non-parametric tests to assess changes in soil lead levels and BLLs. We conducted baseline surveys, as well as semi-structured interviews and observations with residents throughout the study period to characterize exposure behaviors and the community perceptions. We conducted bivariate and multivariate regression analyses of exposure characteristics to determine the strongest predictors of baseline child BLLs. Prior to remediation, median soil lead concentrations were 1400 mg/kg, with a maximum of 119,000 mg/kg and dropped to a median of 55 mg/kg after remediation (p < 0.0001). Among the 47 children with both baseline and post-intervention time 1 measurements, BLLs dropped from a median of 21.3 μg/dL to 17.0 μg/dL at 7 months (p < 0.0001). Among the 25 children with all three measurements, BLLs dropped from a median of 22.6 μg/dL to 14.8 μg/dL after 14 months (p < 0.0001). At baseline, distance from a child's residence to the nearest abandoned ULAB site was the strongest predictor of BLLs and baseline BLLs were 31% higher for children living within 50 m from the sites compared to those living further away (n = 69, p = 0.028). Women and children spent time in the contaminated site daily and relied on it for their livelihoods and for recreation. Overall, this study highlights the intensity of lead exposure associated with the ULAB recycling industry. Additionally, we document the feasibility and effectiveness of a multi-part remediation intervention at a contaminated site embedded within a residential community; substantially reducing child BLLs and soil lead concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syeda Nurunnahar
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Musa Baker
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh
| | - M Saiful Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Bangladesh
| | - M Aziz Hasan
- Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arif Sikder
- Pure Earth, New York, NY, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Laura H Kwong
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen P Luby
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jenna E Forsyth
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Sevinc N, Bilici N, Sevinc E, Dogan E. [Blood and faecal lead levels in children with various functional gastrointestinal disorders]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 96:S1695-4033(20)30519-1. [PMID: 33441262 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the blood lead levels (BLLs) and faecal lead levels (FLLs) in children with various functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and compare them with controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and 2children with FGIDs defined by the Rome IV criteria, aged 4 -18 years, and one hundred and 2sex matched healthy children were enrolled in the study. Children with FGIDs were divided into 3subgroups as functional constipation (FC) (n=36), functional abdominal pain (FAP) (n=36) and functional náusea (FN) (n=30). The lead levels were measured using atomic absorption spectrometer. RESULTS The median BLLs in the FGIDs group was significantly higher than in controls (5.12 and 1.77μg/dL, respectively). The BLLs were above 5μg/dL in 51,9% of children with FGIDs. There was statistically significant difference in BLLs between FC subgroup and the other subgroups (FAP and FN) (P=.003, P<.001 respectively). The FLLs in the FGIDs group was significantly higher than in controls (28.08 and 0.01μg/g, respectively). There was no significant difference in FLLs between FC subgroup and the other subgroups (P=.992, P=.989 respectively). No significant relation found between BLLs and FLLs of the FGIDs group (P =.123). CONCLUSION This study revealed that children with FGIDs had higher BLLs and FLLs than controls and also more than half of children with FGIDs had BLLs ≥5μg/dL which is toxic level. These results might revive the question of whether or not clinician need to evaluate routine BLLs in children with FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Sevinc
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Karabük Üniversitesi, Karabük, Turquía
| | - Namık Bilici
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Karabük Üniversitesi, Karabük, Turquía
| | - Eylem Sevinc
- Departamento de Gastroenterología Pediátrica, Facultad de Medicina, Karabük Üniversitesi, Karabük, Turquía.
| | - Erkan Dogan
- Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Karabük Üniversitesi, Karabük, Turquía
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Abdel Hamid OI, Khayal EESH, Tolba SAR, Orabi EE. Maternal Δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 1-2 genotype enhances fetal lead exposure and increases the susceptibility to the development of cerebral palsy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:44709-44723. [PMID: 32710353 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Limited epidemiologic studies questioned the association between pre- and postnatal lead exposure and the development of cerebral palsy (CP). Moreover, the genotypes of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) in CP patients and their mothers and their association to the blood lead levels (BLLs) were not previously studied. This study aimed to evaluate the association between δ-ALAD gene polymorphism and BLL in cases of CP and their mothers. A case control study was carried out on 23 CP cases and equal number of healthy matched controls. The mothers of the included children were asked to answer a questionnaire involving the baseline clinical and demographic characteristics. Also, questionnaires were done to detect the sources of environmental lead exposure and screen lead exposure during the pregnancy period. BLL, δ-ALAD enzyme activity, and genetic analysis for ALAD G177C were done for each child and his mother. There was significant (p < 0.001) elevation of BLL in CP cases and their mothers that was positively correlated (r = 0.436, p < 0.05). There were progressive decreases in δ-ALAD activity with increasing BLL in both children and mothers (p < 0.05). There were non-significant (p > 0.05) differences between CP and the control group regarding frequency of ALAD G177C genotypes, while there was a significant (p = 0.04) increase in the frequency of ALAD 1-2 (GC) genotype in the mothers of the CP group associated with high BLL and significant decrease in δ-ALAD activity (p < 0.001). The study can indicate the significance of δ-ALAD gene polymorphism in the prenatal exposure to lead and the affection of the developing brain, pointing to the importance of controlling lead in pregnant women especially those with ALAD 1-2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omaima Ibrahim Abdel Hamid
- Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Eman Elshahat Orabi
- Public Health & Community Medicine Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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18
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Lermen D, Weber T, Göen T, Bartel-Steinbach M, Gwinner F, Mueller SC, Conrad A, Rüther M, von Briesen H, Kolossa-Gehring M. Long-term time trend of lead exposure in young German adults - Evaluation of more than 35 Years of data of the German Environmental Specimen Bank. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113665. [PMID: 33221633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead is a ubiquitous pollutant with well-known effects on human health. As there is no lower toxicological threshold for lead in blood and since data gaps on lead exposure still exist in many European countries, HBM data on lead is of high importance. To address this, the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative HBM4EU classified lead as a priority substance. The German Environmental Specimen Bank (German ESB) has monitored lead exposure since more than 35 years. Using data from the early 1980s to 2019 we reveal and discuss long-term trends in blood lead levels (BLLs) and current internal exposure of young adults in Germany. BLLs in young adults decreased substantially in the investigated period. As results from the ESB sampling site Muenster demonstrate, the geometric mean of BLLs of young adults decreased from 1981 (78,7 μg/L) to 2019 (10.4 μg/L) by about 87%. Trends in human exposure closely correlate with air lead levels (ALLs) provided by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). Hence, the decrease of BLLs largely reflects the drop in air lead pollution. Known associations of sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, and housing situation with BLLs are confirmed with data of the German ESB. Although internal lead exposure in Germany decreased substantially, the situation might be different in other European countries. Since 2010, BLLs of young adults in Germany levelled out at approximately 10 μg/L. The toxicity of lead even at low levels is known to cause adverse health effects especially in children following exposure of the child or the mother during pregnancy. To identify current exposure sources and to minimize future lead exposure, continuous monitoring of lead intake and exposure levels is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lermen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Sulzbach, Germany.
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Frederik Gwinner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Sabine C Mueller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - André Conrad
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rüther
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Sulzbach, Germany
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19
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Wan H, Chen S, Cai Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Chen C, Wang N, Guo Y, Lu Y. Lead exposure and its association with cardiovascular disease and diabetic kidney disease in middle-aged and elderly diabetic patients. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 231:113663. [PMID: 33212357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have suggested that a high blood lead level (BLL) is associated with cardiovascular outcomes and impaired renal function in the general population; however, studies investigating the effect of a high BLL on diabetic vascular complications have been limited. We aimed to investigate whether a higher BLL is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). METHODS We analyzed 4234 individuals out of 4813 diabetic participants enrolled from seven communities in China in 2018 in this cross-sectional study. Macrovascular measurements, including assessment of common carotid artery (CCA) plaques and their diameters, were performed with ultrasound. CVD was defined as a composite measure including a previous diagnosis of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, or stroke. The definition of DKD was an albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to measure the associations. RESULTS The median age and BLL of the participants were 67 years (interquartile range, 62-72 years) and 26 μg/L (interquartile range, 18-36 μg/L). Compared with the first quartile, the odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) of CCA plaques ranging from none to bilateral in the ordinal logistic regression analysis associated with BLL was 1.53 (1.29, 1.82) in the fourth BLL quartile (P for trend <0.01), and the odds of having CVD was significantly increased by 44% for participants in the fourth quartile (1.44 (1.17, 1.76)) (P for trend <0.01). The odds of DKD in the fourth BLL quartile increased by 36% (1.36 (1.06, 1.74)) compared with that in the first quartile (P for trend <0.05). These associations were adjusted for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS A high BLL may be a potential risk factor for CVD and DKD in middle-aged and elderly diabetic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wan
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihan Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Honghe Prefecture Central Hospital (Ge Jiu People's Hospital), Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuyu Guo
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Guth K, Bourgeois M, Johnson G, Harbison R. Assessment of lead exposure controls on bridge painting projects using worker blood lead levels. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 115:104698. [PMID: 32534069 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of worker blood lead levels (BLL) was conducted using blood lead data collected by four bridge painting contractors before and after lead exposure. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of exposure controls in preventing elevated blood lead levels (>25 μg/dl) during bridge painting projects. The contractors selected for the study submitted BLL data for 289 workers representing ten work tasks and 11 bridge painting projects. In total, 713 blood lead levels results were evaluated. The mean blood lead level for all work classifications combined was 10.9 μg/dl at baseline compared with 14.9 μg/dl after two months of exposure and 15.0 μg/dl after four months of exposure. Two months after initial exposure, 29% of the painters and 35% of the laborers had a 10 μg/dl incremental increase or greater in blood lead level. Likewise, 18% of the painters and 26% of the laborers had a blood lead level greater than 25 μg/dl during the same time. The blood lead levels that exceeded the 25 μg/dL threshold ranged from 30μg/dL-63 μg/dL for painters and 26 μg-56 μg/dL for laborers. All work tasks with high-intensity exposure (abrasive blaster/painter, abrasive blaster, painter & laborer) experienced an average blood lead level increase that ranged from 0.2 μg/dl to 8.9 μg/dl two months after initial exposure. Blood lead testing conducted after modified exposure controls (two months after the initial follow-up blood testing) were implemented showed a decrease in average blood lead levels (range -0.14 μg/dl to -2.7 μg/dl) for two high-intensity exposure work tasks. In comparison, the other two high-intensity work tasks had moderate increases (range 1 μg/dl to 2.4 μg/dl). The modified exposure controls included an increase in the air velocity inside of the work containment and an administrative control in the form of additional worker training on lead exposure prevention. The reduction in the 95th percentile (point estimate) BLL exposure profile for each exposure group at the 4-month follow-up blood testing period is associated with modified exposure controls. Ineffective exposure controls were identified through the analysis of worker BLLs. We found two exposure groups (laborer and painter) whose 95th percentile (point estimate) exposure profile was greater than the OSHA construction lead standard's targeted BLL goal (25 μg/dl) during the first two months of exposure. Our research findings provide support for monthly blood lead testing after baseline until blood lead levels are controlled to an acceptable concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Guth
- Center for Environmental and Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Marie Bourgeois
- Center for Environmental and Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Giffe Johnson
- Center for Environmental and Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Raymond Harbison
- Center for Environmental and Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Lee E, Park B, Chung WY, Park JE, Hwang SC, Park KJ, Sheen SS, Ahn SV, Park JB, Ahn CM, Lee SH, Kim JY, Chun EM, Park YS, Yoo KH, Yoon HK, Park JH. Blood lead levels in relation to smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a study from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:3135-3147. [PMID: 32642235 PMCID: PMC7330752 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Lead exposure is a resurgent environmental issue globally. Smoking can be a source of lead exposure, although the majority of lead poisonings originate from workplace exposures. However, no study has been undertaken concerning the blood lead levels based on the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoking status, and other risk factors of COPD. This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the blood lead levels according to COPD and clinical variables associated with COPD. Methods Data (total number =53,829) were collected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (IV in 2008 and 2009, V in 2010–2012, and VI in 2013). Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to determine variables associated with elevated blood lead levels. Results Univariate regression analysis showed that male sex, older age, smoking, occupation level, income level, education level, and presence of COPD were related to higher blood lead levels, whereas the other co-morbidities including diabetes, hypertension, cerebral stroke, osteoporosis, asthma, and depression were not related (P<0.05). Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that older age, male sex, smoking, occupation, and education level were independently associated with higher blood lead levels (P<0.05). Conclusions Smoking status, occupation, and education level along with old age and male sex were independently associated with higher blood lead levels; however, COPD was not after adjustment of all confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Office of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Ajou Research Institute for innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumhee Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Office of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Ajou Research Institute for innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Chung
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Hwang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Joo Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Soo Sheen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Vogue Ahn
- Department of Health Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bum Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Min Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Haak Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sik Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ha Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hun Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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22
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Wu Y, Lou J, Sun X, Ma LQ, Wang J, Li M, Sun H, Li H, Huang L. Linking elevated blood lead level in urban school-aged children with bioaccessible lead in neighborhood soil. Environ Pollut 2020; 261:114093. [PMID: 32062095 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure is known to affect the health of children while soil Pb is an important contributor to human Pb exposure. To analyze the effects of both environmental and other factors, especially total and bioaccessible Pb in neighborhood soil, on school-aged urban children's blood lead level (BLL), 75 children (6-11 years old) were recruited from an industry city in eastern China for BLL measurement and questionnaire survey. Soil samples were collected from their living neighborhoods and measured for total and bioaccessible Pb. The mean BLL was 4.82 μg dL-1, with 42 out of 75 children having BLL exceeding the international guideline of 5 μg dL-1. Low Pb contamination was observed in soil with total Pb ranging from 12.5 to 271 mg kg-1 (mean 34.3 mg kg-1). Based on the in vitro Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC) gastric fluid extraction, bioaccessible Pb in soil ranged from 0.40 to 79.1 mg kg-1 (mean 7.58 mg kg-1) with Pb bioaccessibility ranging from 1.74 to 68.1 (mean 19.9%). When BLL was correlated with total Pb in soil, insignificant linear relationship was observed (P > 0.05, correlation coefficient 95%CI = -0.047-0.40, R2 = 0.07). However, when BLL was correlated with soil bioaccessible Pb or Pb bioaccessibility, much stronger linear relationships were observed (P < 0.01, correlation coefficient 95%CI = 0.28-0.64, R2 = 0.16-0.20), suggesting that bioaccessible Pb was a much stronger predictor of BLL. In addition, strong associations were also observed between BLL and social factors such as house decoration, residence time, and personal habits, suggesting that both soil Pb contamination and social factors play important roles in elevating BLL for city children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jueyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Province Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Bah HAF, Bandeira MJ, Gomes-Junior EA, Anjos ALS, Rodrigues YJM, Dos Santos NR, Martinez VO, Rocha RBMA, Costa RG, Adorno EV, Menezes-Filho JA. Environmental exposure to lead and hematological parameters in Afro-Brazilian children living near artisanal glazed pottery workshops. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2020; 55:964-974. [PMID: 32400283 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1761738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the exposure to environmental lead (Pb) of children from a traditional community of African descent in Brazil and the effects on hematological parameters. Children (n = 75) aged 5.5-13 years from the exposed areas classified as low (LEx) and moderately (MEx) exposed were compared with children (n = 75) of a control group (CG). Dust Pb loading rates (RtPbs) at children's homes were measured. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected to assess Pb biomarkers of exposure and effects. All Pb determinations were performed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The median (IQR) of RtPb, PbB level, and ALA-D activity were 65 (25-137) μgPb/m2/30 days, 1.0 (0.1-2.8) μg/dL, and 71 (55-86) U/L, respectively. Spearman correlation evidenced the relationship of PbB with RtPb (rho = 0.368, P < 0.001) and ALA-D activity (rho = -0.587; P ˂ 0.001). After adjusting for exposure degree and child's age, a decline of 7.4 U/L in ALA-D activity was associated with a 10-fold increase in PbB. The prevalence ratio of elevated PbB (>5 μg/dL) in LEx and MEx areas were 1.5 and 3.7, respectively. Indoor dust exposure, living near pottery workshops and the secondary exposure were the main determinants of elevated PbB levels, which were associated with hematological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homegnon A F Bah
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Erival A Gomes-Junior
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura S Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ynayara J M Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Victor O Martinez
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rômula B M A Rocha
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Renata G Costa
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elisângela V Adorno
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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Batra J, Thakur A, Meena SK, Singh L, Kumar J, Juyal D. Blood lead levels among the occupationally exposed workers and its effect on calcium and vitamin D metabolism: A case-control study. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:2388-2393. [PMID: 32754507 PMCID: PMC7380760 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_271_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead (Pb) is one of the major occupational pollutants present in the developed and developing countries including India. In humans, Pb can cause a wide range of biological effects depending upon the level and duration of exposure. The goal of this study was to evaluate the blood lead levels (BLLs) and its associated effects on vitamin D and calcium metabolism, among the workers occupationally exposed to Pb. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional, case-control study was conducted for a period of 18 months (January 2017 to July 2018). A total of 160 subjects were included in the study (80 in each, Pb-exposed group and control group). The blood Pb levels were quantified by using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole technology (iCAP™ TQ ICP-MS). Other biochemical parameters were estimated using fully automatic analyzer by RANDOX, RX-imola, Crumlin, UK and Johnson and Johnson, VITROS® ECiQ, Immunodiagnostic system, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, New Jersey, USA. RESULTS Upon analysis it was observed that serum calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D levels were significantly decreased (8.35 ± 0.42 mg/dl, 3.07 ± 0.34 mg/dl, and 28.82 ± 10.81 ng/ml respectively; P < 0.001), whereas the BLL and serum iPTH levels were significantly increased (38.02 ± 19.92 μg/dl and 116.78 ± 19.93 pg/ml respectively; P < 0.001) in Pb exposed subjects as compared to control subjects. CONCLUSION Our study results demonstrated that high BLL significantly alter vitamin D and calcium metabolism. The data extrapolated from our study emphasizes the necessity of surveillance in exposed workers. As the associated deleterious effects of Pb-exposure can be serious, we propose that a routine-periodical screening of the workers exposed to lead should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Batra
- Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajit Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrawan Kumar Meena
- Department of Biochemistry, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Medical College, Churu, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lakbir Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Jaipur National University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jainendra Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Govt. Doon Medical College, Dehrakhas, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepak Juyal
- Department of Microbiology, Govt. Doon Medical College, Dehrakhas, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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25
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Zajac L, Kobrosly RW, Ericson B, Caravanos J, Landrigan PJ, Riederer AM. Probabilistic estimates of prenatal lead exposure at 195 toxic hotspots in low- and middle-income countries. Environ Res 2020; 183:109251. [PMID: 32311907 PMCID: PMC7176741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior estimates of pediatric lead-related disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) used population estimates of maternal blood lead levels (BLLs). This approach may underestimate fetal BLLs by not considering potentially high prenatal lead exposure from toxic hotspots. OBJECTIVES: We developed a probabilistic approach to using the Adult Lead Methodology (ALM) to estimate fetal BLLs from prenatal exposure to lead-contaminated soil at hotspots in the Toxic Site Identification Program (TSIP). METHODS We created distributions for each ALM parameter using published literature and extracted soil lead measurements from the TSIP database. Each iteration of the probabilistic ALM randomly selected values from the input distributions to generate a site-specific fetal BLL estimate. For each site, we ran 5000 model iterations, producing a site-specific fetal BLL distribution. RESULTS 195 TSIP sites, in 33 LMICs, met our study inclusion criteria; an estimated 820,000 women of childbearing age are at risk for lead exposure at these sites. The predicted geometric means (GM) for site-specific fetal BLLs ranged from 3.3 μg/dL to 534 μg/dL, and 98% of sites had estimated GM fetal BLLs >5 μg/dL, the current reference level of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), while 11 sites had estimated GM fetal BLLs above the CDC chelation threshold of 45 μg/dL. DISCUSSION The TSIP soil lead data and this probabilistic approach to the ALM show that pregnant women living near TSIP sites may have BLLs that put their fetus at risk for neurologic damage and other sequelae, underscoring the need for interventions to reduce lead exposure at toxic hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zajac
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Roni W Kobrosly
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Bret Ericson
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 860, New York, NY, 10115, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jack Caravanos
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Philip J Landrigan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anne M Riederer
- Pure Earth, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 860, New York, NY, 10115, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Zhang B, Zou F, Sun M, Zhang S, Huang Y. Zhiqi Granules Decreased Lead Level but Increased Iron Level in Serum of Chinese Children with Moderately Elevated Blood Lead Levels. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 193:1-6. [PMID: 30820755 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To observe and compare the effects of healthy instruction and Zhiqi granules on lead, calcium, iron, and zinc levels in serum of children with moderately elevated blood lead levels (BLLs). At the same time, the possible mechanisms were discussed. A total of 60 eligible boys aged 4-6 years were selected and divided into two groups (the healthy instruction group and the Zhiqi group) randomly. The boys in the healthy instruction group only received the healthy instruction. Besides the healthy instruction, the boys in the Zhiqi group received 2 g Zhiqi granules orally one time daily. The study lasted for 4 weeks. BLL and serum iron, zinc, and calcium levels of the subjects in the two groups before and after interventions were measured and compared. After the interventions, the BLL in the Zhiqi group lowered significantly, but the decrease of the BLL in the healthy instruction group is not significant, and there was a significant difference in the BLL between the two groups. When the trial was completed, the serum iron level in the Zhiqi group increased significantly, but that in the healthy instruction group changed slightly, and a significant difference was seen between the two groups. There were no significant differences in both serum Ca and Zn levels in these two groups before and after the interventions. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in serum Ca and Zn levels between the two groups after the interventions. The results suggested that daily intake of Zhiqi granules for 4 weeks together with healthy instruction resulted in a decrease of the BLL and an elevation of the serum iron level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71# Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71# Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Meihua Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71# Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71# Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, 71# Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Shadbegian R, Guignet D, Klemick H, Bui L. Early childhood lead exposure and the persistence of educational consequences into adolescence. Environ Res 2019; 178:108643. [PMID: 31473504 PMCID: PMC7038535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is consensus that early childhood lead exposure causes adverse cognitive and behavioral effects, even at blood lead levels (BLL) below 5 μg/dL. What has not been established is to what extent the effects of childhood lead exposure persist across grades. OBJECTIVE To measure the effects of early childhood lead exposure (BLL 1-10 μg/dL) on educational performance from grades 3-8; to determine if effects in lower grades persist as a child progresses through school; and if so, to characterize the pattern of persistence. METHODS We examine data from 560,624 children living in North Carolina between 2000 and 2012 with a BLL ≤10 μg/dL measured between age 0-5 years. Children are matched to their standardized math and reading scores for grades 3-8, creating an unbalanced panel of 2,344,358 student-year observations. We use socio-economic, demographic, and school information along with matching techniques to control for confounding effects. RESULTS We find that early childhood exposure to low lead levels caused persistent deficits in educational performance across grades. In each grade (3-8), children with higher blood lead levels had, on average, lower percentile scores in both math and reading than children with lower blood lead levels. In our primary model, we find that children with BLL = 5 μg/dL in early childhood ranked 0.90-1.20 (1.35-1.55) percentiles lower than children with BLL ≤ 1 μg/dL on math (reading) tests during grades 3-8. As children progressed through school, the average percentile deficit in their test scores remained stable. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the adverse effects of early childhood exposure to low lead levels persist through early adolescence, and that the magnitude of the test-score percentile deficit remains steady between grades 3-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Shadbegian
- US EPA, National Center for Environmental Economics, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (mail Code 1809T), Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | | | - Heather Klemick
- US EPA, National Center for Environmental Economics, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Linda Bui
- Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
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Zeng H, Wang LQ, Xiang ML, Tan Y, Wang J, Chen JA, Zhou ZY, Luo JH, Huang YJ, Lyu C, Rong HH, Shu WQ, Qiu ZQ. [The blood lead level and its relationship with behavior in school-age children from rural areas of Chongqing]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2019; 53:907-12. [PMID: 31474072 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the blood lead level and its relationship with behavior in school-age children from rural areas of Chongqing. Methods: A total of 697 students from grades 3 to 6 in the fall semester of 2014 from 14 rural townships in one district of Chongqing was selected by using the random cluster sampling method. Blood were sampled to analyze the lead level. Neurobehavioral tests were performed to determine their personal cognitive and memory ability. Questionnaires and physical examinations were administered to obtain the information of confounding factors. All students were divided into Q1-Q4 groups according to the quartile of their blood lead level. The relationship between the blood lead level and behavior was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression model and restricted spline regression model. Results: The mean age of 697 students was (10.07±1.36) years old, and the median (interquartile range) of their blood lead level was 44.31 (35.42) μg/L. Multivariate logistic regression model showed that after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index and maternal culture level, compared with Q1 group, the OR (95%CI) values of high digit symbol substitution test (DSST) scores and high overall memory quotient (MQ) scores in Q3 group were 1.65 (1.01-2.70) and 2.10 (1.21-3.62), and the OR (95%CI) value of high long term memory (LTM) scores in Q4 group was 0.53 (0.31-0.92). The results of the restricted spline regression model showed that the dose-response curves between the blood lead level and MQ/LTM test scores were both parabolic (P<0.05). Conclusion: The blood lead level of school-age children from rural areas of Chongqing is the same as that from other areas of China, but slightly higher than that from other areas of Chongqing. Children with higher blood lead level have poor long-term memory ability.
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Edetanlen BE, Saheeb BD. Effect of bone fracture(s) on blood lead levels from retained lead pellets in craniomaxillofacial region. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1378-1383. [PMID: 31280607 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119862019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Missile-related blood lead elevations and toxicity are well documented in the literature but reports on its associated risk factor(s) are few. OBJECTIVE To determine if bone fracture(s) contribute to an elevated lead blood level. METHOD This is a prospective study of subjects with retained pellets in the craniomaxillofacial region following gunshot injuries who met the inclusion criteria. Blood samples were collected from the test subjects and their corresponding control subjects via venipuncture. Collected blood samples were used for blood lead measurement by the wet method of the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Using appropriate statistical tests, p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS A total number of 48 subjects were studied. The mean blood lead levels (BLLs) of the study population were 6.88 ± 1.17 µg/dl while that of the control group was 1.52 ± 0.87 µg/dl and the mean difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03). The mean and standard deviation of BLL of subjects with fractures were 4.77 ± 0.9, 5.08 ± 1.0, and 5.22 ± 1.0 µg/dl at days 3, 21, and 42 postinjury, respectively, while for those without bone fractures were 3.07 ± 1.4, 3.70 ± 0.8, and 4.33 ± 1.7 µg/dl. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Subjects with bone fractures were found to have higher BLLs than those without bone fractures, where pellets were retained in their bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Edetanlen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, Edo, Nigeria
| | - B D Saheeb
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin, Edo, Nigeria
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Rezaie M, Abolhassanzadeh SZ, Haghighinejad H. Comparing serum lead level in drug abuse pregnant women with non-addicted pregnant mothers referring to Shiraz university hospitals in 2017-2018. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:1653-1657. [PMID: 31198732 PMCID: PMC6559079 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_36_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent decades, there are multiple reports of lead poisoning in drug abusers in Iran and other Middle East countries. The lead in the mother's blood can cause many dangerous, harmful effects on the mother and the fetus. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the blood lead level (BLL) in pregnant women who were an illegal drug user and compared it with pregnant women who did not use these agents. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 pregnant women referred to Shiraz Hazrat Zinab and Hafez Hospitals. All pregnant women with a history of any drug abuse were sampled. Two pregnant women without any history of drug abuse were sampled for each pregnant mother with a history of drug abuse on the same day. To check BLL, 5 cc blood sample of all participants sent to a reference laboratory. BLLs have been assessed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with GBC Avanta, and all reports were confirmed by a specific pathologist. The data were completed with maternal demographic information and infants’ anthropometric indices. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24, and the significance was 0.05. Results: There was a significant difference in BLL among pregnant women with and without drug abuse history (9.91 ± 26.2 and 2.95 ± 0.7, respectively) (P-value: 0.001). The prevalence of lead levels of more than 5 μg/dl in mothers with and without substance abuse was 20% and 7.5%, respectively. Anthropometric indices, Apgar score, and gestational age in the mothers with a history of drug abuse were significantly lower than the control group (a significant level less than 0.05). Conclusion: The level of lead in pregnant women taking illegal drugs is higher than that of the control group who do not have a history of illegal drug abuse. On the other hand, it is likely that increased serum levels of lead with fetal complications and maternal health threats childbirth and clinical outcomes during childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Rezaie
- Department of Family Medicine and Pediatric Medicine, Neonatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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O'Connor D, Hou D, Ye J, Zhang Y, Ok YS, Song Y, Coulon F, Peng T, Tian L. Lead-based paint remains a major public health concern: A critical review of global production, trade, use, exposure, health risk, and implications. Environ Int 2018; 121:85-101. [PMID: 30179767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to lead (Pb) is a growing global public health concern. Elevated blood lead is thought to cause the mental retardation of >0.6 million children globally each year, and has recently been attributed to ~18% of all-cause mortality in the US. Due to the severe health risk, the international community, led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO), is actively supporting the global phase-out of lead-based paint by 2020. However, there are many significant hurdles on the way to achieving this goal. In light of the importance of the lead-based paint issue, and the urgency of achieving the 2020 phase-out goal, this review provides critical insights from the existing scientific literature on lead-based paint, and offers a comprehensive perspective on the overall issue. The global production and international trade of lead-based paints across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe are critically discussed - revealing that lead-based paints are still widely used in many low and middle-income developing countries, and that the production and trade of lead-based paint is still wide-spread globally. In India, as well as many south-east Asian, African, Latin American and European countries, lead concentrations in paints often exceed 10,000 mg/kg. This will certainly pose a serious global threat to public health from surfaces painted with these products for many decades to come. The sources and pathways of exposure are further described to shed light on the associated health risk and socioeconomic costs. Finally, the review offers an overview of the potential intervention and abatement strategies for lead-based paints. In particular, it was found that there is a general lack of consensus on the definition of lead based paint; and, strengthening regulatory oversight, public awareness, and industry acceptance are vital in combating the global issue of lead based paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jing Ye
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, OJeong Eco-Resilience Institute & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinan Song
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Tianyue Peng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Mahmoudi N, Latifi AM, Amani MA, Masoumbeigi H, Ghanizadeh G. Data on the environmental exposure to lead in Iran. Data Brief 2018; 20:1133-1141. [PMID: 30225326 PMCID: PMC6139886 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The data was obtained to present the environmental and occupational exposure to lead in Iranian populations based on the published articles. To acquire the data, online resources including Google Scholar, Magiran, SID, Iranmedex, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched and 104 articles were found out of which 70 that focused on the level of lead in blood, urine, milk, and hair of different Iranian populations were selected. Since the results of the studies were not homogenous, it was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis. The average blood lead level (BLL) among workers, ordinary people, patients with specific diseases, addicts, and pregnant women, women in labor, infants, and children are presented in this article. The average BLL was compared to the standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norouz Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Health Research Center, Life style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Ali Mohammad Latifi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Amani
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Masoumbeigi
- Health Research Center, Life style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
| | - Ghader Ghanizadeh
- Health Research Center, Life style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
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Harari F, Sallsten G, Christensson A, Petkovic M, Hedblad B, Forsgard N, Melander O, Nilsson PM, Borné Y, Engström G, Barregard L. Blood Lead Levels and Decreased Kidney Function in a Population-Based Cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 2018. [PMID: 29699886 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.358.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental lead exposure has been associated with decreased kidney function, but evidence from large prospective cohort studies examining low exposure levels is scarce. We assessed the association of low levels of lead exposure with kidney function and kidney disease. STUDY DESIGN Prospective population-based cohort. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 4,341 individuals aged 46 to 67 years enrolled into the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study-Cardiovascular Cohort (1991-1994) and 2,567 individuals subsequently followed up (2007-2012). PREDICTOR Blood lead concentrations in quartiles (Q1-Q4) at baseline. OUTCOMES Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between the baseline and follow-up visit based on serum creatinine level alone or in combination with cystatin C level. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence (185 cases) through 2013 detected using a national registry. MEASUREMENTS Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models to assess associations between lead levels and eGFRs at baseline and follow-up and change in eGFRs over time. Cox regression was used to examine associations between lead levels and CKD incidence. Validation of 100 randomly selected CKD cases showed very good agreement between registry data and medical records and laboratory data. RESULTS At baseline, 60% of study participants were women, mean age was 57 years, and median lead level was 25 (range, 1.5-258) μg/L. After a mean of 16 years of follow-up, eGFR decreased on average by 6mL/min/1.73m2 (based on creatinine) and 24mL/min/1.73m2 (based on a combined creatinine and cystatin C equation). eGFR change was higher in Q3 and Q4 of blood lead levels compared with Q1 (P for trend = 0.001). The HR for incident CKD in Q4 was 1.49 (95% CI, 1.07-2.08) compared with Q1 to Q3 combined. LIMITATIONS Lead level measured only at baseline, moderate number of CKD cases, potential unmeasured confounding. CONCLUSIONS Low-level lead exposure was associated with decreased kidney function and incident CKD. Our findings suggest lead nephrotoxicity even at low levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Harari
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Christensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Nephrology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marinka Petkovic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Nephrology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niklas Forsgard
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yan Borné
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Harari F, Sallsten G, Christensson A, Petkovic M, Hedblad B, Forsgard N, Melander O, Nilsson PM, Borné Y, Engström G, Barregard L. Blood Lead Levels and Decreased Kidney Function in a Population-Based Cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 72:381-389. [PMID: 29699886 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental lead exposure has been associated with decreased kidney function, but evidence from large prospective cohort studies examining low exposure levels is scarce. We assessed the association of low levels of lead exposure with kidney function and kidney disease. STUDY DESIGN Prospective population-based cohort. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 4,341 individuals aged 46 to 67 years enrolled into the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study-Cardiovascular Cohort (1991-1994) and 2,567 individuals subsequently followed up (2007-2012). PREDICTOR Blood lead concentrations in quartiles (Q1-Q4) at baseline. OUTCOMES Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between the baseline and follow-up visit based on serum creatinine level alone or in combination with cystatin C level. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence (185 cases) through 2013 detected using a national registry. MEASUREMENTS Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models to assess associations between lead levels and eGFRs at baseline and follow-up and change in eGFRs over time. Cox regression was used to examine associations between lead levels and CKD incidence. Validation of 100 randomly selected CKD cases showed very good agreement between registry data and medical records and laboratory data. RESULTS At baseline, 60% of study participants were women, mean age was 57 years, and median lead level was 25 (range, 1.5-258) μg/L. After a mean of 16 years of follow-up, eGFR decreased on average by 6mL/min/1.73m2 (based on creatinine) and 24mL/min/1.73m2 (based on a combined creatinine and cystatin C equation). eGFR change was higher in Q3 and Q4 of blood lead levels compared with Q1 (P for trend = 0.001). The HR for incident CKD in Q4 was 1.49 (95% CI, 1.07-2.08) compared with Q1 to Q3 combined. LIMITATIONS Lead level measured only at baseline, moderate number of CKD cases, potential unmeasured confounding. CONCLUSIONS Low-level lead exposure was associated with decreased kidney function and incident CKD. Our findings suggest lead nephrotoxicity even at low levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Harari
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Christensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Nephrology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marinka Petkovic
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Nephrology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Niklas Forsgard
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yan Borné
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, CRC, Lund University, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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McMichael JR, Stoff BK. Surma eye cosmetic in Afghanistan: a potential source of lead toxicity in children. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:265-268. [PMID: 29224187 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-3056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Surma is a traditional eye cosmetic used as an eyeliner for infants in Afghanistan, as well as in many other countries in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Surma has been reported to contain lead and to be a potential source of lead toxicity in children, which can lead to permanent damage to multiple organ systems. To our knowledge, assessment for lead in surma found in Afghanistan has not been performed. We determined the quantitative lead content of a convenience sample of 10 surma products acquired in Afghanistan. Analysis revealed that 70% of surma samples contained high levels of lead (range 35-83%). The remaining samples contained low levels of lead (range 0.04-0.17%). CONCLUSION The majority of surma samples contained very high levels of lead, a troubling finding that could potentially correlate with lead toxicity in Afghan children. Making available lead-free surma alternatives and providing health education, for both healthcare professionals and the general population, in locations where surma use is prevalent and for those involved in care of refugees and immigrants from Afghanistan, may be strategies to prevent lead poisoning in children. What is Known: • Surma is a traditional cosmetic used as an eyeliner for infants in Afghanistan as well as in many countries in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. • Surma has been reported to contain lead and to be a source of lead toxicity in children. What is New: • Assessment for lead content in surma found in Afghanistan has not been performed. • In this convenience sample of 10 surma products acquired in Afghanistan, 70% contained very high levels of lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R McMichael
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1525 Clifton Rd NE 1st Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - B K Stoff
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1525 Clifton Rd NE 1st Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Emory Center for Ethics, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Zhong B, Giubilato E, Critto A, Wang L, Marcomini A, Zhang J. Probabilistic modeling of aggregate lead exposure in children of urban China using an adapted IEUBK model. Sci Total Environ 2017; 584-585:259-267. [PMID: 28187936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead, a ubiquitous pollutant throughout the environment, is confirmed to be neurotoxic for children by pulmonary and oral routes. As preschool children in China continue to be exposed to lead, we analyzed the available biomonitoring data for preschool children in urban China collected in the period 2004-2014 through a literature review. To identify apportionment of lead exposure sources for urban children in China, we modified the IEUBK model with a Monte Carlo module to assess the uncertainty and variability of the model output based on limited available exposure data and compared the simulated blood lead levels with the observed ones obtained through literature review. Although children's blood lead levels in urban China decreased statistically over time for the included studies, changes in blood lead levels in three economic zones and seven age groups except for two age-specific groups were no longer significant. The GM-predicted BLLs and the GM-observed BLLs agreed within 1μg/dL for all fourteen cities. The 95% CIs for the predicted GMs and the observed distribution (GM±GSD) overlapped substantially. These results demonstrated the plausibility of blood lead prediction provided by the adapted IEUBK model. Lead exposure estimates for diet, soil/dust, air, and drinking water were 12.01±6.27μg/day, 2.69±0.89μg/day, 0.20±0.15μg/day, and 0.029±0.012μg/day, respectively. These findings showed that the reduction of lead concentrations in grains and vegetables would be beneficial to limit the risk of dietary lead exposure for a large proportion of preschool children in urban China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Elisa Giubilato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Andrea Critto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Jinliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Eom SY, Hwang MS, Lim JA, Choi BS, Kwon HJ, Park JD, Kim YD, Kim H. Exome-wide association study identifies genetic polymorphisms of C12orf51, MYL2, and ALDH2 associated with blood lead levels in the general Korean population. Environ Health 2017; 16:11. [PMID: 28212632 PMCID: PMC5316181 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous toxic metal present in the environment that poses adverse health effects to humans. Inter-individual variation in blood Pb levels is affected by various factors, including genetic makeup. However, limited data are available on the association between genetic variation and blood Pb levels. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic markers associated with blood Pb levels in the Korean population. METHODS The study subjects consisted of 1,483 healthy adults with no history of occupational exposure to Pb. We measured blood Pb levels and calculated probable daily intake of Pb according to dietary data collected using 24-hour recall. We conducted exome-wide association screening using Illumina Human Exome-12v1.2 platform (n = 500) and a replication analysis using VeraCode Goldengate assay (n = 1,483). RESULTS Among the 244,770 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tested, 12 SNPs associated with blood Pb level were identified, with suggestive significance level (P < 1 × 10-4). In the Goldengate assay for replication, three SNPs (C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671) were associated with statistically suggestively significant differences in blood Pb levels. When stratified by drinking status, a potential association of C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671 with blood Pb level was observed only in drinkers. A marginally significant gene-environment interaction between ALDH2 rs671 and alcohol consumption was observed in relation to blood Pb levels. The effects of the three suggestively significant SNPs on blood Pb levels was dependent on daily calcium intake amounts. CONCLUSIONS This exome-wide association study indicated that C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671 polymorphisms are linked to blood Pb levels in the Korean population. Our results suggest that these three SNPs are involved in the determination of Pb levels in Koreans via the regulation of alcohol drinking behavior, and that their negative effects may be compensated by appropriate calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Myung Sil Hwang
- Food Risk Analysis Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-Ro, Heungdeok-Gu, Cheongju 28159 Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
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Gandhi J, Hernandez RJ, Chen A, Smith NL, Sheynkin YR, Joshi G, Khan SA. Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis activity, spermatogenesis, and sperm function promote infertility in males with lead poisoning. ZYGOTE 2017; 25:103-10. [PMID: 28185602 DOI: 10.1017/S0967199417000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lead poisoning is a stealthy threat to human physiological systems as chronic exposure can remain asymptomatic for long periods of time before symptoms manifest. We presently review the biophysical mechanisms of lead poisoning that contribute to male infertility. Environmental and occupational exposure of lead may adversely affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, impairing the induction of spermatogenesis. Dysfunction at the reproductive axis, namely testosterone suppression, is most susceptible and irreversible during pubertal development. Lead poisoning also appears to directly impair the process of spermatogenesis itself as well as sperm function. Spermatogenesis issues may manifest as low sperm count and stem from reproductive axis dysfunction or testicular degeneration. Generation of excessive reactive oxygen species due to lead-associated oxidative stress can potentially affect sperm viability, motility, DNA fragmentation, membrane lipid peroxidation, capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and chemotaxis for sperm-oocyte fusion, all of which can contribute to deter fertilization. Reproductive toxicity has been tested through cross-sectional analysis studies in humans as well as in vivo and in vitro studies in animals.
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Oh SE, Kim GB, Hwang SH, Ha M, Lee KM. Longitudinal trends of blood lead levels before and after leaded gasoline regulation in Korea. Environ Health Toxicol 2017; 32:e2017019. [PMID: 29092393 PMCID: PMC5810431 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2017019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to verify a change in the longitudinal trend of blood lead levels for the Korean population, before and after the regulation of leaded gasoline- which occurred between 1987 and 1993 in Korea. A total of 77 reports on blood lead levels among general Korean population between 1981 and 2014 were selected, and the results were summarized to have the variables of year, number of subjects, the subjects' range in age, gender, and blood lead concentrations (arithmetic mean). The annual average atmospheric lead levels for four major cities (i.e., Seoul, Busan, Daegu and Gwangju) were collected from the Air Pollution Monitoring Database from 1991, and pilot studies from 1985 to 1990 before the national air quality monitoring system was launched in 1991. Blood lead levels were visualized in a bubble plot in which the size of each bubble represented the sample size of each study, and the annual average concentrations in ambient air were depicted on line graphs. Blood lead levels in the Korean population tended to gradually increase from the early 1980s (approximately 15-20 μg/dL) until 1990-1992 (20-25 μg/dL). Blood lead levels then began to rapidly decrease until 2014 (<2 μg/dL). Similar patterns were observed for both adults (≥20 years) and younger children/adolescents. The same longitudinal trend was observed in annual average atmospheric lead concentration, which suggests a significant correlation between air lead concentration and blood lead concentration in the general population. In conclusion, the regulation of leaded gasoline has significantly contributed to the rapid change in blood lead concentrations. And, the regulation of other sources of lead exposure should be considered to further decrease blood lead levels in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Eun Oh
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
- National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Gi Bog Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mu Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence: Kyoung-Mu Lee Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, 86 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03087, Korea E-mail:
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Tsoi MF, Cheung CL, Cheung TT, Cheung BMY. Continual Decrease in Blood Lead Level in Americans: United States National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey 1999-2014. Am J Med 2016; 129:1213-1218. [PMID: 27341956 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is toxic and affects neurodevelopment in children even at low levels. There has been a long-term effort in the United States to reduce exposure to lead in the environment. We studied the latest US population blood lead levels and analyzed its trend. METHOD Blood lead levels in 63,890 participants of the National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey 1999-2014 were analyzed using SPSS Complex Samples v22.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). RESULTS Mean blood lead levels and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.65 μg/dL (1.62-1.68), 1.44 μg/dL (1.42-1.47), 1.43 μg/dL (1.40-1.45), 1.29 μg/dL (1.27-1.32), 1.27 μg/dL (1.25-1.29), 1.12 μg/dL (1.10-1.14), 0.97 μg/dL (0.95-0.99), and 0.84 μg/dL (0.82-0.86) in 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014, respectively. Blood lead levels decreased significantly (P <.001), and the trend remained significant when stratified by age, gender, ethnicity, and pregnancy status (P <.05). Estimated percentages of children with blood lead level ≥5 μg/dL were 9.9% (95% CI, 7.5-12.9), 7.4% (95% CI, 5.9-9.4), 5.3% (95% CI, 4.1-6.9), 2.9% (95% CI, 2.1-3.9), 3.1% (95% CI, 2.0-4.8), 2.1% (95% CI, 1.5-3.1), 2.0% (95% CI, 1.0-3.6), and 0.5% (95% CI, 0.3-1.0) in 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014, respectively. The decreasing trend was significant (P <.05). In children aged 1 to 5 years in the National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey 2011-2014, the estimated 97.5 percentile of blood lead level was 3.48 μg/dL. CONCLUSIONS Blood lead levels have been decreasing in the US population. The reference level also should decrease. It is still important to monitor blood lead levels in the population, especially among pregnant women and children aged 1 to 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Fung Tsoi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China; Partner State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Tommy Tsang Cheung
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Bernard Man Yung Cheung
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China; Partner State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China.
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Grigoryan R, Petrosyan V, Melkom Melkomian D, Khachadourian V, McCartor A, Crape B. Risk factors for children's blood lead levels in metal mining and smelting communities in Armenia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:945. [PMID: 27604802 PMCID: PMC5015252 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children’s exposure to lead poses a significant risk for neurobehavioral consequences. Existing studies documented lead contamination in residential soil in mining and smelting communities in Armenia. This study aimed to assess blood lead levels (BLL) in children living in three communities in Armenia adjacent to metal mining and smelting industries, and related risk factors. Methods This cross-sectional study included 159 children born from 2007 to 2009 and living in Alaverdi and Akhtala communities and Erebuni district in Yerevan - the capital city. The BLL was measured with a portable LeadCare II Blood Lead Analyzer; a survey was conducted with primary caregivers. Results Overall Geometric Mean (GM) of BLL was 6.0 μg/dl: 6.8 for Akhtala, 6.4 for Alaverdi and 5.1 for Yerevan. In the sample 68.6 % of children had BLL above CDC defined reference level of 5 μg/dl: 83.8 % in Akhtala, 72.5 % in Alaverdi, and 52.8 % in Yerevan. Caregiver’s lower education, dusting furniture less than daily, and housing distance from toxic source(s) were risk factors for higher BLL. Additional analysis for separate communities demonstrated interaction between housing distance from toxic source(s) and type of window in Erebuni district of Yerevan. Conclusions The study demonstrated that children in three communities adjacent to metal mining and smelting industries were exposed to lead. Investigation of the risk factors suggested that in addition to promoting safe industrial practices at the national level, community-specific interventions could be implemented in low- and middle-income countries to reduce BLL among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzanna Grigoryan
- School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, 40 Marshal Baghramian Avenue, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia
| | - Varduhi Petrosyan
- School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, 40 Marshal Baghramian Avenue, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia
| | - Dzovinar Melkom Melkomian
- School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, 40 Marshal Baghramian Avenue, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia.
| | - Vahe Khachadourian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Byron Crape
- School of Public Health, American University of Armenia, 40 Marshal Baghramian Avenue, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia
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Pfadenhauer LM, Burns J, Rohwer A, Rehfuess EA. Effectiveness of interventions to reduce exposure to lead through consumer products and drinking water: A systematic review. Environ Res 2016; 147:525-36. [PMID: 26990846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of regulatory, environmental and educational interventions for reducing blood lead levels (BLLs) and associated health outcomes in children, pregnant women and the general population. METHODS Searches were run in MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Global Health Library up until August 2015. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they assessed the impact of regulatory, environmental or educational interventions, stand-alone or in combination, on BLLs among children, pregnant women or the general population through randomized controlled trials (RCT), controlled before-after (CBA), interrupted time series (ITS), uncontrolled before-after (UBA) or repeated cross-sectional studies. Studies assessing the impact of interventions to reduce exposure to lead in paint or household dust as well as studies concerned exclusively with environmental concentrations of lead were not included. As documented in a detailed protocol, screening, data extraction and quality appraisal were largely undertaken according to Cochrane standards. Harvest plots were used to graphically summarize evidence of effectiveness. RESULTS The searches yielded 6466 unique records, of which five met our eligibility criteria; two additional eligible studies were identified by experts. We did not find any studies regarding the effectiveness of regulatory, educational or environmental interventions targeting exposure to lead in consumer products. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions in reducing BLLs from exposures through drinking water is limited in both quantity and quality. Stand-alone targeted educational interventions showed no statistically significant reductions in children's BLL (two RCT) when compared to general educational interventions. Likewise, instructing women to reduce or eliminate lead-contaminated drinking water showed no effect on BLL (one RCT). Stand-alone environmental interventions appeared more promising in reducing BLL (three UBA). Combining educational and environmental interventions and targeting multiple settings may be effective in reducing BLL, as suggested by one uncontrolled before-after study. No studies examining the effectiveness of regulatory interventions were found. CONCLUSIONS The limited quantity and quality of the evidence measuring BLL and associated health outcomes points to an urgent need for more robust research into the effectiveness of interventions to reduce lead exposure from consumer products and drinking water, especially for regulatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Maria Pfadenhauer
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jacob Burns
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anke Rohwer
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Parow, 7500, South Africa
| | - Eva Annette Rehfuess
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Nemati A, Jafari S, Afshari M, Dahmardeh S, Tabrizian K. Comparing Blood Lead Level among Oral/inhaled Opium Addicts with a Non-addict Control Group in the Southeast of Iran. Addict Health 2016; 8:235-241. [PMID: 28819554 PMCID: PMC5554803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opium is widely used among addicts in the Middle East countries such as Iran. Recent reports suggest that opium sellers cheat their customers by adding lead to the opium. Contaminated opium can threaten the health of consumers. This study was designed to evaluate the lead concentration in blood sample of oral and inhaled opium user's referring to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol, Iran, during spring 2015 in comparison with those of control group. METHODS Blood lead level (BLL) of 188 subjects with a mean age of 52.06 years in three categories - including oral opium addicted (55 patients), inhaled opium addicted (55 patients), and healthy control group (n = 78) - was assessed. The BLL of all the subjects was assessed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. FINDINGS Almost all participants consumed "Tariak" (99.09%). Mean ± standard deviation (SD) duration of opium addiction was 13.21 ± 10.26 years. The average blood lead concentration among oral users, inhaled users, and control group were 34.31 ± 21.54, 41.13 ± 26.40, and 9.86 ± 4.40 µg/dl, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study showed significant differences of BLLs between opium users and control group. We also did not find any association between blood lead concentration and method of opium consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nemati
- Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Shima Jafari
- PhD Student, Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahdi Afshari
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Somayeh Dahmardeh
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Kaveh Tabrizian
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran,Correspondence to: Kaveh Tabrizian PhD,
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Li Y, Li M, Lv Q, Chen G, Chen J, Li S, Mo Y, Ou S, Yuan Z, Lu G, Jiang Y. Relationship of lead and essential elements in whole blood from school-age children in Nanning, China. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 32:107-11. [PMID: 26302918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate blood lead level and its relationship to essential elements (zinc, copper, iron, calcium and magnesium) in school-age children from Nanning, China. METHODS A total of 2457 children aged from 6 to 14 years were enrolled in Nanning, China. The levels of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer. RESULTS The mean blood lead level (BLL) was 57.21±35.00μg/L. 188 (7.65%) asymptomatic children had toxic lead level higher than 100μg/L. The school-age boys had similar lead level among different age groups, while the elder girls had less BLL. The blood Zn and Fe were found to be increased in the boys with elevated BLL, but similar trends were not observed in the girls. Positive correlations between Pb and Fe or Mg (r=0.112, 0.062, respectively, p<0.01) and a negative correlation between Pb and Ca (r=-0.047, p<0.05) were further established in the studied children. CONCLUSIONS Lead exposure in school-age children was still prevalent in Nanning. The boys and girls differed in blood levels of lead and other metallic elements. Lead exposure may induce metabolic disorder of other metallic elements in body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Muyan Li
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qun Lv
- Maternity and Child Care Health Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guoli Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuhuan Mo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shiyan Ou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zongxiang Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Chambial S, Shukla KK, Dwivedi S, Bhardwaj P, Sharma P. Blood Lead Level (BLL) in the Adult Population of Jodhpur: A Pilot Study. Indian J Clin Biochem 2015; 30:357-9. [PMID: 26089625 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead interferes with a variety of body processes and is toxic to many organs and tissues including the heart, bones, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive and nervous systems. Routes of exposure to lead include contaminated air, water, soil, food, and consumer products. The possibility of lead exposure in humans is therefore of great significance from health point of view. Occupational exposure is a common known cause of lead poisoning in adults but current status of adults exposed otherwise is not known. School teachers representing wide local population were selected and asked to furnish information regarding possible lead exposure. Blood lead level (BLL) was estimated using anodic stripping voltammetry. The mean BLL was 6.89 ± 9.5 μg/dl (<3.5->65 μg/dl) in representative adult population. Out of the total 16 % were found to be having BLL >10 μg/dl which has significantly decreased from leaded gasoline era. Those with increased BLL (>10 μg/dl) were found to have common determinants like usage of old metallic pipes for plumbing, water consumption without any purification system, usage of cosmetics and Ayurvedic/herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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Tasmin S, Furusawa H, Ahmad SA, Faruquee MH, Watanabe C. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism in lead exposed Bangladeshi children and its effect on urinary aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Environ Res 2015; 136:318-323. [PMID: 25460652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lead has long been recognized as a harmful environmental pollutant. People in developing countries like Bangladesh still have a higher risk of lead exposure. Previous research has suggested that the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) genotype can modify lead toxicity and individual susceptibility. As children are more susceptible to lead-induced toxicity, this study investigated whether the ALAD genotype influenced urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid (U-ALA) among children exposed to environmental lead in Bangladesh. METHODS Subjects were elementary schoolchildren from a semi-urban industrialized area in Bangladesh. A total of 222 children were studied. Blood and urine were collected to determine ALAD genotypes, blood lead levels and urinary aminolevulinic acid (U-ALA). RESULTS The mean BPb level was 9.7 µg/dl for the study children. BPb was significantly positively correlated with hemoglobin (p<0.01). In total, allele frequency for ALAD 1 and 2 was 0.83 and 0.17 respectively. The mean U-ALA concentration was lower in ALAD1-2/2-2 carriers than ALAD1-1 carriers for boys (p=0.001). But for girls, U-ALA did not differ significantly by genotype (p=0.26). When U-ALA was compared by genotype at the same exposure level in a multiple linear regression analysis, boys who were ALAD1-2/2-2 carriers still had a lower level of U-ALA compared to ALAD1-1 carriers. CONCLUSION This study provides information about the influence of ALAD polymorphism and its association with U-ALA in Bangladeshi children. Our results indicate that the ALAD1-2/2-2 genotype may have a protective effect in terms of U-ALA for environmentally lead exposed boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Tasmin
- Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hana Furusawa
- Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sk Akhtar Ahmad
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences, 125/1, Darus Salam, Mirpur, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - M H Faruquee
- Department of Public Health, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Chiho Watanabe
- Department of Human Ecology, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Cao S, Duan X, Zhao X, Wang B, Ma J, Fan D, Sun C, He B, Wei F, Jiang G. Isotopic ratio based source apportionment of children's blood lead around coking plant area. Environ Int 2014; 73:158-166. [PMID: 25124751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lead exposure in the environment is a major hazard affecting human health, particularly for children. The blood lead levels in the local children living around the largest coking area in China were measured, and the source of blood lead and the main pathways of lead exposure were investigated based on lead isotopic ratios ((207)Pb/(206)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb) in blood and in a variety of media, including food, airborne particulate matter, soil, dust and drinking water. The children's blood lead level was 5.25 (1.59 to 34.36 as range) μg dL(-1), lower than the threshold in the current criteria of China defined by the US Centers for Disease Control (10 μg dL(-1)). The isotopic ratios in the blood were 2.111±0.018 for (208)Pb/(206)Pb and 0.864±0.005 for (207)Pb/(206)Pb, similar to those of vegetables, wheat, drinking water, airborne particulate matter, but different from those of vehicle emission and soil/dust, suggesting that the formers were the main pathway of lead exposure among the children. The exposure pathway analysis based on the isotopic ratios and the human health risk assessment showed that dietary intake of food and drinking water contributed 93.67% of total exposed lead. The study further indicated that the coal used in the coking plant is the dominant pollution source of lead in children's blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Cao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Delong Fan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chengye Sun
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bin He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Fusheng Wei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Kutllovci-Zogaj D, Krasniqi S, Elezaj I, Ramadani N, Gjergji T, Zogaj D, Kutllovci A, Jaka A, Ukëhaxhaj A, Gashi S, Bince E. Correlation between blood lead level and hemoglobin level in mitrovica children. Med Arch 2014; 68:324-8. [PMID: 25568564 PMCID: PMC4269539 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2014.68.324-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lead toxicity is a serious health threat, especially in developing countries due to environmental pollution. It was thus aimed to investigate correlation between blood lead level and concentration level of hemoglobin in the blood of children involved in research. Material and methods: The research included 250 children of which 31(12.4%) kindergarten children, 166 (66.4%) of primary school pupils in Mitrovica and 53(21.2%) of primary school pupils in Shtime as control group. From the 250 children included in the survey 129 or 51.6% were female children and 48.4% male children. Children were selected randomly, while tests for concentration of Pb and blood hemoglobin were done at the National Institute of Public Health. Results: The average value of blood lead level of Mitrovica pupils was 2.4 µg/dL (SD±1.9µg/dL), range 0.5 to 16.3µg/dL. The average value of blood lead level of Shtime pupils was 2.3µg/dL (SD±0.7µg/dL), range 1.2 to 5.2 µg/dL with no statistical difference (P = 0.191). The average value of blood lead level in kindergarten children of Mitrovica was 3.8µg/dL (SD±1.3µg/dL), range 2.2 to 7.7µg/dL with significant difference between the average values of blood lead levels of pupils and kindergarten children of Mitrovica (P <0.0001). The average value of hemoglobin in the pupils of Mitrovica was 14.0g/dL(SD± 3.7g/dL), range 9.4 to 25.6 g/dL. The average value of hemoglobin to pupils of Shtime was 11.4g/dl(SD±0.8 g/dl), range 9.2 to 13.0 g/dl with significant difference between mean values of hemoglobin pupils of Mitrovica and Shtime (U ‘= 6440.0, P <0.0001). With Spearman correlation is found significant correlation of a medium scale (r = -0.305, df = 248, p <0.0001) between blood lead levels and hemoglobin level in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drita Kutllovci-Zogaj
- Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova ; Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova
| | - Selvete Krasniqi
- Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova ; Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova
| | - Isa Elezaj
- Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova ; Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova
| | - Naser Ramadani
- Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova ; Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova
| | - Tahire Gjergji
- Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova ; Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova
| | | | | | - Arbëresha Jaka
- National Institute of Public Health of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosova
| | | | - Sanije Gashi
- Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova ; Faculty of medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova
| | - Ergyl Bince
- National Institute of Public Health of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosova
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to document the trend in blood lead levels in Korean lead workers from 2003 until 2011 and blood lead levels within each of the main industries. METHODS Nine years (2003-2011) of blood lead level data measured during a special health examination of Korean lead workers and collected by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency were analyzed. Blood lead levels were determined by year, and a geometric mean (GM) was calculated for each industry division. RESULTS The overall GM blood lead level for all years combined (n = 365,331) was 4.35 μg/dL. The GM blood lead level decreased from 5.89 μg/dL in 2003 to 3.53 μg/dL in 2011. The proportion of the results ≥30 μg/dL decreased from 4.3% in 2003 to 0.8% in 2011. In the "Manufacture of Electrical Equipment" division, the GM blood lead level was 7.80 μg/dL, which was the highest among the industry divisions. The GM blood lead levels were 7.35 μg/dL and 6.77 μg/dL in the "Manufacturers of Rubber and Plastic Products" and the "Manufacture of Basic Metal Products" division, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The blood lead levels in Korean lead workers decreased from 2003 to 2011 and were similar to those in the US and UK. Moreover, workers in industries conventionally considered to have a high risk of lead exposure also tended to have relatively high blood lead levels compared to those in other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-A Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Koh
- National Cancer Center, Ilsan-ro 323, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-city 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwhan Byun
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Woo Ryu
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gil Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Jongga-ro 400, Jung-gu, Ulsan 681-230, Republic of Korea
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Li MM, Cao J, Xu J, Cai SZ, Shen XM, Yan CH. The national trend of blood lead levels among Chinese children aged 0-18 years old, 1990-2012. Environ Int 2014; 71:109-17. [PMID: 25000556 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the epidemiological data during 1990-2012 that investigated the blood lead level (BLL) in the population aged 0-18 years old in China mainland and provided evidence of the benefits of implementing policies to prevent lead pollution based on the dynamic changes of BLL. Data were collected through databases including China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), CBM disc, Wanfang Data, Pubmed and Medline. The inclusion criteria were: 1. Epidemiological study in healthy population not included studies limited to specific patient; 2. Study subject was not the specific lead exposure population; 3. Sample size should be no less than 100 (for neonatal, no less than 50); 4. BLL detection was under strict quality control; and 5. Results should be presented as BLL (arithmetic mean level or geometric mean level). 62 articles were included in this study. All the surveys in these articles contained 189,352 subjects in 19 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. Linear regression analysis showed a significant decrease between 1990 and 2012 with an estimated regression coefficient of 3.05/year (SE=0.01, p<0.001). BLL gradually declined since early 21st century. Median levels of BLL among the three economic zones were 51.4 μg/L in the eastern zone, 52.72 μg/L in the central zone and 46.2 μg/L in the western zone respectively. Median BLLs in male and female population aged 0-18 years old of China were 48.8 μg/L and 46.1μg/L. Median levels of BLL among the different age ranges were 74.9 μg/L in newborn, 46.4 μg/L in 0 to 3 years old, 57.6 μg/L in 3 to 7 years old and 55.6 μg/L in above 7 years old respectively. In conclusion, the BLL in the Chinese population of 0-18 years old has gradually dropped in the past 10 years. The decline in temporal trend still remains under potential impacts of several factors such as economical level, gender and age difference. Although, China has made significant achievements in the control prevention of lead pollution, concerted efforts are still warranted to reduce children lead poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-ming Li
- MOE Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- MOE Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- MOE Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shi-zhong Cai
- MOE Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao-ming Shen
- MOE Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chong-huai Yan
- MOE Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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