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Cheng CA, Jiang AL, Liu YR, Chang LC. Investigation of Immunogenicity Assessment of Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies in the United States. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:1274-1284. [PMID: 37634125 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity is critical for biologics. However, reference biologics labeling documents do not necessarily mention immunogenicity impact, rendering the development of biosimilars more challenging. We aimed to investigate the comparative assessment of immunogenicity profiles between biosimilars and their respective reference biologics in the review reports of the biosimilar monoclonal antibody applications approved by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as of March 13, 2022, covering 22 applications approved between April 5, 2016, and December 17, 2021. The maximum differences in anti-drug antibody (ADA) and neutralizing antibody (NAb) incidences between biosimilars and reference products mostly fell within ± 15% (-13.6% to 12%) and ± 20% (-17.4% to 17.1%, except extreme values of -23.4% and 66.7%), respectively. In comparison with antineoplastic agents, more immunosuppressants had ADA-positive (11/11, 100.0% vs. 8/10, 80.0%)/NAb-positive (11/11, 100.0% vs. 3/10, 30.0%) subjects, and the distribution of the aforementioned incidence differences was wider. The investigated biosimilars with available data for analysis demonstrated a high degree of consistency with their reference products in terms of the impact on pharmacokinetic parameters. No increase in immunogenicity was found in available switching studies. Most (16/22, 72.7%) biosimilars were issued post-marketing requirements that were not directly related to immunogenicity concerns. The FDA considered the totality of evidence assessing clinical consequences of immunogenicity differences, if any. Additional information on titers and subgroup analysis may be warranted to elucidate the critical attributes of immunogenicity impact and to aid in forming cost-effective strategies for biosimilar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-An Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Lei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Liu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chau Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Siegel M, Steiner G, Franssen LC, Carratu F, Herron J, Hartman K, Looney CM, Ducret A, Bray-French K, Rohr O, Hickling TP, Smith N, Marban-Doran C. Validation of a Dendritic Cell and CD4+ T Cell Restimulation Assay Contributing to the Immunogenicity Risk Evaluation of Biotherapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122672. [PMID: 36559166 PMCID: PMC9781343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity, defined as the ability to provoke an immune response, can be either wanted (i.e., vaccines) or unwanted. The latter refers to an immune response to protein or peptide therapeutics, characterized by the production of anti-drug antibodies, which may affect the efficacy and/or the safety profiles of these drugs. Consequently, evaluation of the risk of immunogenicity early in the development of biotherapeutics is of critical importance for defining their efficacy and safety profiles. Here, we describe and validate a fit-for-purpose FluoroSpot-based in vitro assay for the evaluation of drug-specific T cell responses. A panel of 24 biotherapeutics with a wide range of clinical anti-drug antibody response rates were tested in this assay. We demonstrated that using suitable cutoffs and donor cohort sizes, this assay could identify most of the compounds with high clinical immunogenicity rates (71% and 78% for sensitivity and specificity, respectively) while we characterized the main sources of assay variability. Overall, these data indicate that the dendritic cell and CD4+ T cell restimulation assay published herein could be a valuable tool to assess the risk of drug-specific T cell responses and contribute to the selection of clinical candidates in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Siegel
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linnea C. Franssen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Carratu
- Lonza Biologics, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, UK
| | - James Herron
- Lonza Biologics, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Katharina Hartman
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cary M. Looney
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Rohr
- UR 7292, IUT Louis Pasteur, Université de Strasbourg, 67300 Schiltigheim, France
| | - Timothy P. Hickling
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Noel Smith
- Lonza Biologics, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Jiang AL, Breder CD, Chang LC. Investigation of Factors Associated with Immunogenicity Labeling Updates and Characteristics of Biologics License Applications. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1381-1388. [PMID: 34383294 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity, the potential to elicit an anti-drug immune response, is a critical concern in developing biological products, but its consequences are difficult to predict with animal studies. The aims of the present study are to investigate the evolution of immunogenicity information in labeling and to identify attributes associated with immunogenicity labeling updates. Biologics License Applications (BLAs) approved by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration between 2008 and 2017 were studied. A majority of BLAs described the incidence/prevalence of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) (94.9%) and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) (68.4%) in their original labeling documents. However, less than one-third of the BLAs mentioned the impact of ADAs/NAbs in the original (20.3%) and most recent (29.1%) labeling documents. BLAs with a priority review status (57.4% versus 33.3%), orphan designation (61.5% versus 34.2%), or a mention of ADA impact in the latest label (69.6% versus 38.9%) had higher percentages of applications with postmarketing requirements (PMRs) directly related to immunogenicity concerns in comparison with applications without those characteristics. Among the BLAs with updated immunogenicity information, the mean time to the first update was 1077 days, while that for BLAs with accelerated approval was shorter (709.1 ± 492.2 days versus 1173.8 ± 661.8 days). The results suggest that there is a substantial amount of critical information lacking in the original labeling documents and an overdependence on PMRs for more evidence. Additional efforts should be made to investigate the impact of ADAs to provide timely information for improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Lei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christopher D Breder
- Advanced Academic Programs, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lin-Chau Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sala V, Cnudde SJ, Murabito A, Massarotti A, Hirsch E, Ghigo A. Therapeutic peptides for the treatment of cystic fibrosis: Challenges and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113191. [PMID: 33493828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common amongst rare genetic diseases, affecting more than 70.000 people worldwide. CF is characterized by a dysfunctional chloride channel, termed cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR), which leads to the production of a thick and viscous mucus layer that clogs the lungs of CF patients and traps pathogens, leading to chronic infections and inflammation and, ultimately, lung damage. In recent years, the use of peptides for the treatment of respiratory diseases, including CF, has gained growing interest. Therapeutic peptides for CF include antimicrobial peptides, inhibitors of proteases, and modulators of ion channels, among others. Peptides display unique features that make them appealing candidates for clinical translation, like specificity of action, high efficacy, and low toxicity. Nevertheless, the intrinsic properties of peptides, together with the need of delivering these compounds locally, e.g. by inhalation, raise a number of concerns in the development of peptide therapeutics for CF lung disease. In this review, we discuss the challenges related to the use of peptides for the treatment of CF lung disease through inhalation, which include retention within mucus, proteolysis, immunogenicity and aggregation. Strategies for overcoming major shortcomings of peptide therapeutics will be presented, together with recent developments in peptide design and optimization, including computational analysis and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Sophie Julie Cnudde
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Murabito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Kither Biotech S.r.l., Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy; Kither Biotech S.r.l., Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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Borrega R, Cruz JP, Taylor P, Goncalves J. Biosimilars: An Opportunity to Update the Product Information of Biological Drugs Regarding their Immunogenicity. BioDrugs 2019; 33:693-695. [PMID: 31654334 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-019-00391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Borrega
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joao Paulo Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Pharmacy Service, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte/Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Group, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.ULisboa), Centro de Patogenese Molecular - Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019, Lisbon, Portugal.
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