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Baskakova KO, Kuzmichev PK, Karbyshev MS. Advanced applications of Nanodiscs-based platforms for antibodies discovery. Biophys Chem 2024; 313:107290. [PMID: 39002246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Due to their fundamental biological importance, membrane proteins (MPs) are attractive targets for drug discovery, with cell surface receptors, transporters, ion channels, and membrane-bound enzymes being of particular interest. However, due to numerous challenges, these proteins present underutilized opportunities for discovering biotherapeutics. Antibodies hold the promise of exquisite specificity and adaptability, making them the ideal candidates for targeting complex membrane proteins. They can target specific conformations of a particular membrane protein and can be engineered into various formats. Generating specific and effective antibodies targeting these proteins is no easy task due to several factors. The antigen's design, antibody-generation strategies, lead optimization technologies, and antibody modalities can be modified to tackle these challenges. The rational employment of cutting-edge lipid nanoparticle systems for retrieving the membrane antigen has been successfully implemented to simplify the mechanism-based therapeutic antibody discovery approach. Despite the highlighted MP production challenges, this review unequivocally underscores the advantages of targeting complex membrane proteins with antibodies and designing membrane protein antigens. Selected examples of lipid nanoparticle success have been illustrated, emphasizing the potential of therapeutic antibody discovery in this regard. With further research and development, we can overcome these challenges and unlock the full potential of therapeutic antibodies directed to target complex MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina O Baskakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy of Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel K Kuzmichev
- Research Сenter for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail S Karbyshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy of Cancer, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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2
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Zhou Z, Mai Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Sun P, Jing Z, Li Z, Xu Y, Han B, Liu J. Emerging role of immunogenic cell death in cancer immunotherapy: Advancing next-generation CAR-T cell immunotherapy by combination. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217079. [PMID: 38936505 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a stress-driven form of regulated cell death (RCD) in which dying tumor cells' specific signaling pathways are activated to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to the robust anti-tumor immune response as well as a reversal of the tumor immune microenvironment from "cold" to "hot". Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, as a landmark in anti-tumor immunotherapy, plays a formidable role in hematologic malignancies but falls short in solid tumors. The Gordian knot of CAR-T cells for solid tumors includes but is not limited to, tumor antigen heterogeneity or absence, physical and immune barriers of tumors. The combination of ICD induction therapy and CAR-T cell immunotherapy is expected to promote the intensive use of CAR-T cell in solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of ICD, stress-responsive mechanism, and the synergistic effect of various ICD-based therapies with CAR-T cells to effectively improve anti-tumor capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yumiao Mai
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair, Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Pan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhaohe Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhengrui Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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3
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Sani F, Shojaei S, Tabatabaei SA, Khorraminejad-Shirazi M, Latifi M, Sani M, Azarpira N. CAR-T cell-derived exosomes: a new perspective for cancer therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:174. [PMID: 38886844 PMCID: PMC11184895 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell adoptive immunotherapy is a promising cancer treatment that uses genetically engineered T cells to attack tumors. However, this therapy can have some adverse effects. CAR-T cell-derived exosomes are a potential alternative to CAR-T cells that may overcome some limitations. Exosomes are small vesicles released by cells and can carry a variety of molecules, including proteins, RNA, and DNA. They play an important role in intercellular communication and can be used to deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells. The application of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes could make CAR-T cell therapy more clinically controllable and effective. Exosomes are cell-free, which means that they are less likely to cause adverse reactions than CAR-T cells. The combination of CAR-T cells and exosomes may be a more effective way to treat cancer than either therapy alone. Exosomes can deliver therapeutic agents to cancer cells where CAR-T cells cannot reach. The appropriate application of both cellular and exosomal platforms could make CAR-T cell therapy a more practicable treatment for cancer. This combination therapy could offer a safe and effective way to treat a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Sani
- Shiraz Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shojaei
- School of Medicine, Shiraz Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadhossein Khorraminejad-Shirazi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student research committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mona Latifi
- Department of Physiological Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Mahsa Sani
- Shiraz Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Shiraz Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili Street, P.O. Box: 7193711351, Shiraz, Iran.
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4
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Yi SY, Wei MZ, Zhao L. Targeted immunotherapy to cancer stem cells: A novel strategy of anticancer immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 196:104313. [PMID: 38428702 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major disease that endangers human health. Cancer drug resistance and relapse are the two main causes contributing to cancer treatment failure. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small fraction of tumor cells that are responsible for tumorigenesis, metastasis, relapse, and resistance to conventional anticancer therapies. Therefore, CSCs are considered to be the root of cancer recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Novel anticancer strategies need to face this new challenge and explore their efficacy against CSCs. Recently, immunotherapy has made rapid advances in cancer treatment, and its potential against CSCs is also an interesting area of research. Meanwhile, immunotherapy strategies are novel therapeutic modalities with promising results in targeting CSCs. In this review, we summarize the targeting of CSCs by various immunotherapy strategies such as monoclonal antibodies(mAb), tumor vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor-T cells(CAR-T) in pre-clinical and clinical studies. This review provides new insights into the application of these immunotherapeutic approaches to potential anti-tumor therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yong Yi
- Department of Oncology of the Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou, Henan Province 450007, China.
| | - Mei-Zhuo Wei
- Department of Oncology of the Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou, Henan Province 450007, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Oncology of the Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou, Henan Province 450007, China.
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5
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Lee IK, Sharma N, Noguera-Ortega E, Liousia M, Baroja ML, Etersque JM, Pham J, Sarkar S, Carreno BM, Linette GP, Puré E, Albelda SM, Sellmyer MA. A genetically encoded protein tag for control and quantitative imaging of CAR T cell therapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3564-3578. [PMID: 37919903 PMCID: PMC10727978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been successful for hematological malignancies. Still, a lack of efficacy and potential toxicities have slowed its application for other indications. Furthermore, CAR T cells undergo dynamic expansion and contraction in vivo that cannot be easily predicted or controlled. Therefore, the safety and utility of such therapies could be enhanced by engineered mechanisms that engender reversible control and quantitative monitoring. Here, we use a genetic tag based on the enzyme Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR), and derivatives of trimethoprim (TMP) to modulate and monitor CAR expression and T cell activity. We fused eDHFR to the CAR C terminus, allowing regulation with TMP-based proteolysis-targeting chimeric small molecules (PROTACs). Fusion of eDHFR to the CAR does not interfere with cell signaling or its cytotoxic function, and the addition of TMP-based PROTACs results in a reversible and dose-dependent inhibition of CAR activity via the proteosome. We show the regulation of CAR expression in vivo and demonstrate imaging of the cells with TMP radiotracers. In vitro immunogenicity assays using primary human immune cells and overlapping peptide fragments of eDHFR showed no memory immune repertoire for eDHFR. Overall, this translationally-orientied approach allows for temporal monitoring and image-guided control of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Lee
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Estela Noguera-Ortega
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria Liousia
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miren L Baroja
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean M Etersque
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan Pham
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Swarbhanu Sarkar
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beatriz M Carreno
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerald P Linette
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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6
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Hani U, Gowda BHJ, Haider N, Ramesh K, Paul K, Ashique S, Ahmed MG, Narayana S, Mohanto S, Kesharwani P. Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:233. [PMID: 37973643 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood cancer, also known as hematological malignancy, is one of the devastating types of cancer that has significantly paved its mortality mark globally. It persists as an extremely deadly cancer type and needs utmost attention owing to its negligible overall survival rate. Major challenges in the treatment of blood cancer include difficulties in early diagnosis, as well as severe side effects resulting from chemotherapy. In addition, immunotherapies and targeted therapies can be prohibitively expensive. Over the past two decades, scientists have devised a few nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems aimed at overcoming this challenge. These therapeutic strategies are engineered to augment the cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness of anticancer drugs. However, there are still numerous types of nanoparticles that could potentially improve the efficacy of blood cancer treatment, while also reducing treatment costs and mitigating drug-related side effects. To the best of our knowledge, there has been limited reviews published on the use of nano-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Therefore, we have made a concerted effort to provide a comprehensive review that draws upon recent literature and patents, with a focus on the most promising results regarding the use of nanoparticle-based approaches for the treatment of hematological malignancies. All these crucial points covered under a common title would significantly help researchers and scientists working in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - B H Jaswanth Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Nazima Haider
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kvrns Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karthika Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal, 713378, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Soumya Narayana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
- Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Etersque JM, Lee IK, Sharma N, Xu K, Ruff A, Northrup JD, Sarkar S, Nguyen T, Lauman R, Burslem GM, Sellmyer MA. Regulation of eDHFR-tagged proteins with trimethoprim PROTACs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7071. [PMID: 37923771 PMCID: PMC10624689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal control of protein levels in cells and living animals can be used to improve our understanding of protein function. In addition, control of engineered proteins could be used in therapeutic applications. PRoteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a small-molecule-driven strategy to achieve rapid, post-translational regulation of protein abundance via recruitment of an E3 ligase to the target protein of interest. Here, we develop several PROTAC molecules by covalently linking the antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP) to pomalidomide, a ligand for the E3 ligase, Cereblon. These molecules induce degradation of proteins of interest (POIs) genetically fused to a small protein domain, E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR), the molecular target of TMP. We show that various eDHFR-tagged proteins can be robustly degraded to 95% of maximum expression with PROTAC molecule 7c. Moreover, TMP-based PROTACs minimally affect the expression of immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD)-sensitive neosubstrates using proteomic and biochemical assays. Finally, we show multiplexed regulation with another known degron-PROTAC pair, as well as reversible protein regulation in a rodent model of metastatic cancer, demonstrating the formidable strength of this system. Altogether, TMP PROTACs are a robust approach for selective and reversible degradation of eDHFR-tagged proteins in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Etersque
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Iris K Lee
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kexiang Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Ruff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin D Northrup
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Swarbhanu Sarkar
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tommy Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Lauman
- The Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George M Burslem
- The Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- The Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Zhang P, Zhang G, Wan X. Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:97. [PMID: 37596653 PMCID: PMC10439661 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have existed for decades. From the initial infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to the subsequent specific enhanced T cell receptor (TCR)-T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, many novel strategies for cancer treatment have been developed. Owing to its promising outcomes, CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized the field of ACTs, particularly for hematologic malignancies. Despite these advances, CAR-T cell therapy still has limitations in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practicality and toxicity issues. To overcome these challenges, researchers have focused on the application of CAR engineering technology to other types of immune cell engineering. Consequently, several new cell therapies based on CAR technology have been developed, including CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT. In this review, we describe the development, advantages, and possible challenges of the aforementioned ACTs and discuss current strategies aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of ACTs. We also provide an overview of the various gene transduction strategies employed in immunotherapy given their importance in immune cell engineering. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that strategies capable of creating a positive feedback immune circuit, as healthy immune systems do, could address the flaw of a single type of ACT, and thus serve as key players in future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhong Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Ventin M, Cattaneo G, Maggs L, Jia J, Arya S, Ferrone S, Wang X, Ferrone CR. B7-H3-targeted CAR T cell activity is enhanced by radiotherapy in solid cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1193963. [PMID: 37483496 PMCID: PMC10361748 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1193963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy utilizing T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has demonstrated promising clinical results in hematological malignancies. However, solid cancers have not seen a similar success due to multiple obstacles. Investigating these escape mechanisms and designing strategies to counteract such limitations is crucial and timely. Growing evidence in the literature supports the hypothesis that radiotherapy has the potential to enhance the susceptibility of solid tumors to CAR T cell therapy, by overcoming mechanisms of resistance. Radiation treatment can increase the susceptibility of different types of solid cancers (TNBC, HNSCC, PDAC) to B7-H3 CAR T cell-mediated eradication. Multiple mechanisms, including reduced cancer cell proliferation, upregulation of the targeted antigen, modulation of apoptotic molecules may contribute to this signal. The information in the literature and the results we describesupport the ability of radiotherapy to improve the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ventin
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Giulia Cattaneo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luke Maggs
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jingyu Jia
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shahrzad Arya
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cristina R. Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Queiroz MM, Lima NF, Biachi de Castria T. Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: Adding New Flavors to the Pizza. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071970. [PMID: 37046631 PMCID: PMC10093144 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a rare pathology and can be divided into four major subgroups: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, hilar cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer. In the era of precision oncology, the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) allowed a better understanding of molecular differences between these subgroups. Thus, the development of drugs that can target these alterations and inhibit the abnormal pathway activation has changed the prognosis of BTC patients. Additionally, the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors and a better understanding of tumor immunogenicity led to the development of clinical trials with immunotherapy for this scenario. The development of biomarkers that can predict how the immune system acts against the tumor cells, and which patients benefit from this activation, are urgently needed. Here, we review the most recent data regarding targeted treatment and immunotherapy in the scenario of BTC treatment, while also discussing the future perspectives for this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Moro Queiroz
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, 115 Dona Adma Jafet Street, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Nildevande Firmino Lima
- Oncology Center, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, 115 Dona Adma Jafet Street, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Biachi de Castria
- Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Wu Y, Yuan M, Wang C, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J. T lymphocyte cell: A pivotal player in lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102778. [PMID: 36776832 PMCID: PMC9911803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is responsible for the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, which lacks effective therapies. In recent years, accumulating evidence on the understanding of the antitumor activity of the immune system has demonstrated that immunotherapy is one of the powerful alternatives in lung cancer therapy. T cells are the core of cellular immunotherapy, which are critical for tumorigenesis and the treatment of lung cancer. Based on the different expressions of surface molecules and functional points, T cells can be subdivided into regulatory T cells, T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and other unconventional T cells, including γδ T cells, nature killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Advances in our understanding of T cells' functional mechanism will lead to a number of clinical trials on the discovery and development of new treatment strategies. Thus, we summarize the biological functions and regulations of T cells on tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and prognosis in lung cancer. Furthermore, we discuss the current advancements of technologies and potentials of T-cell-oriented therapeutic targets for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chenlin Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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12
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Dey M, Kim MH, Dogan M, Nagamine M, Kozhaya L, Celik N, Unutmaz D, Ozbolat IT. Chemotherapeutics and CAR-T Cell-Based Immunotherapeutics Screening on a 3D Bioprinted Vascularized Breast Tumor Model. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2203966. [PMID: 38938621 PMCID: PMC11209929 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202203966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite substantial advancements in development of cancer treatments, lack of standardized and physiologically-relevant in vitro testing platforms limit the early screening of anticancer agents. A major barrier is the complex interplay between the tumor microenvironment and immune response. To tackle this, a dynamic-flow based 3D bioprinted multi-scale vascularized breast tumor model, responding to chemo and immunotherapeutics is developed. Heterotypic tumors are precisely bioprinted at pre-defined distances from a perfused vasculature, exhibit tumor angiogenesis and cancer cell invasion into the perfused vasculature. Bioprinted tumors treated with varying dosages of doxorubicin for 72 h portray a dose-dependent drug response behavior. More importantly, a cell based immune therapy approach is explored by perfusing HER2-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified CD8+ T cells for 24 or 72 h. Extensive CAR-T cell recruitment to the endothelium, substantial T cell activation and infiltration to the tumor site, resulted in up to ≈70% reduction in tumor volumes. The presented platform paves the way for a robust, precisely fabricated, and physiologically-relevant tumor model for future translation of anti-cancer therapies to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Myoung Hwan Kim
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mikail Dogan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Momoka Nagamine
- Department of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Nazmiye Celik
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Cancer Institute, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Neurosurgery Department, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey
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13
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Lee IK, Noguera-Ortega E, Xiao Z, Todd L, Scholler J, Song D, Liousia M, Lohith K, Xu K, Edwards KJ, Farwell MD, June CH, Albelda SM, Puré E, Sellmyer MA. Monitoring Therapeutic Response to Anti-FAP CAR T Cells Using [18F]AlF-FAPI-74. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:5330-5342. [PMID: 35972732 PMCID: PMC9771904 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy against hematologic malignancies, successful targeting of solid tumors with CAR T cells has been limited by a lack of durable responses and reports of toxicities. Our understanding of the limited therapeutic efficacy in solid tumors could be improved with quantitative tools that allow characterization of CAR T-targeted antigens in tumors and accurate monitoring of response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a radiolabeled FAP inhibitor (FAPI) [18F]AlF-FAPI-74 probe to complement ongoing efforts to develop and optimize FAP CAR T cells. The selectivity of the radiotracer for FAP was characterized in vitro, and its ability to monitor changes in FAP expression was evaluated using rodent models of lung cancer. RESULTS [18F]AlF-FAPI-74 showed selective retention in FAP+ cells in vitro, with effective blocking of the uptake in presence of unlabeled FAPI. In vivo, [18F]AlF-FAPI-74 was able to detect FAP expression on tumor cells as well as FAP+ stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment with a high target-to-background ratio. We further demonstrated the utility of the tracer to monitor changes in FAP expression following FAP CAR T-cell therapy, and the PET imaging findings showed a robust correlation with ex vivo analyses. CONCLUSIONS This noninvasive imaging approach to interrogate the tumor microenvironment represents an innovative pairing of a diagnostic PET probe with solid tumor CAR T-cell therapy and has the potential to serve as a predictive and pharmacodynamic response biomarker for FAP as well as other stroma-targeted therapies. A PET imaging approach targeting FAP expressed on activated fibroblasts of the tumor stroma has the potential to predict and monitor therapeutic response to FAP-targeted CAR T-cell therapy. See related commentary by Weber et al., p. 5241.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris K. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Estela Noguera-Ortega
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Zebin Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pensnsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leslie Todd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pensnsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Scholler
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Decheng Song
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Liousia
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Katheryn Lohith
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kexiang Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly J. Edwards
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D. Farwell
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven M. Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pensnsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A. Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,The Deparment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Correspondence should be addressed to: Mark A. Sellmyer () Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 813A Stellar, Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, Phone: 215-573-3212
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14
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Chatterjee A, Asija S, Yadav S, Purwar R, Goda JS. Clinical utility of CAR T cell therapy in brain tumors: Lessons learned from the past, current evidence and the future stakes. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 41:606-624. [PMID: 36191126 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2125963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented clinical success of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in hematological malignancies has led researchers to study its role in solid tumors. Although, its utility in solid tumors especially in neuroblastoma has begun to emerge, preclinical studies of its efficacy in other solid tumors like osteosarcomas or gliomas has caught the attention of oncologist to be tried in clinical trials. Malignant high-grade brain tumors like glioblastomas or midline gliomas in children represent some of the most difficult malignancies to be managed with conventionally available therapeutics, while relapsed gliomas continue to have the most dismal prognosis due to limited therapeutic options. Innovative therapies such as CAR T cells could give an additional leverage to the treating oncologists by potentially improving outcomes and ameliorating the toxicity of the currently available therapies. Moreover, CAR T cell therapy has the potential to be integrated into the therapeutic paradigm for aggressive gliomas in the near future. In this review we discuss the challenges in using CAR T cell therapy in brain tumors, enumerate the completed and ongoing clinical trials of different types of CAR T cell therapy for different brain tumors with special emphasis on glioblastoma and also discuss the future role of CAR T cells in Brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sweety Asija
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandhya Yadav
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayant S Goda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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15
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Chen L, Xie T, Wei B, Di DL. Current progress in CAR‑T cell therapy for tumor treatment (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:358. [PMID: 36168313 PMCID: PMC9478623 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are a type of tumor immunotherapy that is a breakthrough technology in the clinical treatment of tumors. The basic principle of this method is to extract the patient's T cells and equip them with targeting recognition receptors of tumor cells and return them to the patient's body to recognize and kill tumor cells specifically. Most CAR-T cell therapies treat hematological diseases such as leukemia or lymphoma and achieved encouraging results. The safety and effectiveness of CAR-T cell technology in solid tumor treatment require to be improved, although it has demonstrated promising efficacy in treating hematological malignancies. It is worth noting that certain patients may experience fatal adverse reactions after receiving CAR-T cell therapy. At present, the difficulty of this therapy mainly lies in how to reduce adverse reactions and target escape effects during the course of treatment. The improvement of CAR-T cell therapy mainly focuses on improving CAR-T structure, finding suitable tumor targets and combining them with immune checkpoint inhibitors to the enhance efficacy and safety of treatment. The problems in the rapid development of CAR-T cell therapy provide both obstacles and opportunities. The present review elaborates on the clinical application of CAR-T cell technology to provide a reference for clinical practice and research on tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Da-Lin Di
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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16
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Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wei W, Li Y. TCR engineered T cells for solid tumor immunotherapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:38. [PMID: 35725570 PMCID: PMC9210724 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunotherapy remains an attractive approach for cancer immunotherapy. T cell immunotherapy mainly employs chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells. CAR-T cell therapy has been an essential breakthrough in treating hematological malignancies. TCR-T cells can recognize antigens expressed both on cell surfaces and in intracellular compartments. Although TCR-T cells have not been approved for clinical application, a number of clinical trials have been performed, particularly for solid tumors. In this article, we summarized current TCR-T cell advances and their potential advantages for solid tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-engineering Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China.,Guangdong Cord blood bank, Guangzhou, 510663, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-engineering Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China.,Guangdong Cord blood bank, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-engineering Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China. .,Guangdong Cord blood bank, Guangzhou, 510663, China.
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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17
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Combination therapy with CAR T cells and oncolytic viruses: a new era in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:647-660. [PMID: 34158626 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an encouraging and fast-growing platform used for the treatment of various types of tumors in human body. Despite the recent success of CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies, especially in B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the application of this treatment approach in solid tumors faced several obstacles resulted from the heterogeneous expression of antigens as well as the induction of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is a new cancer treatment modality by the use of competent or genetically engineered viruses to replicate in tumor cells selectively. OVs represent potential candidates to synergize the current setbacks of CAR T-cell application in solid tumors and then and overcome them. As well, the application of OVs gives researches the ability to engineer the virus with payloads in the way that it selectively deliver a specific therapeutic agents in tumor milieu to reinforce the cytotoxic activity of CAR T cells. Herein, we made a comprehensive review on the outcomes resulted from the combination of CAR T-cell immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of solid cancers. In the current study, we also provided brief details on some challenges that remained in this field and attempted to shed a little light on the future perspectives.
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18
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Mardi A, Shirokova AV, Mohammed RN, Keshavarz A, Zekiy AO, Thangavelu L, Mohamad TAM, Marofi F, Shomali N, Zamani A, Akbari M. Biological causes of immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) and anti-tumor therapy; Combination of Oncolytic virus-based immunotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy for ICD induction. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:168. [PMID: 35488303 PMCID: PMC9052538 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising and rapidly expanding therapeutic option for a wide range of human malignancies. Despite the ongoing progress of CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies, the application of this therapeutic strategy in solid tumors has encountered several challenges due to antigen heterogeneity, suboptimal CAR T-cell trafficking, and the immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel cancer therapy that employs competent or genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially proliferate in tumor cells. OVs in combination with CAR T-cells are promising candidates for overcoming the current drawbacks of CAR T-cell application in tumors through triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. ICD is a type of cellular death in which danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor-specific antigens are released, leading to the stimulation of potent anti-cancer immunity. In the present review, we discuss the biological causes of ICD, different types of ICD, and the synergistic combination of OVs and CAR T-cells to reach potent tumor-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia V Shirokova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Rebar N Mohammed
- Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, College of Health Science, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Suleimanyah, Kurdistan region, Iraq.,College of. Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Suleimanyah, Iraq
| | - Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angelina O Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Talar Ahmad Merza Mohamad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Region-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zamani
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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19
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Luo Y, Chen Z, Sun M, Li B, Pan F, Ma A, Liao J, Yin T, Tang X, Huang G, Zhang B, Pan H, Zheng M, Cai L. IL-12 nanochaperone-engineered CAR T cell for robust tumor-immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2021; 281:121341. [PMID: 34995901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell immunotherapy has demonstrated remarkable success in clinical, therapeutic effects are still limited in solid tumor due to lack of activated T cell infiltration in immunosuppression of tumor microenvironment. Herein, we develop IL-12 nanostimulant-engineered CAR T cell (INS-CAR T) biohybrids for boosting antitumor immunity of CAR T cells via immunofeedback. As stimulating nanochaperone, IL-12-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles are effectively conjugated onto CAR T cells via bioorthogonal chemistry without influencing their antitumor capabilities. IL-12 is responsively released from INS-CAR T biohybrids in presence of the increased thiol groups on cell-surface triggered by tumor antigens. In return, released IL-12 obviously promotes the secretion of CCL5, CCL2 and CXCL10, which further selectively recruits and expands CD8+ CAR T cells in tumors. Ultimately, the immune-enhancing effects of IL-12 nanochaperone significantly boost CAR T cell antitumor capabilities, dramatically eliminated solid tumor and minimized unwanted side effects. Hence, immunofeedback INS-CAR T biohybrids, which include INS that serves as an intelligent 'nanochaperone', could provide a powerful tool for efficient and safe antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Department of Histology and Embryology and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Ze Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Mingjian Sun
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Baohong Li
- Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Department of Histology and Embryology and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Fan Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Aiqing Ma
- Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Department of Histology and Embryology and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Jianhong Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Ting Yin
- Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Department of Histology and Embryology and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Guojun Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Baozhen Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Mingbin Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, 518112, PR China; Key Laboratory for Nanomedicine, Department of Histology and Embryology and School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, PR China; Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 519000, Zhuhai, PR China.
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 519000, Zhuhai, PR China.
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20
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Xiao BF, Zhang JT, Zhu YG, Cui XR, Lu ZM, Yu BT, Wu N. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Lung Cancer: Potential and Challenges. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782775. [PMID: 34790207 PMCID: PMC8591168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has exhibited a substantial clinical response in hematological malignancies, including B-cell leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Therefore, the feasibility of using CAR-T cells to treat solid tumors is actively evaluated. Currently, multiple basic research projects and clinical trials are being conducted to treat lung cancer with CAR-T cell therapy. Although numerous advances in CAR-T cell therapy have been made in hematological tumors, the technology still entails considerable challenges in treating lung cancer, such as on−target, of−tumor toxicity, paucity of tumor-specific antigen targets, T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment, and low infiltration level of immune cells into solid tumor niches, which are even more complicated than their application in hematological tumors. Thus, progress in the scientific understanding of tumor immunology and improvements in the manufacture of cell products are advancing the clinical translation of these important cellular immunotherapies. This review focused on the latest research progress of CAR-T cell therapy in lung cancer treatment and for the first time, demonstrated the underlying challenges and future engineering strategies for the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Fan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Run Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Ming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ben-Tong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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21
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Nelson BE, Hong A, Jana B. Elucidation of Novel Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Strategies in Urothelial Carcinoma: A Literature Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:705294. [PMID: 34422659 PMCID: PMC8374860 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.705294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma therapy is a rapidly evolving and expanding field. Traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens have not produced optimal long-term outcomes, and many urothelial cancer patients have comorbidities that disqualify them as chemotherapy candidates. In recent years, a plethora of novel therapeutic agents that target diverse molecular pathways has emerged as alternative treatment modalities for not only metastatic urothelial carcinoma, but also for muscle-invasive bladder cancer and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in adjuvant and definitive settings. This review paper aims to discuss the various categories of therapeutic agents for these different types of urothelial cancer, discussing immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, kinase inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, peptide vaccination, and other drugs targeting pathways such as angiogenesis, DNA synthesis, mTOR/PI3K/AKT, and EGFR/HER-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessie Elizabeth Nelson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Angelina Hong
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Bagi Jana
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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22
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Hernández-López A, Téllez-González MA, Mondragón-Terán P, Meneses-Acosta A. Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cells: A Pharmaceutical Scope. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720692. [PMID: 34489708 PMCID: PMC8417740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, improving cancer therapeutic strategies using novel alternatives is a top priority on the contemporary scientific agenda. An example of such strategies is immunotherapy, which is based on teaching the immune system to recognize, attack, and kill malignant cancer cells. Several types of immunotherapies are currently used to treat cancer, including adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Chimeric Antigen Receptors therapy (CAR therapy) is a kind of ATC where autologous T cells are genetically engineered to express CARs (CAR-T cells) to specifically kill the tumor cells. CAR-T cell therapy is an opportunity to treat patients that have not responded to other first-line cancer treatments. Nowadays, this type of therapy still has many challenges to overcome to be considered as a first-line clinical treatment. This emerging technology is still classified as an advanced therapy from the pharmaceutical point of view, hence, for it to be applied it must firstly meet certain requirements demanded by the authority. For this reason, the aim of this review is to present a global vision of different immunotherapies and focus on CAR-T cell technology analyzing its elements, its history, and its challenges. Furthermore, analyzing the opportunity areas for CAR-T technology to become an affordable treatment modality taking the basic, clinical, and practical aspects into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandrina Hernández-López
- Laboratorio 7 Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mario A. Téllez-González
- Laboratorio 7 Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Coordinación de Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional “20 de Noviembre” ISSSTE, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Paul Mondragón-Terán
- Coordinación de Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional “20 de Noviembre” ISSSTE, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Angélica Meneses-Acosta
- Laboratorio 7 Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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23
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Wu Q, Wang Y, Wang X, Liang N, Liu J, Pan D, Xu Y, Wang L, Yan J, Wang G, Miao L, Yang M. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of CD19 CAR T cell in human leukaemic xenograft models with dual-modality imaging. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7451-7461. [PMID: 34245101 PMCID: PMC8335694 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T)-cell therapy has shown great potential in treating haematologic disease, but no breakthrough has been achieved in solid tumours. In order to clarify the antitumour mechanism of CAR T cell in solid tumours, the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) investigations of CD19 CAR T cell were performed in human leukaemic xenograft mouse models. For PK investigation, we radiolabelled CD19 CAR T cell with 89 Zr and used PET imaging in the CD19-positive and the CD19-negative K562-luc animal models. For PD evaluation, optical imaging, tumour volume measurement and DNA copy-number detection were performed. Unfortunately, the qPCR results of the DNA copy number in the blood were below the detection limit. The tumour-specific uptake was higher in the CD19-positive model than in the CD19-negative model, and this was consistent with the PD results. The preliminary PK and PD studies of CD19 CAR T cell in solid tumours are instructive. Considering the less efficiency of CAR T-cell therapy of solid tumours with the limited number of CAR T cells entering the interior of solid tumours, this study is suggestive for the subsequent CAR T-cell design and evaluation of solid tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Ningxia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liyan Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
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24
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Chiang AWT, Baghdassarian HM, Kellman BP, Bao B, Sorrentino JT, Liang C, Kuo CC, Masson HO, Lewis NE. Systems glycobiology for discovering drug targets, biomarkers, and rational designs for glyco-immunotherapy. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:50. [PMID: 34158025 PMCID: PMC8218521 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment and led to an unprecedented wave of immuno-oncology research during the past two decades. In 2018, two pioneer immunotherapy innovators, Tasuku Honjo and James P. Allison, were awarded the Nobel Prize for their landmark cancer immunotherapy work regarding “cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation” –CTLA4 and PD-1 immune checkpoints. However, the challenge in the coming decade is to develop cancer immunotherapies that can more consistently treat various patients and cancer types. Overcoming this challenge requires a systemic understanding of the underlying interactions between immune cells, tumor cells, and immunotherapeutics. The role of aberrant glycosylation in this process, and how it influences tumor immunity and immunotherapy is beginning to emerge. Herein, we review current knowledge of miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms of glycosylation machinery, and how these carbohydrate moieties impact immune cell and tumor cell interactions. We discuss these insights in the context of clinical findings and provide an outlook on modulating the regulation of glycosylation to offer new therapeutic opportunities. Finally, in the coming age of systems glycobiology, we highlight how emerging technologies in systems glycobiology are enabling deeper insights into cancer immuno-oncology, helping identify novel drug targets and key biomarkers of cancer, and facilitating the rational design of glyco-immunotherapies. These hold great promise clinically in the immuno-oncology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W T Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Hratch M Baghdassarian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kellman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bokan Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - James T Sorrentino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chenguang Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chih-Chung Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Helen O Masson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0760, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,The National Biologics Facility, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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25
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Dana H, Chalbatani GM, Jalali SA, Mirzaei HR, Grupp SA, Suarez ER, Rapôso C, Webster TJ. CAR-T cells: Early successes in blood cancer and challenges in solid tumors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1129-1147. [PMID: 34094824 PMCID: PMC8144892 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New approaches to cancer immunotherapy have been developed, showing the ability to harness the immune system to treat and eliminate cancer. For many solid tumors, therapy with checkpoint inhibitors has shown promise. For hematologic malignancies, adoptive and engineered cell therapies are being widely developed, using cells such as T lymphocytes, as well as natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and potentially others. Among these adoptive cell therapies, the most active and advanced therapy involves chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, which are T cells in which a chimeric antigen receptor is used to redirect specificity and allow T cell recognition, activation and killing of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Two autologous CAR-T products have been approved by several health authorities, starting with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017. These products have shown powerful, inducing, long-lasting effects against B cell cancers in many cases. In distinction to the results seen in hematologic malignancies, the field of using CAR-T products against solid tumors is in its infancy. Targeting solid tumors and trafficking CAR-T cells into an immunosuppressive microenvironment are both significant challenges. The goal of this review is to summarize some of the most recent aspects of CAR-T cell design and manufacturing that have led to successes in hematological malignancies, allowing the reader to appreciate the barriers that must be overcome to extend CAR-T therapies to solid tumors successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dana
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13145-158, Iran
| | - Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717434, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Jalali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717434, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Stephan A. Grupp
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eloah Rabello Suarez
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Catarina Rapôso
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Thomas J. Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Donini C, Rotolo R, Proment A, Aglietta M, Sangiolo D, Leuci V. Cellular Immunotherapy Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Preclinical Evidence and Clinical Perspective. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030543. [PMID: 33806296 PMCID: PMC8001974 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “cancer stem cells” (CSCs) commonly refers to a subset of tumor cells endowed with stemness features, potentially involved in chemo-resistance and disease relapses. CSCs may present peculiar immunogenic features influencing their homeostasis within the tumor microenvironment. The susceptibility of CSCs to recognition and targeting by the immune system is a relevant issue and matter of investigation, especially considering the multiple emerging immunotherapy strategies. Adoptive cellular immunotherapies, especially those strategies encompassing the genetic redirection with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), hold relevant promise in several tumor settings and might in theory provide opportunities for selective elimination of CSC subsets. Initial dedicated preclinical studies are supporting the potential targeting of CSCs by cellular immunotherapies, indirect evidence from clinical studies may be derived and new studies are ongoing. Here we review the main issues related to the putative immunogenicity of CSCs, focusing on and highlighting the existing evidence and opportunities for cellular immunotherapy approaches with T and non-T antitumor lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Donini
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.D.); (A.P.); (M.A.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; (R.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Ramona Rotolo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; (R.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Alessia Proment
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.D.); (A.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.D.); (A.P.); (M.A.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; (R.R.); (V.L.)
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (C.D.); (A.P.); (M.A.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; (R.R.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-993-3503; Fax: +39-011-993-3522
| | - Valeria Leuci
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO–IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, km 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy; (R.R.); (V.L.)
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27
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Titov A, Zmievskaya E, Ganeeva I, Valiullina A, Petukhov A, Rakhmatullina A, Miftakhova R, Fainshtein M, Rizvanov A, Bulatov E. Adoptive Immunotherapy beyond CAR T-Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:743. [PMID: 33670139 PMCID: PMC7916861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell immunotherapy (ACT) is a vibrant field of cancer treatment that began progressive development in the 1980s. One of the most prominent and promising examples is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy for the treatment of B-cell hematologic malignancies. Despite success in the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and leukemia, CAR T-cell therapy remains mostly ineffective for solid tumors. This is due to several reasons, such as the heterogeneity of the cellular composition in solid tumors, the need for directed migration and penetration of CAR T-cells against the pressure gradient in the tumor stroma, and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. To substantially improve the clinical efficacy of ACT against solid tumors, researchers might need to look closer into recent developments in the other branches of adoptive immunotherapy, both traditional and innovative. In this review, we describe the variety of adoptive cell therapies beyond CAR T-cell technology, i.e., exploitation of alternative cell sources with a high therapeutic potential against solid tumors (e.g., CAR M-cells) or aiming to be universal allogeneic (e.g., CAR NK-cells, γδ T-cells), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) T-cell immunotherapies. In addition, we discuss the strategies for selection and validation of neoantigens to achieve efficiency and safety. We provide an overview of non-conventional TCRs and CARs, and address the problem of mispairing between the cognate and transgenic TCRs. Finally, we summarize existing and emerging approaches for manufacturing of the therapeutic cell products in traditional, semi-automated and fully automated Point-of-Care (PoC) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Titov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Hematology Research Centre, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Irina Ganeeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Aygul Rakhmatullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Regina Miftakhova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | | | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (E.Z.); (I.G.); (A.V.); (A.R.); (R.M.); (A.R.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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28
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Lü P, Qiu S, Pan Y, Yu F, Chen K. Preclinical Chimeric Antibody Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Progress in Digestive System Cancers. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2021; 36:307-315. [PMID: 33481647 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal and gastric tumors, are characterized by high rates of incidence and mortality. Digestive cancers are difficult to diagnose during the early stages, and the side effects of chemotherapy are often severe and may outweigh the therapeutic benefits. Chimeric antibody chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, a novel immunotherapy, has achieved excellent results for the treatment of hematological tumors. However, CAR-T treatment of solid tumors has struggled due to a lack of target specificity, a difficult tumor microenvironment, and T cell homing. Despite the challenges, CAR-T treatment of digestive cancers is progressing. Combining CAR-T with other targets and/or modifying the CAR may represent the most promising approaches for future treatment of digestive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lü
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Songlin Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ye Pan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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29
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Real world experience of approved chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies outside of clinical trials. Curr Res Transl Med 2020; 68:159-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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The Landscape of CAR-T Cell Clinical Trials against Solid Tumors-A Comprehensive Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092567. [PMID: 32916883 PMCID: PMC7563774 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Certain immune cells, namely T cells, of cancer patients can be genetically manipulated to express so-called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which enables these cells to kill the tumor cells after recognition by the receptor. This therapy is very successful in the treatment of hematologic tumors such as lymphoma or leukemia. However, tumors growing as a solid mass are less susceptible to this kind of treatment. This review summarizes known data of all clinical trials using this therapy against solid tumors that are registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Abstract CAR-T cells showed great potential in the treatment of patients with hematologic tumors. However, the clinical efficacy of CAR-T cells against solid tumors lags behind. To obtain a comprehensive overview of the landscape of CAR-T cell clinical trials against this type of cancer, this review summarizes all the 196 studies registered at clinicaltrials.gov. Special focus is on: (1) geographical distribution; (2) targeted organs, tumor entities, and antigens; (3) CAR transfer methods, CAR formats, and extra features introduced into the T cells; and (4) patient pretreatments, injection sites, and safety measurements. Finally, the few data on clinical outcome are reported. The last assessment of clinicaltrials.gov for the data summarized in this paper was on 4 August 2020.
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31
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Lazarova M, Wels WS, Steinle A. Arming cytotoxic lymphocytes for cancer immunotherapy by means of the NKG2D/NKG2D-ligand system. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1491-1501. [PMID: 32726145 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1803273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The activating NKG2D receptor plays a central role in the immune recognition and elimination of abnormal self-cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. NKG2D binding to cell stress-inducible ligands (NKG2DL) up-regulated on cancer cells facilitates their immunorecognition. Yet tumor cells utilize various escape mechanisms to avert NKG2D-based immunosurveillance. Hence, therapeutic strategies targeting the potent NKG2D/NKG2DL axis and such immune escape mechanisms become increasingly attractive in cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED This perspective provides a brief introduction into the NKG2D/NKG2DL axis and its relevance for cancer immune surveillance. Subsequently, the most advanced therapeutic approaches targeting the NKG2D system are presented focusing on NKG2D-CAR engineered immune cells and antibody-mediated strategies to inhibit NKG2DL shedding by tumors. EXPERT OPINION Thus far, NKG2D-CAR engineered lymphocytes represent the most advanced therapeutic approach utilizing the NKG2D system. Similarly to other tumor-targeting CAR approaches, NKG2D-CAR cells demonstrate powerful on-target activity, but may also cause off-tumor toxicities or lose efficacy, if NKG2DL expression by tumors is reduced. However, NKG2D-CAR cells also act on the tumor microenvironment curtailing its immunosuppressive properties, thus providing an independent therapeutic benefit. The potency of tumoricidal NKG2D-expressing lymphocytes can be further boosted by enhancing NKG2DL expression through small molecules and therapeutic antibodies inhibiting tumor-associated shedding of NKG2DL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Lazarova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy , Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Khalaf K, Janowicz K, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M, Hutchings G, Dompe C, Moncrieff L, Jankowski M, Machnik M, Oleksiewicz U, Kocherova I, Petitte J, Mozdziak P, Shibli JA, Iżycki D, Józkowiak M, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Skowroński MT, Antosik P, Kempisty B. CRISPR/Cas9 in Cancer Immunotherapy: Animal Models and Human Clinical Trials. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E921. [PMID: 32796761 PMCID: PMC7463827 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though chemotherapy and immunotherapy emerged to limit continual and unregulated proliferation of cancer cells, currently available therapeutic agents are associated with high toxicity levels and low success rates. Additionally, ongoing multi-targeted therapies are limited only for few carcinogenesis pathways, due to continually emerging and evolving mutations of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressive genes. CRISPR/Cas9, as a specific gene-editing tool, is used to correct causative mutations with minimal toxicity, but is also employed as an adjuvant to immunotherapy to achieve a more robust immunological response. Some of the most critical limitations of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology include off-target mutations, resulting in nonspecific restrictions of DNA upstream of the Protospacer Adjacent Motifs (PAM), ethical agreements, and the lack of a scientific consensus aiming at risk evaluation. Currently, CRISPR/Cas9 is tested on animal models to enhance genome editing specificity and induce a stronger anti-tumor response. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials use the CRISPR/Cas9 system in immune cells to modify genomes in a target-specific manner. Recently, error-free in vitro systems have been engineered to overcome limitations of this gene-editing system. The aim of the article is to present the knowledge concerning the use of CRISPR Cas9 technique in targeting treatment-resistant cancers. Additionally, the use of CRISPR/Cas9 is aided as an emerging supplementation of immunotherapy, currently used in experimental oncology. Demonstrating further, applications and advances of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique are presented in animal models and human clinical trials. Concluding, an overview of the limitations of the gene-editing tool is proffered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Khalaf
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.K.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.); (G.H.); (M.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Janowicz
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.K.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.); (G.H.); (M.J.); (I.K.)
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.K.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.); (G.H.); (M.J.); (I.K.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Poland
| | - Greg Hutchings
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.K.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.); (G.H.); (M.J.); (I.K.)
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.D.); (L.M.)
| | - Claudia Dompe
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.D.); (L.M.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lisa Moncrieff
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (C.D.); (L.M.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.K.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.); (G.H.); (M.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Marta Machnik
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-408 Poznan, Poland; (M.M.); (U.O.); (D.I.)
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Urszula Oleksiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-408 Poznan, Poland; (M.M.); (U.O.); (D.I.)
- Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ievgeniia Kocherova
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.K.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.); (G.H.); (M.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Jim Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Jamil A. Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil;
| | - Dariusz Iżycki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-408 Poznan, Poland; (M.M.); (U.O.); (D.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Józkowiak
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-631 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (H.P.-K.)
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-631 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (H.P.-K.)
| | - Mariusz T. Skowroński
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (K.K.); (K.J.); (M.D.-K.); (G.H.); (M.J.); (I.K.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
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Ascierto PA, Bifulco C, Galon J, Garbe C, Khleif SN, McQuade J, Odunsi K, Okada H, Paulos CM, Quezada SA, Tawbi HA, Timmerman J, Trinchieri G, Butterfield LH, Puzanov I. The Great Debate at 'Immunotherapy Bridge', Naples, December 5, 2019. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000921. [PMID: 32843491 PMCID: PMC7449295 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the 2019 Immunotherapy Bridge congress (December 4-5, Naples, Italy), the Great Debate session featured counterpoint views from leading experts on six topical issues in immunotherapy today. These were the use of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in solid tumors, whether the Immunoscore should be more widely used in clinical practice, whether antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is important in the mode of action of anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 antibodies, whether the brain is immunologically unique or just another organ, the role of microbiome versus nutrition in affecting responses to immunotherapy, and whether chemotherapy is immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive. Discussion of these important topics are summarized in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A Ascierto
- Cancer Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Bifulco
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jerome Galon
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Claus Garbe
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tubingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Samir N Khleif
- The Loop Immuno-Oncology Research Laboratory, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jennifer McQuade
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy and Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Hollings Cancer Center, MUSC, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Hussein A Tawbi
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John Timmerman
- Santa Monica UCLA Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- PICI Research and Development, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Program, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Li P, Yang L, Li T, Bin S, Sun B, Huang Y, Yang K, Shan D, Gu H, Li H. The Third Generation Anti-HER2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Mouse T Cells Alone or Together With Anti-PD1 Antibody Inhibits the Growth of Mouse Breast Tumor Cells Expressing HER2 in vitro and in Immune Competent Mice. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1143. [PMID: 32766150 PMCID: PMC7381237 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells have great efficacy against CD19+ leukemia but little success for solid tumors. This study explored the effectiveness of third generation anti-HER2 CAR-T cells alone or in combination with anti-PD1 antibody on breast tumor cells expressing HER2 in vitro and in immune competent mouse model. The PDL1-positive mouse mammary tumor cell line 4T1 engineered to express luciferase and human HER2 was used as the target cell line (4T1-Luc-HER2). Anti-HER2 CAR-T cells were generated by transducing mouse spleen T cells with recombinant lentiviruses. ELISA analysis showed that IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion was increased in CAR-T cells co-cultured with the target cells, and the secretion of these two cytokines was increased further with the addition of anti-PD1 antibody. Lactate dehydrogenase assay revealed that CAR-T cells displayed a potent cytotoxicity against the target cells, and the addition of anti-PD1 antibody further enhanced the cytotoxicity. At the effector: target ratio of 16:1, cytotoxicity was 39.8% with CAR-T cells alone, and increased to 49.5% with the addition of anti-PD1 antibody. In immune competent syngeneic mouse model, CAR-T cells were found to be present in tumor stroma, inhibited tumor growth and increased tumor apoptosis significantly. Addition of anti-PD1 antibody further enhanced these anti-tumor activities. Twenty-one days after treatment, tumor weight was reduced by 50.0% and 73.3% in CAR-T group and CAR-T plus anti-PD1 group compared with blank T group. Our results indicate that anti-PD1 antibody can greatly increase the efficacy of anti-HER2 CAR-T against HER2-positive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyuan Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingcong Yang
- The Third People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, China
| | - Tong Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shufang Bin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bohao Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuting Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiyan Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daming Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haihua Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Donnadieu E, Dupré L, Pinho LG, Cotta-de-Almeida V. Surmounting the obstacles that impede effective CAR T cell trafficking to solid tumors. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1067-1079. [PMID: 32620049 PMCID: PMC7586996 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0520-746r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative immunotherapies based on immune checkpoint targeting antibodies and engineered T cells are transforming the way we approach cancer treatment. However, although these T cell centered strategies result in marked and durable responses in patients across many different tumor types, they provide therapeutic efficacy only in a proportion of patients. A major challenge of immuno‐oncology is thereby to identify mechanisms responsible for resistance to cancer immunotherapy in order to overcome them via adapted strategies that will ultimately improve intrinsic efficacy and response rates. Here, we focus on the barriers that restrain the trafficking of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐expressing T cells to solid tumors. Upon infusion, CAR T cells need to home into malignant sites, navigate within complex tumor environments, form productive interactions with cancer cells, deliver their cytotoxic activities, and finally persist. We review the accumulating evidence that the microenvironment of solid tumors contains multiple obstacles that hinder CAR T cells in the dynamic steps underlying their trafficking. We focus on how these hurdles may in part account for the failure of CAR T cell clinical trials in human carcinomas. Given the engineered nature of CAR T cells and possibilities to modify the tumor environment, there are ample opportunities to augment CAR T cell ability to efficiently find and combat tumors. We present some of these strategies, which represent a dynamic field of research with high potential for clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Dupré
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lia Gonçalves Pinho
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Roncati L, Palmieri B. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to treat malignant melanoma: the dawn of a chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy from autologous donor. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:763-769. [PMID: 32441324 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are B, T-helper, and T-cytotoxic lymphocytes migrated from the blood or lymph stream toward a tumor with the aim to infiltrate and destroy it. They can be histologically graded as brisk, nonbrisk, or absent. Malignant melanoma has been the first malignancy found to be correlated with TILs status, being brisk TILs associated with better clinical outcomes. By the terminology of "adoptive cell transfer" (ACT), the medical oncology refers to the transfer of cells in a tumor-bearing patient from the same recipient or a healthy donor. METHODS A PubMed literature search on the topic has been performed. Additional documents known to the authors and identified from the reference list of cited publications have been included. RESULTS In the past, autologous TILs ACT was successfully tested for the treatment of malignant melanoma and, today, it is a standardized procedure in several centers around the world. It represents the first research step toward the bioengineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy from autologous donor. CONCLUSIONS Both autologous TILs ACT and CAR-T cell therapy from autologous donor exploit the anticancer power of targeted self-lymphocytes, but CAR-T cell technology also virtually allows treatment of those melanomas devoid of TILs or with so few cytotoxic TILs that are difficult to identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Roncati
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena (MO), Italy
| | - Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Hospital of Modena, Modena (MO), Italy
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Iams WT, Porter J, Horn L. Immunotherapeutic approaches for small-cell lung cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:300-312. [PMID: 32055013 PMCID: PMC7212527 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are approved in the first-line and third-line settings for patients with extensive-stage or relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), respectively. In the first-line setting, the addition of the anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody atezolizumab to chemotherapy improves overall survival (OS). In patients with relapsed disease, data from nonrandomized trials have revealed promising responses, although a significant improvement in OS over that obtained with conventional chemotherapy was not achieved in a randomized trial in this setting. Substantial research interest exists in identifying predictive biomarkers that could guide the use of ICIs in patients with SCLC. PD-L1 expression is typically low or absent in SCLC, which has precluded its use as a predictive biomarker. Tumour mutational burden might have some predictive value, although blood-based measures of tumour mutational burden did not have predictive value in patients receiving atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in the first-line setting. After three decades, ICIs have finally enabled an improvement in OS for patients with SCLC; however, a substantial amount of research remains to be done, including identifying the optimal therapeutic strategy and predictive biomarkers. In this Review, we describe the available data on clinical efficacy, the emerging evidence regarding biomarkers and ongoing clinical trials using ICIs and other immunotherapies in patients with SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade T Iams
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Leora Horn
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Blay JY, Le Cesne A, Demetri GD. The current reality of soft tissue sarcomas: advances, controversies, areas for improvement, and promising new treatments. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:29-39. [PMID: 32349562 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1753511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) encompass a group of rare and heterogeneous cancers. Rapid evolution in the field justifies a focused critical review of the clinical literature.Areas covered: Important advances, and associated controversies, in managing patients with STS are reviewed by treatment setting, histopathological subtype, and general management considerations. Despite many advances, opportunities remain to improve care to benefit patients. Areas of sarcoma research showing early promise indicate that new treatment development requires a deeper understanding of the biological characteristics of unique histotypes, with a focus on targeting sarcoma-relevant oncogenic driver mechanisms.Expert opinion: Mandatory treatment of sarcoma patients in reference centers represents a simple and cost-effective means of improving survival as the knowledge generated through international collaboration can be implemented sooner to improve patient outcomes. Sarcoma complexity complicates clinical trial designs in both peri-operative and advanced treatment settings. Future trials in front-line therapy in advanced situations should enroll patients based on the goal of therapy - tumor shrinkage or palliation - using appropriate endpoints to evaluate benefit. Global collaboration remains key to identifying the most appropriate patients and concepts to test in well-designed and accessible clinical trials. The sarcoma community shares a common desire that standard treatments will be established based on molecular profiling within the next five to 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Blay
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Axel Le Cesne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - George D Demetri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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CAR-T Cell Therapy in Cancer: Tribulations and Road Ahead. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1924379. [PMID: 32411789 PMCID: PMC7201836 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1924379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-) T cell therapy is one of the most recent innovative immunotherapies and is rapidly evolving. Like other technologies, CAR-T cell therapy has undergone a long development process, and persistent explorations of the actions of the intracellular signaling domain and make several improvements have led to the superior efficacy when anti-CD19 CAR-T cell treatments in B cell cancers. At present, CAR-T cell therapy is developing rapidly, and many clinical trials have been established on a global scale, which has great commercial potential. This review mainly describes the toxicity of CAR-T cell therapy and the challenges of CAR-T cells in the treatment of solid tumors, and looks forward to future development and opportunities for immunotherapy and reviews major breakthroughs in CAR-T cell therapy.
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40
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Titov A, Valiullina A, Zmievskaya E, Zaikova E, Petukhov A, Miftakhova R, Bulatov E, Rizvanov A. Advancing CAR T-Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors: Lessons Learned from Lymphoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010125. [PMID: 31947775 PMCID: PMC7016531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy is one of the most promising modern approaches for the treatment of cancer. To date only two CAR T-cell products, Kymriah® and Yescarta®, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemia and B-cell lymphoma. Administration of CAR T-cells to control solid tumors has long been envisaged as one of the most difficult therapeutic tasks. The first two clinical trials conducted in sarcoma and neuroblastoma patients showed clinical benefits of CAR T-cells, yet multiple obstacles still hold us back from having accessible and efficient therapy. Why did such an effective treatment for relapsed and refractory hematological malignancies demonstrate only relatively modest efficiency in the context of solid tumors? Is it due to the lucky selection of the “magic” CD19 antigen, which might be one of a kind? Or do lymphomas lack the immunosuppressive features of solid tumors? Here we review the existing knowledge in the field of CAR T-cell therapy and address the heterogeneity of solid tumors and their diverse strategies of immunoevasion. We also provide an insight into prospective developments of CAR T-cell technologies against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Titov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Hematology Research Centre, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Zaikova
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Regina Miftakhova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.T.); (A.V.); (E.Z.); (A.P.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.R.)
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Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy: The optimal use of lentivirus and gene editing approaches. Blood Rev 2019; 40:100641. [PMID: 31761379 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to pioneering in vitro investigations on gene modification, gene engineering platforms have incredibly improved to a safer and more powerful tool for the treatment of multiple blood and immune disorders. Likewise, several clinical trials have been initiated combining autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) with gene therapy (GT) tools. As several GT modalities such as lentivirus and gene editing tools have a long developmental path ahead to diminish its negative side effects, it is hard to decide which modality is optimal for treating a specific disease. Gene transfer by lentiviruses is the platform of choice for loss-of-mutation diseases, whereas gene correction/addition or gene disruption by gene editing tools, mainly CRISPR/Cas9, is likely to be more efficient in diseases where tight regulation is needed. Therefore, in this review, we compiled pertinent information about lentiviral gene transfer and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, their evolution to a safer platform for HSCT, and their applications on other types of gene disorders based on the etiology of the disease and cell fitness.
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