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Brauer NR, Kempen AL, Hernandez D, Sintim HO. Non-kinase off-target inhibitory activities of clinically-relevant kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116540. [PMID: 38852338 PMCID: PMC11243610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinases are responsible for a myriad of cellular functions, such as cell cycle, apoptosis, and proliferation. Because of this, kinases make excellent targets for therapeutics. During the process to identify clinical kinase inhibitor candidates, kinase selectivity profiles of lead inhibitors are typically obtained. Such kinome selectivity screening could identify crucial kinase anti-targets that might contribute to drug toxicity and/or reveal additional kinase targets that potentially contribute to the efficacy of the compound via kinase polypharmacology. In addition to kinome panel screening, practitioners also obtain the inhibition profiles of a few non-kinase targets, such as ion-channels and select GPCR targets to identify compounds that might possess potential liabilities. Often ignored is the possibility that identified kinase inhibitors might also inhibit or bind to the other proteins (greater than 20,000) in the cell that are not kinases, which may be relevant to toxicity or even additional mode of drug action. This review highlights various inhibitors, which have been approved by the FDA or are currently undergoing clinical trials, that also inhibit other non-kinase targets. The binding poses of the drugs in the binding sites of the target kinases and off-targets are analyzed to understand if the same features of the compounds are critical for the polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas R Brauer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Allison L Kempen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Delmis Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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2
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Leśniewska A, Przybylski P. Seven-membered N-heterocycles as approved drugs and promising leads in medicinal chemistry as well as the metal-free domino access to their scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116556. [PMID: 38879971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Azepanes or azepines are structural motifs of many drugs, drug candidates and evaluated lead compounds. Even though compounds having N-heterocyclic 7-membered rings are often found in nature (e.g. alkaloids), the natural compounds of this group are rather rare as approved therapeutics. Thus, recently studied and approved azepane or azepine-congeners predominantly consist of semi-synthetically or synthetically-obtained scaffolds. In this review a comparison of approved drugs and recently investigated leads was proposed taking into regard their structural aspects (stereochemistry), biological activities, pharmacokinetic properties and confirmed molecular targets. The 7-membered N-heterocycles reveal a wide range of biological activities, not only against CNS diseases, but also as e.g. antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antiparasitic and against allergy agents. As most of the approved or investigated potential drugs or lead structures, belonging to 7-membered N-heterocycles, are synthetic scaffolds, this report also reveals different and efficient metal-free cascade approaches useful to synthesize both simple azepane or azepine-containing congeners and those of oligocyclic structures. Stereochemistry of azepane/azepine fused systems, in view of biological data and binding with the targets, is discussed. Apart from the approved drugs, we compare advances in SAR studies of 7-membered N-heterocycles (mainly from 2018 to 2023), whereas the related synthetic part concerning various domino strategies is focused on the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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3
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Lu G, Zou Z, Xin M, Meng Y, Cheng Z, Du Z, Gu J, Zhang X, Zou Y. Carbamoylation at C-8 position of natural 3-arylcoumarin scaffold for the discovery of novel PARP-1 inhibitors with potent anticancer activity. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116726. [PMID: 39116535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Structural modification based on natural privileged scaffolds has proven to be an attractive approach to generate potential antitumor candidates with high potency and specific targeting. As a continuation of our efforts to identify potent PARP-1 inhibitors, natural 3-arylcoumarin scaffold was served as the starting point for the construction of novel structural unit for PARP-1 inhibition. Herein, a series of novel 8-carbamyl-3-arylcoumarin derivatives were designed and synthesized. The antiproliferative activities of target compounds against four BRCA-mutated cancer cells (SUM149PT, HCC1937, MDA-MB-436 and Capan-1) were evaluated. Among them, compound 9b exhibited excellent antiproliferative effects against SUM149PT, HCC1937 and Capan-1 cells with IC50 values of 0.62, 1.91 and 4.26 μM, respectively. Moreover, 9b could significantly inhibit the intracellular PARP-1/2 activity in SUM149PT cells with IC50 values of 2.53 nM and 6.45 nM, respectively. Further mechanism studies revealed that 9b could aggravate DNA double-strand breaks, increase ROS production, decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase and ultimately induce apoptosis in SUM149PT cells. In addition, molecular docking study demonstrated that the binding mode of 9b with PARP-1 was similar to that of niraparib, forming multiple hydrogen bond interactions with the active site of PARP-1. Taken together, these findings suggest that 8-carbamyl-3-arylcoumarin scaffold could serve as an effective structural unit for PARP-1 inhibition and offer a valuable paradigm for the structural modification of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhiru Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Meixiu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yingfen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhibo Du
- Zhongshan Wanhan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, 528451, PR China
| | - Jiayi Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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4
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Previtali V, Bagnolini G, Ciamarone A, Ferrandi G, Rinaldi F, Myers SH, Roberti M, Cavalli A. New Horizons of Synthetic Lethality in Cancer: Current Development and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11488-11521. [PMID: 38955347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, synthetic lethality has been recognized as a solid paradigm for anticancer therapies. The discovery of a growing number of synthetic lethal targets has led to a significant expansion in the use of synthetic lethality, far beyond poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors used to treat BRCA1/2-defective tumors. In particular, molecular targets within DNA damage response have provided a source of inhibitors that have rapidly reached clinical trials. This Perspective focuses on the most recent progress in synthetic lethal targets and their inhibitors, within and beyond the DNA damage response, describing their design and associated therapeutic strategies. We will conclude by discussing the current challenges and new opportunities for this promising field of research, to stimulate discussion in the medicinal chemistry community, allowing the investigation of synthetic lethality to reach its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Previtali
- Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Greta Bagnolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciamarone
- Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ferrandi
- Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Rinaldi
- Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Samuel Harry Myers
- Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Satora M, Kułak K, Zaremba B, Grunwald A, Świechowska-Starek P, Tarkowski R. New hopes and promises in the treatment of ovarian cancer focusing on targeted treatment-a narrative review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1416555. [PMID: 38948462 PMCID: PMC11212463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1416555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Unfortunately, ovarian cancer is still diagnosed most often only in an advanced stage and is also the most lethal gynecological cancer. Another problem is the fact that treated patients have a high risk of disease recurrence. Moreover, ovarian cancer is very diverse in terms of molecular, histological features and mutations. Many patients may also develop platinum resistance, resulting in poor response to subsequent lines of treatment. To improve the prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer, it is expected to make better existing and implement new, promising treatment methods. Targeted therapies seem very promising. Currently, bevacizumab - a VEGF inhibitor and therapy with olaparib - a polyADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor are approved. Other methods worth considering in the future include: folate receptor α, immune checkpoints or other immunotherapy methods. To improve the treatment of ovarian cancer, it is also important to ameliorate the determination of molecular features to describe and understand which group of patients will benefit most from a given treatment method. This is important because a larger group of patients treated for ovarian cancer can have a greater chance of surviving longer without recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Satora
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Students’ Scientific Association, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kułak
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Zaremba
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Students’ Scientific Association, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Grunwald
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Students’ Scientific Association, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Tarkowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Ndlovu H, Lawal IO, Mdanda S, Kgatle MM, Mokoala KMG, Al-Ibraheem A, Sathekge MM. [ 18F]F-Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Radiotracers for Imaging PARP Expression and Their Potential Clinical Applications in Oncology. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3426. [PMID: 38929955 PMCID: PMC11204862 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in managing patients with inoperable tumors has significantly improved outcomes. The PARP inhibitors hamper single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair by trapping poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) at sites of DNA damage, forming a non-functional "PARP enzyme-inhibitor complex" leading to cell cytotoxicity. The effect is more pronounced in the presence of PARP upregulation and homologous recombination (HR) deficiencies such as breast cancer-associated gene (BRCA1/2). Hence, identifying HR-deficiencies by genomic analysis-for instance, BRCA1/2 used in triple-negative breast cancer-should be a part of the selection process for PARP inhibitor therapy. Published data suggest BRCA1/2 germline mutations do not consistently predict favorable responses to PARP inhibitors, suggesting that other factors beyond tumor mutation status may be at play. A variety of factors, including tumor heterogeneity in PARP expression and intrinsic and/or acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors, may be contributing factors. This justifies the use of an additional tool for appropriate patient selection, which is noninvasive, and capable of assessing whole-body in vivo PARP expression and evaluating PARP inhibitor pharmacokinetics as complementary to the currently available BRCA1/2 analysis. In this review, we discuss [18F]Fluorine PARP inhibitor radiotracers and their potential in the imaging of PARP expression and PARP inhibitor pharmacokinetics. To provide context we also briefly discuss possible causes of PARP inhibitor resistance or ineffectiveness. The discussion focuses on TNBC, which is a tumor type where PARP inhibitors are used as part of the standard-of-care treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honest Ndlovu
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.N.); (S.M.); (M.M.K.); (K.M.G.M.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Ismaheel O. Lawal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sipho Mdanda
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.N.); (S.M.); (M.M.K.); (K.M.G.M.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Mankgopo M. Kgatle
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.N.); (S.M.); (M.M.K.); (K.M.G.M.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Kgomotso M. G. Mokoala
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.N.); (S.M.); (M.M.K.); (K.M.G.M.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Akram Al-Ibraheem
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Al-Jubeiha P.O. Box 1269, Amman 11941, Jordan;
| | - Mike M. Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI), Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.N.); (S.M.); (M.M.K.); (K.M.G.M.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
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Marcazzan S, Braz Carvalho MJ, Nguyen NT, Strangmann J, Slotta-Huspenina J, Tenditnaya A, Tschurtschenthaler M, Rieder J, Proaño-Vasco A, Ntziachristos V, Steiger K, Gorpas D, Quante M, Kossatz S. PARP1-targeted fluorescence molecular endoscopy as novel tool for early detection of esophageal dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:53. [PMID: 38383387 PMCID: PMC10880256 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers worldwide and its incidence is dramatically increasing. Despite some improvements, the current surveillance protocol with white light endoscopy and random untargeted biopsies collection (Seattle protocol) fails to diagnose dysplastic and cancerous lesions in up to 50% of patients. Therefore, new endoscopic imaging technologies in combination with tumor-specific molecular probes are needed to improve early detection. Herein, we investigated the use of the fluorescent Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1)-inhibitor PARPi-FL for early detection of dysplastic lesions in patient-derived organoids and transgenic mouse models, which closely mimic the transformation from non-malignant Barrett's Esophagus (BE) to invasive esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). METHODS We determined PARP1 expression via immunohistochemistry (IHC) in human biospecimens and mouse tissues. We also assessed PARPi-FL uptake in patient- and mouse-derived organoids. Following intravenous injection of 75 nmol PARPi-FL/mouse in L2-IL1B (n = 4) and L2-IL1B/IL8Tg mice (n = 12), we conducted fluorescence molecular endoscopy (FME) and/or imaged whole excised stomachs to assess PARPi-FL accumulation in dysplastic lesions. L2-IL1B/IL8Tg mice (n = 3) and wild-type (WT) mice (n = 2) without PARPi-FL injection served as controls. The imaging results were validated by confocal microscopy and IHC of excised tissues. RESULTS IHC on patient and murine tissue revealed similar patterns of increasing PARP1 expression in presence of dysplasia and cancer. In human and murine organoids, PARPi-FL localized to PARP1-expressing epithelial cell nuclei after 10 min of incubation. Injection of PARPi-FL in transgenic mouse models of BE resulted in the successful detection of lesions via FME, with a mean target-to-background ratio > 2 independently from the disease stage. The localization of PARPi-FL in the lesions was confirmed by imaging of the excised stomachs and confocal microscopy. Without PARPi-FL injection, identification of lesions via FME in transgenic mice was not possible. CONCLUSION PARPi-FL imaging is a promising approach for clinically needed improved detection of dysplastic and malignant EAC lesions in patients with BE. Since PARPi-FL is currently evaluated in a phase 2 clinical trial for oral cancer detection after topical application, clinical translation for early detection of dysplasia and EAC in BE patients via FME screening appears feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Marcazzan
- II. Medizinische Klinik, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar at Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
- Clinical Radiology, Medical School OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Marcos J Braz Carvalho
- II. Medizinische Klinik, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar at Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Nghia T Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar at Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Julia Strangmann
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Anna Tenditnaya
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar at Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Jonas Rieder
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Andrea Proaño-Vasco
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology (CEP) and IBioTUM tissue biobank, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Dimitris Gorpas
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany and Chair of Biological Imaging at the Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar at Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany.
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 81675, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 85748, Germany.
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8
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Ramesh S, Almeida SD, Hammigi S, Radhakrishna GK, Sireesha G, Panneerselvam T, Vellingiri S, Kunjiappan S, Ammunje DN, Pavadai P. A Review of PARP-1 Inhibitors: Assessing Emerging Prospects and Tailoring Therapeutic Strategies. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2023; 73:491-505. [PMID: 37890514 DOI: 10.1055/a-2181-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms contain an enzyme family called poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which is responsible for the poly (ADP-ribosylation) of DNA-binding proteins. PARPs are members of the cell signaling enzyme class. PARP-1, the most common isoform of the PARP family, is responsible for more than 90% of the tasks carried out by the PARP family as a whole. A superfamily consisting of 18 PARPs has been found. In order to synthesize polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR) and nicotinamide, the DNA damage nick monitor PARP-1 requires NAD+ as a substrate. The capability of PARP-1 activation to boost the transcription of proinflammatory genes, its ability to deplete cellular energy pools, which leads to cell malfunction and necrosis, and its involvement as a component in the process of DNA repair are the three consequences of PARP-1 activation that are of particular significance in the process of developing new drugs. As a result, the pharmacological reduction of PARP-1 may result in an increase in the cytotoxicity toward cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundarya Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shannon D Almeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sameerana Hammigi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Govardan Katta Radhakrishna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Golla Sireesha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Theivendren Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swamy Vivekanandha College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shangavi Vellingiri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Swamy Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Elayampalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Kunjiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Damodar Nayak Ammunje
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
| | - Parasuraman Pavadai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, M S R Nagar, Bengaluru, India
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9
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Chen H, Hu Y, Zhuang Z, Wang D, Ye Z, Jing J, Cheng X. Advancements and Obstacles of PARP Inhibitors in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5114. [PMID: 37958290 PMCID: PMC10647262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common and aggressive cancer of the digestive system, exhibiting high aggressiveness and significant heterogeneity. Despite advancements in improving survival rates over the past few decades, GC continues to carry a worrisome prognosis and notable mortality. As a result, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches to address GC. Recent targeted sequencing studies have revealed frequent mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway genes in many GC patients. These mutations lead to an increased reliance on poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) for DNA repair, making PARP inhibitors (PARPi) a promising treatment option for GC. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the rationale and development of PARPi, highlighting its progress and challenges in both preclinical and clinical research for treating GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (H.C.); (Y.H.); (D.W.)
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Yangchan Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (H.C.); (Y.H.); (D.W.)
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Zirui Zhuang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Hangzhou 310024, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (H.C.); (Y.H.); (D.W.)
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
| | - Zu Ye
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Ji Jing
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China;
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
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Li Q, Qian W, Zhang Y, Hu L, Chen S, Xia Y. A new wave of innovations within the DNA damage response. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:338. [PMID: 37679326 PMCID: PMC10485079 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome instability has been identified as one of the enabling hallmarks in cancer. DNA damage response (DDR) network is responsible for maintenance of genome integrity in cells. As cancer cells frequently carry DDR gene deficiencies or suffer from replicative stress, targeting DDR processes could induce excessive DNA damages (or unrepaired DNA) that eventually lead to cell death. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have brought impressive benefit to patients with breast cancer gene (BRCA) mutation or homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), which proves the concept of synthetic lethality in cancer treatment. Moreover, the other two scenarios of DDR inhibitor application, replication stress and combination with chemo- or radio- therapy, are under active clinical exploration. In this review, we revisited the progress of DDR targeting therapy beyond the launched first-generation PARP inhibitors. Next generation PARP1 selective inhibitors, which could maintain the efficacy while mitigating side effects, may diversify the application scenarios of PARP inhibitor in clinic. Albeit with unavoidable on-mechanism toxicities, several small molecules targeting DNA damage checkpoints (gatekeepers) have shown great promise in preliminary clinical results, which may warrant further evaluations. In addition, inhibitors for other DNA repair pathways (caretakers) are also under active preclinical or clinical development. With these progresses and efforts, we envision that a new wave of innovations within DDR has come of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyuan Qian
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfeng Xia
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Hoffman SLV, Mixdorf JC, Kwon O, Johnson TR, Makvandi M, Lee H, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barnhart TE, Jeffery JJ, Patankar MS, Engle JW, Bednarz BP, Ellison PA. Preclinical studies of a PARP targeted, Meitner-Auger emitting, theranostic radiopharmaceutical for metastatic ovarian cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 122-123:108368. [PMID: 37490805 PMCID: PMC10529069 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Advanced ovarian cancer currently has few therapeutic options. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors bind to nuclear PARP and trap the protein-inhibitor complex to DNA. This work investigates a theranostic PARP inhibitor for targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy of ovarian cancer in vitro and PET imaging of healthy mice in vivo. METHODS [77Br]RD1 was synthesized and assessed for pharmacokinetics and cytotoxicity in human and murine ovarian cancer cell lines. [76Br]RD1 biodistribution and organ uptake in healthy mice were quantified through longitudinal PET/CT imaging and ex vivo radioactivity measurements. Organ-level dosimetry following [76/77Br]RD1 administration was calculated using RAPID, an in-house platform for absorbed dose in mice, and OLINDA for equivalent and effective dose in human. RESULTS The maximum specific binding (Bmax), equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd), and nonspecific binding slope (NS) were calculated for each cell line. These values were used to calculate the cell specific activity uptake for cell viability studies. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was measured as 0.17 (95 % CI: 0.13-0.24) nM and 0.46 (0.13-0.24) nM for PARP(+) and PARP(-) expressing cell lines, respectively. The EC50 was 0.27 (0.21-0.36) nM and 0.30 (0.22-0.41) nM for BRCA1(-) and BRCA1(+) expressing cell lines, respectively. When measuring the EC50 as a function of cellular activity uptake and nuclear dose, the EC50 ranges from 0.020 to 0.039 Bq/cell and 3.3-9.2 Gy, respectively. Excretion through the hepatobiliary and renal pathways were observed in mice, with liver uptake of 2.3 ± 0.4 %ID/g after 48 h, contributing to estimated absorbed dose values in mice of 19.3 ± 0.3 mGy/MBq and 290 ± 10 mGy/MBq for [77Br]RD1 and [76Br]RD1, respectively. CONCLUSION [77Br]RD1 cytotoxicity was dependent on PARP expression and independent of BRCA1 status. The in vitro results suggest that [77Br]RD1 cytotoxicity is driven by the targeted Meitner-Auger electron (MAe) radiotherapeutic effect of the agent. Further studies investigating the theranostic potential, organ dose, and tumor uptake of [76/77Br]RD1 are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L V Hoffman
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J C Mixdorf
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - O Kwon
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T R Johnson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Makvandi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J J Jeffery
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M S Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - B P Bednarz
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P A Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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12
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Li G, Huo D, Guo N, Li Y, Ma H, Liu L, Xie H, Zhang D, Qu B, Chen X. Integrating multiple machine learning algorithms for prognostic prediction of gastric cancer based on immune-related lncRNAs. Front Genet 2023; 14:1106724. [PMID: 37082204 PMCID: PMC10111190 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the immune regulation of gastric cancer (GC). However, the clinical application value of immune-related lncRNAs has not been fully developed. It is of great significance to overcome the challenges of prognostic prediction and classification of gastric cancer patients based on the current study.Methods: In this study, the R package ImmLnc was used to obtain immune-related lncRNAs of The Cancer Genome Atlas Stomach Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-STAD) project, and univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to find prognostic immune-related lncRNAs. A total of 117 combinations based on 10 algorithms were integrated to determine the immune-related lncRNA prognostic model (ILPM). According to the ILPM, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was employed to find the major lncRNAs and develop the risk model. ssGSEA, CIBERSORT algorithm, the R package maftools, pRRophetic, and clusterProfiler were employed for measuring the proportion of immune cells among risk groups, genomic mutation difference, drug sensitivity analysis, and pathway enrichment score.Results: A total of 321 immune-related lncRNAs were found, and there were 26 prognostic immune-related lncRNAs. According to the ILPM, 18 of 26 lncRNAs were selected and the risk score (RS) developed by the 18-lncRNA signature had good strength in the TCGA training set and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) validation datasets. Patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups according to the median RS, and the low-risk group had a better prognosis, tumor immune microenvironment, and tumor signature enrichment score and a higher metabolism, frequency of genomic mutations, proportion of immune cell infiltration, and antitumor drug resistance. Furthermore, 86 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high- and low-risk groups were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways.Conclusion: The ILPM developed based on 26 prognostic immune-related lncRNAs can help in predicting the prognosis of patients suffering from gastric cancer. Precision medicine can be effectively carried out by dividing patients into high- and low-risk groups according to the RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Li
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Diwei Huo
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Naifu Guo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Biological Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongzhe Ma
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbo Xie
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Denan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Qu, ; Xiujie Chen,
| | - Xiujie Chen
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Qu, ; Xiujie Chen,
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13
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Guo Q, Zhao L, Yan N, Li Y, Guo C, Dang S, Shen X, Han J, Luo Y. Integrated pan-cancer analysis and experimental verification of the roles of tropomyosin 4 in gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148056. [PMID: 36993958 PMCID: PMC10041708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the function of tropomyosin 4 (TPM4) using pan-cancer data, especially in gastric cancer (GC), using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and molecular experiments.MethodsWe used UCSC Xena, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx), TIMER2.0, GEPIA, cBioPortal, Xiantao tool, and UALCAN websites and databases for the extraction of pan-cancer data on TPM4. TPM4 expression was investigated with respect to prognosis, genetic alterations, epigenetic alterations, and immune infiltration. RNA22, miRWalk, miRDB, Starbase 2.0, and Cytoscape were used for identifying and constructing the regulatory networks of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and TPM4 in GC. Data from GSCALite, drug bank databases, and Connectivity Map (CMap) were used to analyze the sensitivity of drugs dependent on TPM4 expression. Gene Ontology (GO), enrichment analyses of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), wound healing assays, and (Matrigel) transwell experiments were used to investigate the biological functions of TPM4 in GC.ResultThe findings of the comprehensive pan-cancer analysis revealed that TPM4 has a certain diagnostic and prognosis value in most cancers. Alterations in the expression of TPM4, including duplications and deep mutations, and epigenetic alterations revealed that TPM4 expression is related to the expression of DNA methylation inhibitors and RNA methylation regulators at high concentrations. Besides, TPM4 expression was found to correlate with immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint (ICP) gene expression, the tumor mutational burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). Neoantigens (NEO) were also found to influence its response to immunotherapy. A lncRNA-miRNA -TPM4 network was found to regulate GC development and progression. TPM4 expression was related to docetaxel,5-fluorouracil, and eight small molecular targeted drugs sensitivity. Gene function enrichment analyses revealed that genes that were co-expressed with TPM4 were enriched within the extracellular matrix (ECM)-related pathways. Wound-healing and (Matrigel) transwell assays revealed that TPM4 promotes cell migration and invasion. TPM4, as an oncogene, plays a biological role, perhaps via ECM remodeling in GC.ConclusionsTPM4 is a prospective marker for the diagnosis, treatment outcome, immunology, chemotherapy, and small molecular drugs targeted for pan-cancer treatment, including GC treatment. The lncRNA-miRNA-TPM4network regulates the mechanism underlying GC progression. TPM4 may facilitate the invasion and migration of GC cells, possibly through ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijing Guo
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinhai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Linglin Zhao
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinhai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Nan Yan
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinhai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Cuiping Guo
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shengyan Dang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xianliang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jianfang Han
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yushuang Luo
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinhai Province (Qinghai-Utah Joint Research Key Lab for High Altitude Medicine), Laboratory for High Altitude Medicine of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Yushuang Luo,
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Rucaparib cocrystal: Improved solubility and bioavailability over camsylate. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122461. [PMID: 36462737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rucaparib (Ruc) is a drug used to treat advanced ovarian cancer associated with deleterious BRCA mutations. Its commercial form, the camsylate salt (Ruc-Cam), suffers from poor aqueous solubility and thus causes low and erratic oral bioavailability. In this work, we aimed to improve the oral exposure of Ruc through cocrystallization. Liquid-assisted grinding, slurry, and solvent evaporation methods were employed to prepare new solid forms of Ruc. Cocrystals of rucaparib-theophylline monohydrate (Ruc-Thp MH), rucaparib-maltol (Ruc-Mal), and rucaparib-ethyl maltol (Ruc-Emal) were obtained. Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic vapor sorption were utilized to characterize these multi-component systems. All cocrystals dissolve faster than Ruc-Cam at pH 2.0 and 4.5, and Ruc-Thp MH displays the highest apparent solubility in pH 4.5 and 6.8 buffers. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats show that Ruc-Thp MH exhibits 2.4 times the Cmax and 1.4 times the AUC0-24h at a single dose compared with Ruc-Cam. The enhanced solubility and bioavailability of Ruc-Thp MH showcase the power of cocrystallization in addressing absorption issues in drug development.
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Hunia J, Gawalski K, Szredzka A, Suskiewicz MJ, Nowis D. The potential of PARP inhibitors in targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1073797. [PMID: 36533080 PMCID: PMC9751342 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1073797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) deficiencies result in genome instability, which is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes take part in various DDR pathways, determining cell fate in the wake of DNA damage. PARPs are readily druggable and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) against the main DDR-associated PARPs, PARP1 and PARP2, are currently approved for the treatment of a range of tumor types. Inhibition of efficient PARP1/2-dependent DDR is fatal for tumor cells with homologous recombination deficiencies (HRD), especially defects in breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein 1 or 2 (BRCA1/2)-dependent pathway, while allowing healthy cells to survive. Moreover, PARPi indirectly influence the tumor microenvironment by increasing genomic instability, immune pathway activation and PD-L1 expression on cancer cells. For this reason, PARPi might enhance sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-(L)1 or anti-CTLA4, providing a rationale for PARPi-ICI combination therapies. In this review, we discuss the complex background of the different roles of PARP1/2 in the cell and summarize the basics of how PARPi work from bench to bedside. Furthermore, we detail the early data of ongoing clinical trials indicating the synergistic effect of PARPi and ICIs. We also introduce the diagnostic tools for therapy development and discuss the future perspectives and limitations of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Hunia
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Gawalski
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Zhao D, Long X, Wang J. Dose Adjustment of Poly (ADP‑Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in Patients with Hepatic or Renal Impairment. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3947-3955. [PMID: 36405648 PMCID: PMC9673935 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s387920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are small-molecule inhibitors of PARP enzymes (including PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3) that exhibit activity against tumor cells with defects in DNA repair. In recent years, five PARP inhibitors, olaparib, niraparib, rucaparib, talazoparib and veliparib, have been developed for the treatment of solid tumors, particularly in patients with breast-related cancer antigen (BRCA) 1/2 mutations, or those without a functional homologous recombination repair pathway. These novel treatments exhibit improved efficacy and toxicity when compared to conventional chemotherapy agents. The five PARP inhibitors are eliminated primarily via the liver and kidneys, hepatic or renal impairment may significantly affect their pharmacokinetics (PK). Therefore, it is important to know the effects of hepatic or renal impairment on the PK and safety of PARP inhibitors. In this review, we characterize and summarize the effects of hepatic and renal function on the PK of PARP inhibitors and provide specific recommendations for clinicians when prescribing PARP inhibitors in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Long
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jisheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Baxter JS, Zatreanu D, Pettitt SJ, Lord CJ. Resistance to DNA repair inhibitors in cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3811-3827. [PMID: 35567571 PMCID: PMC9627783 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) represents a complex network of proteins which detect and repair DNA damage, thereby maintaining the integrity of the genome and preventing the transmission of mutations and rearranged chromosomes to daughter cells. Faults in the DDR are a known driver and hallmark of cancer. Furthermore, inhibition of DDR enzymes can be used to treat the disease. This is exemplified by PARP inhibitors (PARPi) used to treat cancers with defects in the homologous recombination DDR pathway. A series of novel DDR targets are now also under pre-clinical or clinical investigation, including inhibitors of ATR kinase, WRN helicase or the DNA polymerase/helicase Polθ (Pol-Theta). Drug resistance is a common phenomenon that impairs the overall effectiveness of cancer treatments and there is already some understanding of how resistance to PARPi occurs. Here, we discuss how an understanding of PARPi resistance could inform how resistance to new drugs targeting the DDR emerges. We also discuss potential strategies that could limit the impact of these therapy resistance mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Baxter
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Diana Zatreanu
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Stephen J. Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research CentreThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
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Wu Q, Qian W, Sun X, Jiang S. Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:143. [PMID: 36209184 PMCID: PMC9548212 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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Wang M, Xie C. DNA Damage Repair and Current Therapeutic Approaches in Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Front Genet 2022; 13:931866. [PMID: 36035159 PMCID: PMC9412963 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.931866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA in cells is frequently damaged by endogenous and exogenous agents. However, comprehensive mechanisms to combat and repair DNA damage have evolved to ensure genomic stability and integrity. Improper DNA damage repair may result in various diseases, including some types of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, DNA damage repair mechanisms have been proposed as novel antitumor drug targets. To date, numerous drugs targeting DNA damage mechanisms have been developed. For example, PARP inhibitors that elicit synthetic lethality are widely used in individualized cancer therapies. In this review, we describe the latent DNA damage repair mechanisms in gastric cancer, the types of DNA damage that can contribute to the development of gastric cancer, and new therapeutic approaches for gastric cancer that target DNA damage repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Revythis A, Limbu A, Mikropoulos C, Ghose A, Sanchez E, Sheriff M, Boussios S. Recent Insights into PARP and Immuno-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8577. [PMID: 35886427 PMCID: PMC9317199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers and has the highest mortality rate of any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for approximately 90% of all ovarian malignancies. The standard therapeutic strategy includes cytoreductive surgery accompanied by pre- or postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, up to 80% of the patients relapse within the following 12-18 months from the completion of the treatment and then receive first-line chemotherapy depending on platinum sensitivity. Mutations in BRCA1/2 genes are the most significant molecular aberrations in EOC and serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exploit defects in the DNA repair pathway through synthetic lethality. They have also been shown to trap PARP1 and PARP2 on DNA, leading to PARP-DNA complexes. Olaparib, rucaparib, and niraparib have all obtained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or the European Medicine Agency (EMA) approval for the treatment of EOC in different settings. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have improved the survival of several cancers and are under evaluation in EOC. However, despite the success of immunotherapy in other malignancies, the use of antibodies inhibiting the immune checkpoint programmed cell death (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) obtained modest results in EOC so far, with median response rates of up to 10%. As such, ICI have not yet been approved for the treatment of EOC. We herein provided a comprehensive insight into the most recent progress in synthetic lethality PARP inhibitors, along with the mechanisms of resistance. We also summarised data regarding the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the use of vaccination therapy, and adoptive immunotherapy in treating epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Revythis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Anu Limbu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Christos Mikropoulos
- St. Lukes Cancer Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Rd., Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, UK;
| | - Aruni Ghose
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London KT1 2EE, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, London KT1 2EE, UK
- Centre for Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Elisabet Sanchez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Matin Sheriff
- Department of Urology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK;
| | - Stergios Boussios
- Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham ME7 5NY, Kent, UK; (A.R.); (A.L.); (A.G.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki—Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Sochacka-Ćwikła A, Mączyński M, Regiec A. FDA-Approved Small Molecule Compounds as Drugs for Solid Cancers from Early 2011 to the End of 2021. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072259. [PMID: 35408658 PMCID: PMC9000317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Solid cancers are the most common types of cancers diagnosed globally and comprise a large number of deaths each year. The main challenge currently in drug development for tumors raised from solid organs is to find more selective compounds, which exploit specific molecular targets. In this work, the small molecule drugs registered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for solid cancers treatment between 2011 and 2022 were identified and analyzed by investigating a type of therapy they are used for, as well as their structures and mechanisms of action. On average, 4 new small molecule agents were introduced each year, with a few exceptions, for a total of 62 new drug approvals. A total of 50 of all FDA-approved drugs have also been authorized for use in the European Union by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Our analysis indicates that many more anticancer molecules show a selective mode of action, i.e., 49 targeted agents, 5 hormone therapies and 3 radiopharmaceuticals, compared to less specific cytostatic action, i.e., 5 chemotherapeutic agents. It should be emphasized that new medications are indicated for use mainly for monotherapy and less for a combination or adjuvant therapies. The comprehensive data presented in this review can serve for further design and development of more specific targeted agents in clinical usage for solid tumors.
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Yu J, Gou W, Shang H, Cui Y, Sun X, Luo L, Hou W, Sun T, Li Y. Design and synthesis of benzodiazepines as brain penetrating PARP-1 inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:952-972. [PMID: 35317687 PMCID: PMC8942544 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2053524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors play a crucial role in cancer therapy. However, most approved PARP inhibitors cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, thus limiting their application in the central nervous system. Here, 55 benzodiazepines were designed and synthesised to screen brain penetrating PARP-1 inhibitors. All target compounds were evaluated for their PARP-1 inhibition activity, and compounds with better activity were selected for further assays in vitro. Among them, compounds H34, H42, H48, and H52 displayed acceptable inhibition effects on breast cancer cells. Also, computational prediction together with the permeability assays in vitro and in vivo proved that the benzodiazepine PARP-1 inhibitors we synthesised were brain permeable. Compound H52 exhibited a B/P ratio of 40 times higher than that of Rucaparib and would be selected to develop its potential use in neurodegenerative diseases. Our study provided potential lead compounds and design strategies for the development of brain penetrating PARP-1 inhibitors.HIGHLIGHTS Structural fusion was used to screen brain penetrating PARP-1 inhibitors. 55 benzodiazepines were evaluated for their PARP-1 inhibition activity. Four compounds displayed acceptable inhibition effects on breast cancer cells. The benzodiazepine PARP-1 inhibitors were proved to be brain permeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenfeng Gou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Haihua Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yating Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbin Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiemin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiliang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
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Nguyen NT, Pacelli A, Nader M, Kossatz S. DNA Repair Enzyme Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1/2 (PARP1/2)-Targeted Nuclear Imaging and Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051129. [PMID: 35267438 PMCID: PMC8909184 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In parallel to the successful clinical implementation of PARP1/2 inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs, which interfere with the DNA repair machinery, these small molecule agents have also gained attention as vehicles for molecular imaging and radiotherapy. In this review article, we summarize the development and preclinical evaluation of radioactively-labelled PARP inhibitors for positron emission tomography (PET) for many applications, such as selecting patients for PARP inhibitor treatment, response prediction or monitoring, and diagnosis of tumors. We report on early clinical studies that show safety and feasibility of PARP-imaging in humans. In addition, we summarize the latest developments in the field of PARP-targeted radiotherapy, where PARP inhibitors are studied as vehicles to deposit highly cytotoxic radioisotopes in close proximity to the DNA of tumor cells. Lastly, we look at synthetic strategies for PARP-targeted imaging and therapy agents that are compatible with large scale production and clinical translation. Abstract Since it was discovered that many tumor types are vulnerable to inhibition of the DNA repair machinery, research towards efficient and selective inhibitors has accelerated. Amongst other enzymes, poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1 (PARP1) was identified as a key player in this process, which resulted in the development of selective PARP inhibitors (PARPi) as anti-cancer drugs. Most small molecule PARPi’s exhibit high affinity for both PARP1 and PARP2. PARPi are under clinical investigation for mono- and combination therapy in several cancer types and five PARPi are now clinically approved. In parallel, radiolabeled PARPi have emerged for non-invasive imaging of PARP1 expression. PARP imaging agents have been suggested as companion diagnostics, patient selection, and treatment monitoring tools to improve the outcome of PARPi therapy, but also as stand-alone diagnostics. We give a comprehensive overview over the preclinical development of PARP imaging agents, which are mostly based on the PARPi olaparib, rucaparib, and recently also talazoparib. We also report on the current status of clinical translation, which involves a growing number of early phase trials. Additionally, this work provides an insight into promising approaches of PARP-targeted radiotherapy based on Auger and α-emitting isotopes. Furthermore, the review covers synthetic strategies for PARP-targeted imaging and therapy agents that are compatible with large scale production and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghia T. Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Anna Pacelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Michael Nader
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg–Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Bhattacharya S, Patel R, Joshi A. The Most Recent Discoveries in Heterocyclic Nanoformulations for Targeted Anticancer Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:1735-1751. [PMID: 35114919 DOI: 10.2174/138955752203220202164839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Every day, new cases of cancer patients whose recovery is delayed by multidrug resistance and chemotherapy side effects are identified, which severely limit treatment options. One of the most recent advances in nanotechnology is the effective usage of nanotechnology as drug carriers for cancer therapy. As a consequence, heterocyclic nanocarriers were put into practice to see whether they could have a better cure with positive results. The potential of a therapeutic agent to meet its desired goal is vital to its success in treating any disease. Heterocyclic moieties are molecules that have a wide variety of chemically therapeutic functions as well as a significant biological activity profile. Heterocyclic nano formulations play an important role in cell physiology and as possible arbitrators for typical biological reactions, making them valuable in cancer research. As a result, experts are working with heterocyclic nanoformulations to discover alternative approaches to treat cancer. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, heterocyclic compounds are real cornerstones in medicinal chemistry and promising compounds for the future drug delivery system. This review briefly explores the therapeutic relevance of heterocyclic compounds in cancer treatment, the various nanoformulations, and actively describes heterocyclic magnetic nano catalysts and heterocyclic moiety, as well as their mode of action, which have favorable anti - cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM\'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Rajat Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM\'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Aalind Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM\'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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25
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Lengyel-Zhanda Z, Puentes LN, Mach RH. PARkinson's: From cellular mechanisms to potential therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 230:107968. [PMID: 34391789 PMCID: PMC8821123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the progression and mechanisms underlying the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) has grown enormously in the past few decades. There is growing evidence suggesting that poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) hyperactivation is involved in various neurodegenerative disorders, including PD, and that poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR)-dependent cell death is responsible for neuronal loss. In this review, we discuss the contribution of PARP-1 and PAR in the pathological process of PD. We describe the potential pathways regulated by the enzyme, review clinically relevant PARP-1 inhibitors as potential disease-modifying therapeutics for PD, and outline important factors that need to be considered for repurposing PARP-1 inhibitors for use in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura N. Puentes
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding author at: Vagelos Building, Room 1012, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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26
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Karagiannakos A, Adamaki M, Tsintarakis A, Vojtesek B, Fåhraeus R, Zoumpourlis V, Karakostis K. Targeting Oncogenic Pathways in the Era of Personalized Oncology: A Systemic Analysis Reveals Highly Mutated Signaling Pathways in Cancer Patients and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030664. [PMID: 35158934 PMCID: PMC8833388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. One of the main hallmarks in cancer is the functional deregulation of crucial molecular pathways via driver genetic events that lead to abnormal gene expression, giving cells a selective growth advantage. Driver events are defined as mutations, fusions and copy number alterations that are causally implicated in oncogenesis. Molecular analysis on tissues that have originated from a wide range of anatomical areas has shown that mutations in different members of several pathways are implicated in different cancer types. In recent decades, significant efforts have been made to incorporate this knowledge into daily medical practice, providing substantial insight towards clinical diagnosis and personalized therapies. However, since there is still a strong need for more effective drug development, a deep understanding of the involved signaling mechanisms and the interconnections between these pathways is highly anticipated. Here, we perform a systemic analysis on cancer patients included in the Pan-Cancer Atlas project, with the aim to select the ten most highly mutated signaling pathways (p53, RTK-RAS, lipids metabolism, PI-3-Kinase/Akt, ubiquitination, b-catenin/Wnt, Notch, cell cycle, homology directed repair (HDR) and splicing) and to provide a detailed description of each pathway, along with the corresponding therapeutic applications currently being developed or applied. The ultimate scope is to review the current knowledge on highly mutated pathways and to address the attractive perspectives arising from ongoing experimental studies for the clinical implementation of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Karagiannakos
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Antonis Tsintarakis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (R.F.)
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.V.); (R.F.)
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, 80-822 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Karakostis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.K.); (M.A.); (A.T.)
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (K.K.)
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27
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Chiang CLL, Rovelli R, Sarivalasis A, Kandalaft LE. Integrating Cancer Vaccines in the Standard-of-Care of Ovarian Cancer: Translating Preclinical Models to Human. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184553. [PMID: 34572778 PMCID: PMC8469371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The overall survival of ovarian cancer (OC) remains poor for most patients. Despite incorporation of novel therapeutic agents such as bevacizumab and PARP inhibitors to OC standard-of-care, efficacy is only observed in a subset of patients. Cancer vaccination has demonstrated effectiveness in OC patients and could be considered for potential incorporation into OC standard-of-care. This review provides an overview of the different types of cancer vaccination strategies and discusses the use of murine OC tumor models to evaluate combinatorial regimens comprising cancer vaccines and OC standard-of-care. Abstract As the majority of ovarian cancer (OC) patients are diagnosed with metastatic disease, less than 40% will survive past 5 years after diagnosis. OC is characterized by a succession of remissions and recurrences. The most promising time point for immunotherapeutic interventions in OC is following debulking surgery. Accumulating evidence shows that T cells are important in OC; thus, cancer vaccines capable of eliciting antitumor T cells will be effective in OC treatment. In this review, we discuss different cancer vaccines and propose strategies for their incorporation into the OC standard-of-care regimens. Using the murine ID8 ovarian tumor model, we provide evidence that a cancer vaccine can be effectively combined with OC standard-of-care to achieve greater overall efficacy. We demonstrate several important similarities between the ID8 model and OC patients, in terms of response to immunotherapies, and the ID8 model can be an important tool for evaluating combinatorial regimens and clinical trial designs in OC. Other emerging models, including patient-derived xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models, are continuing to improve and can be useful for evaluating cancer vaccination therapies in the near future. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the completed and current clinical trials evaluating cancer vaccines in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.S.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (C.L.-L.C.); (L.E.K.)
| | - Raphaël Rovelli
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.S.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Apostolos Sarivalasis
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Lana E. Kandalaft
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.R.); (A.S.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (C.L.-L.C.); (L.E.K.)
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28
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Wang L, Li R, Song C, Chen Y, Long H, Yang L. Small-Molecule Anti-Cancer Drugs From 2016 to 2020: Synthesis and Clinical Application. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors have become a significant public health problem that severely threatens human health. Drug-targeting therapy is essential for tumor therapy, along with surgery and radiotherapy. Of the 378 novel drugs approved over the past five years, those for oncological therapy remains at the top (25%). These drugs are used to treat patients with various cancers by acting on corresponding targets, such as EGFR, JAK, BTK, IDH, and FLT3. This review examines anti-tumor agents approved between 2016 and 2020, classifying them according to indication (such as lung cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, and myeloma). These drugs are reviewed according to their route of administration, first-in-class designation, approval dates, and expedited review categories. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the targets and modes of action of the approved anti-tumor drugs while systematically discussing their synthetic routes for medicinal chemistry or industrial use, which will benefit next-generation drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Li
- Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Song
- Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiyue Long
- The Air Force Hospital of Western Theater command
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29
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Chai XY, Xu HB, Dong L. Cascade Reaction to Selectively Synthesize Multifunctional Indole Derivatives by Ir III -Catalyzed C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:13123-13127. [PMID: 34369008 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An effective and condition-controlled way to synthesize with high selectivity a variety of functionalized indoles with potent biological properties has been developed. Notably, 2,4-dialkynyl indole products were obtained by direct double C-H bond alkynylation, whereas alkynyl at the C4 position could convert to carbonyl to generate 2-alkynyl-3,4-diacetyl indoles fast and effectively. Additionally, a one-pot relay catalytic reaction led to 2,5-di-alkynyl-3,4-diacetyl indoles when using a carbonyl group as the directing group and by controlling the type and quantity of additives. A possible mechanism was proposed based on many studies including deuterium-exchange experiments, the necessary conditions of product conversion, and the effect of water on the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Chai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Bei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and, Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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30
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Sharma S, Deep A, Sharma AK. Current Treatment for Cervical Cancer: An Update. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1768-1779. [PMID: 32091347 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200224093301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading gynecologic health problem which is considered as the 4th most widespread tumour in women. The prevalence of this fatal ailment is emerging gradually across the globe as about 18.1 million new cancer cases have been reported in 2018. The predominance of cervical cancer has been significantly found in low and middle-income countries as cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality, conversely, there are no effective screening systems available. This mortal state is certainly influenced by exposure of human papillomavirus, dysregulation of caspase enzyme, elevated expression of Inhibitor Apoptotic Protein (IAP), overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF), active/passive smoking, and dysfunction of the immune system. Generally, the clinical trial on pipeline drugs leads to the development of some promising new therapies that are more effective than standard approaches and often unavailable outside of the clinical setting. Indeed, several biological interventions that can modulate the pathological cascade of cervical cancer are still under investigation. Thus, there is a need to further summarise the promising therapies for cervical cancer as we have accomplished in HER2-positive breast cancer by targeting HER2 therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma. The present report revealed the pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamics aspects of various pipeline drugs that are promising for the treatment of cervical cancer. Moreover, the study revealed the possible mechanism, adverse drug reaction, combined therapy and pleiotropic action of these under investigational drugs, which can further improve the therapeutic efficacy and restrict the imaginable harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sombeer Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani-127021, Haryana, India
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Haryana-122413, India
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31
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Liang X, Wu P, Yang Q, Xie Y, He C, Yin L, Yin Z, Yue G, Zou Y, Li L, Song X, Lv C, Zhang W, Jing B. An update of new small-molecule anticancer drugs approved from 2015 to 2020. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113473. [PMID: 33906047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A high incidence of cancer has given rise to the development of more anti-tumor drugs. From 2015 to 2020, fifty-six new small-molecule anticancer drugs, divided into ten categories according to their anti-tumor target activities, have been approved. These include TKIs (30 drugs), MAPK inhibitors (3 drugs), CDK inhibitors (3 drugs), PARP inhibitors (3 drugs), PI3K inhibitors (3 drugs), SMO receptor antagonists (2 drugs), AR antagonists (2 drugs), SSTR inhibitors (2 drugs), IDH inhibitors (2 drugs) and others (6 drugs). Among them, PTK inhibitors (30/56) have led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment with less toxicity and more potency. Each of their structures, approval statuses, applications, SAR analyses, and original research synthesis routes have been summarized, giving us a more comprehensive map for further efforts to design more specific targeted agents for reducing cancer in the future. We believe this review will help further research of potential antitumor agents in clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
| | - Pan Wu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yunyu Xie
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
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Puentes LN, Lengyel-Zhand Z, Reilly SW, Mach RH. Evaluation of a Low-Toxicity PARP Inhibitor as a Neuroprotective Agent for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3641-3652. [PMID: 33788167 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing PARP-1 inhibitors (PARPi) for non-oncological applications offers an attractive therapeutic strategy for pathological conditions characterized by PARP-1 hyperactivity. In the context of Parkinson's disease (PD), PARP-1 hyperactivity has been linked to neuronal death and disease progression. From a therapy perspective, the evaluation of PARPi as neuroprotective agents may offer a new therapeutic alternative for neurodegenerative disorders. An ideal PARPi needs to inhibit PARP-1 hyperactivity while also limiting downstream DNA damage and cellular toxicity-an effect that is attractive in cancer but far from ideal in neurological disease applications. Consequently, in this study, we set out to evaluate the neuroprotective properties of a previously reported low-toxicity PARPi (10e) using in vitro neuronal models of PD. 10e is a structural analogue of FDA-approved PARPi olaparib, with high PARP-1 affinity and selectivity. Our studies revealed that 10e protects neuronal cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage. In addition, 10e exhibits neuroprotective properties against α-synuclein pre-formed fibrils (αSyn PFF) mediated effects, including reduction in the levels of phosphorylated αSyn and protection against abnormal changes in NAD+ levels. Our in vitro studies with 10e provide support for repurposing high-affinity and low-toxicity PARPi for neurological applications and lay the groundwork for long-term therapeutic studies in animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Puentes
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zsofia Lengyel-Zhand
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sean W Reilly
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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33
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Wang L, Wang Q, Xu Y, Cui M, Han L. Advances in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Using PARP Inhibitors and the Underlying Mechanism of Resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:167-178. [PMID: 31553293 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190925123507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The standard treatment for advanced ovarian cancer is cytoreductive surgery followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, it has high risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. Poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors selectively target DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in tumor cells that cannot be repaired and induce the synthetic lethality of BRCA1/2 mutation cancers. PARP inhibitors are clinically used to treat recurrent ovarian cancer and show significant efficacy in ovarian cancer patients with homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway defects. PARP inhibitors also have significant clinical benefits in patients without HR defects. With the increasingly extensive clinical application of PARP inhibitors, the possibility of acquiring drug resistance is high. Therefore, clinical strategies should be adopted to manage drug resistance of PARP inhibitors. This study aims to summarize the indications and toxicity of PARP inhibitors, the mechanism of action, targeted treatment of drug resistance, and potential methods to manage drug-resistant diseases. We used the term "ovarian cancer" and the names of each PARP inhibitor as keywords to search articles published in the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) on Pubmed, along with the keywords "clinicaltrials.gov" and "google.com/patents" as well as "uspto.gov." The FDA has approved olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib for the treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Talazoparib and veliparib are currently in early trials and show promising clinical results. The mechanism underlying resistance to PARP inhibitors and the clinical strategies to overcome them remain unclear. Understanding the mechanism of resistance to PARP inhibitors and their relationship with platinum resistance may help with the development of antiresistance therapies and optimization of the sequence of drug application in the future clinical treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liying Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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34
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Targeted therapy clinical trials in ovarian cancer: improved outcomes by gene mutation screening. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 31:101-109. [PMID: 31743133 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common and leading cause of death for gynaecologic cancer in the western world. Current standard treatments with limited selection of chemotherapies cannot meet patients' urgent needs. Novel targeted therapies may improve patients' survival rate with less side effects that have been demonstrated by using approved medicines such as poly ADP-ribose polymerase and angiogenesis inhibitors. Many classes of targeted therapies impacting cell signalling pathways related to ovarian cancer tumorigenesis have been investigated in clinical trial studies. Gene mutation screening is a powerful tool for improvement of success rate of the trials for better patient selection and interpretation of clinical outcomes. Increasing number of patients are being screened for genetic alterations particularly in 'basket' trials that are offering new, genetic-oriented therapies to patients. Thus, in this review, we have searched databases of Pubmed and Clinicaltrials.gov for the past and current phase III and selected phase II ovarian cancer clinical trials with focus on gene profiling. Lessons from both successful and failed trials and implications of ongoing trials are discussed.
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35
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Rayadurgam J, Sana S, Sasikumar M, Gu Q. Palladium catalyzed C–C and C–N bond forming reactions: an update on the synthesis of pharmaceuticals from 2015–2020. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most prominent and promising catalysts in organic synthesis for the requisite construction of C–C and C–N bonds are palladium (Pd) catalysts, which play a pivotal role in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandra Rayadurgam
- Research Center for Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Sravani Sana
- Alder Research Chemicals Private Limited
- CSIR-IICT
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - M. Sasikumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Tirupati
- India
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
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36
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Wang S, Yu B, Liu HM. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Intramolecular C(sp2)–H Arylation of Tryptamines Using the Nonsteric NH2 as a Directing Group. Org Lett 2020; 23:42-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sixi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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37
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Chen Z, Ling K, Zhu Y, Deng L, Li Y, Liang Z. Rucaparib antagonize multidrug resistance in cervical cancer cells through blocking the function of ABC transporters. Gene 2020; 759:145000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Taylor SJ, Arends MJ, Langdon SP. Inhibitors of the Fanconi anaemia pathway as potential antitumour agents for ovarian cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:26-52. [PMID: 36046263 PMCID: PMC9400734 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anaemia (FA) pathway is an important mechanism for cellular DNA damage repair, which functions to remove toxic DNA interstrand crosslinks. This is particularly relevant in the context of ovarian and other cancers which rely extensively on interstrand cross-link generating platinum chemotherapy as standard of care treatment. These cancers often respond well to initial treatment, but reoccur with resistant disease and upregulation of DNA damage repair pathways. The FA pathway is therefore of great interest as a target for therapies that aim to improve the efficacy of platinum chemotherapies, and reverse tumour resistance to these. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanism of interstrand cross-link repair by the FA pathway, and the potential of the component parts as targets for therapeutic agents. We then focus on the current state of play of inhibitor development, covering both the characterisation of broad spectrum inhibitors and high throughput screening approaches to identify novel small molecule inhibitors. We also consider synthetic lethality between the FA pathway and other DNA damage repair pathways as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Edinburgh Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
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Pagliuca M, Buonerba C, Fizazi K, Di Lorenzo G. The Evolving Systemic Treatment Landscape for Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer. Drugs 2019; 79:381-400. [PMID: 30742279 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-1060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a major health issue in developed countries, with, on the one hand, men suffering from sequelae related to unnecessary treatment of non-lethal PC, and, on the other hand, still dying because of advanced PC that progresses to castration-resistant disease. Systemic treatment is the mainstay of therapy of castration-resistant PC (CRPC). To date, a multitude of systemic agents have been tested and many of these have failed to provide a clinically meaningful benefit in CRPC, while others have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and/or the European Medicines Agency, including antiandrogen hormonal drugs (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide), chemotherapy (docetaxel and cabazitaxel), immunotherapy (Sipuleucel-T), and radiopharmaceutical (Radium-223) agents. In this review, systemic treatments regarded as most likely to have an impact in clinical practice are presented and discussed. In addition to the pivotal clinical studies, selected retrospective and non-randomized clinical trials are also discussed if deemed to have an impact on clinical practice or future research. A comprehensive appraisal of the expanding landscape of systemic therapies for advanced PC is provided from an expert perspective, with a focus on novel classification and diagnostic tools that have been paving the way for the development of precision medicine in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pagliuca
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Buonerba
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Experimental Zoo-prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Karim Fizazi
- Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Lorenzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
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40
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Kurian AW, Ward KC, Howlader N, Deapen D, Hamilton AS, Mariotto A, Miller D, Penberthy LS, Katz SJ. Genetic Testing and Results in a Population-Based Cohort of Breast Cancer Patients and Ovarian Cancer Patients. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1305-1315. [PMID: 30964716 PMCID: PMC6524988 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic testing for cancer risk has expanded rapidly. We examined clinical genetic testing and results among population-based patients with breast and ovarian cancer. METHODS The study included all women 20 years of age or older diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer in California and Georgia between 2013 and 2014 and reported to the SEER registries covering the entire state populations. SEER data were linked to results from four laboratories that performed nearly all germline cancer genetic testing. Testing use and results were analyzed at the gene level. RESULTS There were 77,085 patients with breast cancer and 6,001 with ovarian cancer. Nearly one quarter of those with breast cancer (24.1%) and one third of those with ovarian cancer (30.9%) had genetic test results. Among patients with ovarian cancer, testing was lower in blacks (21.6%; 95% CI, 18.1% to 25.4%; v whites, 33.8%; 95% CI, 32.3% to 35.3%) and uninsured patients (20.8%; 95% CI, 15.5% to 26.9%; v insured patients, 35.3%; 95% CI, 33.8% to 36.9%). Prevalent pathogenic variants in patients with breast cancer were BRCA1 (3.2%), BRCA2 (3.1%), CHEK 2 (1.6%), PALB2 (1.0%), ATM (0.7%), and NBN (0.4%); in patients with ovarian cancer, prevalent pathogenic variants were BRCA1 (8.7%), BRCA2 (5.8%), CHEK2 (1.4%), BRIP1 (0.9%), MSH2 (0.8%), and ATM (0.6%). Racial/ethnic differences in pathogenic variants included BRCA1 (ovarian cancer: whites, 7.2%; 95% CI, 5.9% to 8.8%; v Hispanics, 16.1%; 95% CI, 11.8% to 21.2%) and CHEK2 (breast cancer: whites, 2.3%; 95% CI, 1.8% to 2.8%; v blacks, 0.1%; 95% CI, 0% to 0.8%). When tested for all genes that current guidelines designate as associated with their cancer type, 7.8% of patients with breast cancer and 14.5% of patients with ovarian cancer had pathogenic variants. CONCLUSION Clinically-tested patients with breast and ovarian cancer in two large, diverse states had 8% to 15% prevalence of actionable pathogenic variants. Substantial testing gaps and disparities among patients with ovarian cancer are targets for improvement.
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Jiang X, Li W, Li X, Bai H, Zhang Z. Current status and future prospects of PARP inhibitor clinical trials in ovarian cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:4371-4390. [PMID: 31191001 PMCID: PMC6519338 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s200524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are a class of targeted agents for the treatment of solid tumors. Concurrent PARP inhibition in Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene (BRCA)-mutated or homologous recombination-deficient tumor cells can induce “synthetic lethality”, which targets two DNA repair pathways and induces serious cytotoxicity to tumor cells without damaging normal cells. Currently, PARP inhibitors such as olaparib, rucaparib and niraparib, which improve progression-free survival, particularly in patients harboring BRCA mutations, are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicine Agency (EMA) for the treatment of ovarian cancers. Based on the results of different clinical trials, the indications for these drugs are slightly different. PARP inhibitors have been studied both as single agents and in combination with chemotherapy, antiangiogenic agents, and ionizing radiation. This review summarizes the critical clinical trials of PARP inhibitors that have been completed, provides an overview of the ongoing trials, presents the confirmed conclusions and notes the issues that need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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42
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Sheikhi M, Shahab S, Khaleghian M, Ahmadianarog M, Azarakhshi F, Kumar R. Investigation of the Adsorption Rubraca Anticancer Drug on the CNT(4,4-8) Nanotube as a Factor of Drug Delivery: A Theoretical Study Based on DFT Method. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:473-486. [PMID: 31057107 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190506143152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, the interaction between new drug Rubraca and CNT(4,4-8) nanotube by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations in an aqueous medium for first time have been investigated. METHOD AND RESULTS According to calculations, the intermolecular hydrogen bonds take place between active positions of the molecule Rubraca and hydrogen atoms of the nanotube that plays an important role in the stability of the complex CNT(4,4- 8)/Rubraca. The non-bonded interaction effects of the molecule Rubraca with CNT(4,4- 8) nanotube on the electronic properties, chemical shift tensors and natural charge have been also detected. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis suggested that the molecule Rubraca as an electron donor and the CNT(4,4-8) nanotube plays the role an electron acceptor at the complex CNT(4,4-8)/Rubraca. The electronic spectra of the Rubraca drug and the complex CNT(4,4-8)/Rubraca were also calculated by Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) for the investigation of adsorption effect of the Rubraca drug over nanotube. CONCLUSION The use of CNT(4,4-8) nanotube for Rubraca delivery to the diseased cells have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoome Sheikhi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Siyamak Shahab
- Institute of Physical Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus,13 Surganov Str, Minsk 220072, Belarus.,Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 36 Skarina Str., Minsk 220141, Belarus.,Belarusian State University, ISEI BSU, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Mehrnoosh Khaleghian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Mahin Ahmadianarog
- Department of Chemistry, Malekan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malekan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azarakhshi
- Department of Chemistry, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, DAV University, Jalandhar - 144012 (Punjab), India
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43
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Jain PG, Patel BD. Medicinal chemistry approaches of poly ADP-Ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitors as anticancer agents - A recent update. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:198-215. [PMID: 30684797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 (PARP1) is a member of 17 membered PARP family having diversified biological functions such as synthetic lethality, DNA repair, apoptosis, necrosis, histone binding etc. It is primarily a chromatin-bound nuclear enzyme that gets activated by DNA damage. It binds to DNA signal- and double-strand breaks, does parylation of target proteins (using NAD+ as a substrate) like histones and other DNA repair proteins and modifies them as a part of DNA repair mechanism. Inhibition of PARP1 prevents the DNA repair and leads to cell death. Clinically, PARP1 Inhibitors have shown their potential in treating BRCAm breast and ovarian cancers and trials are going on for the treatment of other solid tumors like pancreatic, prostate, colorectal etc. as a single agent or in combination. There are currently three FDA approved PARP1 inhibitors namely Olaparib, Rucaparib and Niraparib in the market while Veliparib and Talazoparib are in the late stage of clinical development. All these molecules are nonselective PARP1 inhibitors with concurrent inhibition of PARP2 with similar potency. In addition, resistance to marketed PARP1 inhibitors has been reported. Overall, looking at the success rate of PARP1 inhibitors into various solid tumors, there is an urge of a novel and selective PARP1 inhibitors. This review provides an update on various newer heterocyclic PARP1 inhibitors reported in last three years along with their structural design strategies. We classified them into two main chemical classes; NAD analogues and non-NAD analogues and discussed the medicinal chemistry approaches of each class. To understand the structural features required for in-silico designing of next-generation PARP1 inhibitors, we also reported the crucial amino acid interactions of these inhibitors at the target site. Thus, present review provides the insight on recent development on new lead structures as PARP1 inhibitors, their SAR, an overview of in-vitro and in-vivo screening methods, current challenges and opinion on future designing of more selective and safe PARP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyancy G Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Bhumika D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
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Zhang S, Chao HH, Wang X, Zhang Z, Lee EYC, Lee MYWT. Loss of the p12 subunit of DNA polymerase delta leads to a defect in HR and sensitization to PARP inhibitors. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 73:64-70. [PMID: 30470508 PMCID: PMC6312503 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human DNA polymerase δ is normally present in unstressed, non-dividing cells as a heterotetramer (Pol δ4). Its smallest subunit, p12, is transiently degraded in response to UV damage, as well as during the entry into S-phase, resulting in the conversion of Pol δ4 to a trimer (Pol δ3). In order to further understand the specific cellular roles of these two forms of Pol δ, the gene (POLD4) encoding p12 was disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9 to produce p12 knockout (p12KO) cells. Thus, Pol δ4 is absent in p12KO cells, leaving Pol δ3 as the sole source of Pol δ activity. GFP reporter assays revealed that the p12KO cells exhibited a defect in homologous recombination (HR) repair, indicating that Pol δ4, but not Pol δ3, is required for HR. Expression of Flag-tagged p12 in p12KO cells to restore Pol δ4 alleviated the HR defect. These results establish a specific requirement for Pol δ4 in HR repair. This leads to the prediction that p12KO cells should be more sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents, and should exhibit synthetic lethal killing by PARP inhibitors. These predictions were confirmed by clonogenic cell survival assays of p12KO cells treated with cisplatin and mitomycin C, and with the PARP inhibitors Olaparib, Talazoparib, Rucaparib, and Niraparib. The sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in H1299-p12KO cells was alleviated by expression of Flag-p12. These findings have clinical significance, as the expression levels of p12 could be a predictive biomarker of tumor response to PARP inhibitors. In addition, small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are known to exhibit a defect in p12 expression. Analysis of several SCLC cell lines showed that they exhibit hypersensitivity to PARP inhibitors, providing evidence that loss of p12 expression could represent a novel molecular basis for HR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Hsiao Hsiang Chao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Ernest Y C Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States
| | - Marietta Y W T Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
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Mishra B, Zhang S, Zhao H, Darzynkiewicz Z, Lee EY, Lee MY, Zhang Z. Discovery of a novel DNA polymerase inhibitor and characterization of its antiproliferative properties. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:474-486. [PMID: 30427259 PMCID: PMC6422523 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal duplication is targeted by various chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. However, there is no specific inhibitor of DNA polymerases that is viable for cancer management. Through structure-based in silico screening of the ZINC database, we identified a specific inhibitor of DNA polymerase δ. The discovered inhibitor, Zelpolib, is projected to bind to the active site of Pol δ when it is actively engaged in DNA replication through interactions with DNA template and primer. Zelpolib shows robust inhibition of Pol δ activity in reconstituted DNA replication assays. Under cellular conditions, Zelpolib is taken up readily by cancer cells and inhibits DNA replication in assays to assess global DNA synthesis or single-molecule bases by DNA fiber fluorography. In addition, we show that Zelpolib displays superior antiproliferative properties to methotrexate, 5-flourouracil, and cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer cell line, pancreatic cancer cell line and platinum-resistant pancreatic cancer cell line. Pol δ is not only involved in DNA replication, it is also a key component in many DNA repair pathways. Pol δ is the key enzyme responsible for D-loop extension during homologous recombination. Indeed, Zelpolib shows robust inhibition of homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and induces "BRCAness" in HR-proficient cancer cells and enhances their sensitivity to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanvi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Ernest Y.C. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Dal Molin GZ, Omatsu K, Sood AK, Coleman RL. Rucaparib in ovarian cancer: an update on safety, efficacy and place in therapy. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918778483. [PMID: 29977351 PMCID: PMC6024342 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918778483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rucaparib is a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor and potent inhibitor of PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3 enzymes. Phase II and III trials have documented that rucaparib has single-agent antitumor activity in patients with high-grade ovarian carcinoma, with both BRCA-mutated (germline and somatic) and with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Rucaparib as a maintenance treatment showed increased progression-free survival in patients with ovarian carcinoma who achieved a response to platinum-based chemotherapy, with an acceptable safety profile. The approval of this drug, along with the companion diagnostic FoundationFocus CDxBRCA test represents an important new therapeutic option in the treatment of ovarian cancer. This article reviews the mechanisms of action, safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and indications for use of rucaparib as well as future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Z Dal Molin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kohei Omatsu
- Department of Gynecology, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler Drive, CPB 6.3590, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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The germline mutational landscape of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Brazil. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9188. [PMID: 29907814 PMCID: PMC6003960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 is essential to the formulation of clinical management strategies, and in Brazil, there is limited access to these services, mainly due to the costs/availability of genetic testing. Aiming at the identification of recurrent mutations that could be included in a low-cost mutation panel, used as a first screening approach, we compiled the testing reports of 649 probands with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants referred to 28 public and private health care centers distributed across 11 Brazilian States. Overall, 126 and 103 distinct mutations were identified in BRCA1 and BRCA2, respectively. Twenty-six novel variants were reported from both genes, and BRCA2 showed higher mutational heterogeneity. Some recurrent mutations were reported exclusively in certain geographic regions, suggesting a founder effect. Our findings confirm that there is significant molecular heterogeneity in these genes among Brazilian carriers, while also suggesting that this heterogeneity precludes the use of screening protocols that include recurrent mutation testing only. This is the first study to show that profiles of recurrent mutations may be unique to different Brazilian regions. These data should be explored in larger regional cohorts to determine if screening with a panel of recurrent mutations would be effective.
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Pignata S, C Cecere S, Du Bois A, Harter P, Heitz F. Treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:viii51-viii56. [PMID: 29232464 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite optimal surgery and appropriate first-line chemotherapy, ∼70%-80% of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer will develop disease relapse. The same modalities as used primarily are available for treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC). The rationale for repetitive surgery in ROC was based on a stable body of retrospective data; however, prospective data were missing. Now, preliminary data from the prospective AGO-DESKTOP III give evidence that surgery for ROC seems to be of benefit for selected patients with platinum-sensitive relapse undergoing complete resection. With respect to systemic therapy, tumor histology, BRCA status, the platinum-free interval (PFI) and previous treatment with bevacizumab (anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody) are considered the most important features that influence treatment choice in ROC. In patients with resistant or refractory relapse (PFI < 6 months), monotherapy with a non-platinum drug or participation in clinical trials is indicated. The association of non-platinum monotherapy with bevacizumab, followed by maintenance has been approved in this setting in some European countries due to PFS benefit. In patients with partially sensitive relapse (PFI between 6 and 12 months), two options are available: platinum doublets or non-platinum therapy (single agent or combination). The pegylated liposomal doxorubicin/trabectedin combination represents a viable alternative in patients that cannot receive platinum. In platinum-sensitive patients, treatment with platinum-based combinations is associated with PFS advantage compared with single agents or non-platinum combinations. The presence of germline or somatic BRCA mutations allows platinum-responsive patients to optimize chemotherapy efficacy and prolonging PFS by the use of olaparib (PARP inhibitor) given as maintenance therapy until progression. In patients not pretreated with bevacizumab in first line, the carboplatin/gemcitabine/bevacizumab combination, followed by maintenance is a viable alternative in platinum-sensitive patients (PFI> 6 months). The integration of surgery, with a 'personalized' approach by the use of antiangiogenic agent and of PARP inhibitors is affecting survival of patients with recurrent disease and will help epithelial ovarian cancer to become a chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pignata
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale," Naples, Italy
| | - S C Cecere
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale," Naples, Italy
| | - A Du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - P Harter
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - F Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
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Ji M, Wang L, Xue N, Lai F, Zhang S, Jin J, Chen X. The Development of a Biotinylated NAD +-Applied Human Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 3 (PARP3) Enzymatic Assay. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:545-553. [PMID: 29676938 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218767843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3 (PARP3) is an important member of the PARP family and shares high structural similarities with both PARP1 and PARP2. The biological roles of PARP3 are currently under investigation; however, several key reports indicate the integral roles of PARP3 in DNA damage repair, and thus it has been investigated as a novel target in oncology. It is clear that the identification of selective PARP3 inhibitors would further advance the understanding of the biological roles of PARP3. Herein, we describe a modified PARP3 screening assay using biotinylated NAD+ as the specialized substrate. This method relies on the activity of PARP3 to transfer the biotinylated NAD+ onto a histone protein to form ADP-ribosylated histone. The biotin label on this histone protein is then detected and quantifies the intrinsic enzymatic activity of PARP3. We optimized the assay with respect to the histone, NAD+/biotinylated NAD+ mixture, DNA, and PARP3. Our developed screening system was then validated with a reported selective PARP3 inhibitor, ME0328, as well as utilizing five other clinically available PARP1/2 inhibitors. We demonstrated that our assay system was sensitive, efficient, and economical, and we reason that it could be useful for the development of highly selective PARP3 inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ji
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nina Xue
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Lai
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,2 Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The single agent activity of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) in germline BRCA mutated (gBRCAm) breast and ovarian cancer suggests untapped potential for this new class of drug in breast cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved three PARPi (olaparib, rucaparib, and niraparib) so far to treat certain ovarian cancers, including those with gBRCAm and olaparib for treatment of gBRCAm breast cancers. Several PARPi are now under clinical development for breast cancer in the various treatment settings. Recently, two phase III trials of olaparib (OlympiaD) and talazoparib (EMBRACA) demonstrated 3-month progression-free survival improvement with PARPi compared to physician's choice single agent chemotherapy in metastatic gBRCAm breast cancer. To date, PARPi seems less efficacious in metastatic breast cancer patients than those with BRCA mutated platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer, perhaps reflecting the biologic heterogeneity and low somatic BRCA mutation rate in breast cancer. The use of PARPi is gradually evolving, including combination strategies with chemotherapy, targeted agents, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy in women with and without gBRCAm. The role of predictive biomarkers, including molecular signatures and homologous recombination repair deficiency scores based on loss of heterozygosity and other structural genomic aberrations, will be crucial to identify a subgroup of patients who may have benefit from PARPi. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying PARPi clinical resistance will also be important to enable the development of new approaches to increase efficacy. This is a field rich in opportunity, and the coming years should see a better understanding of which breast cancer patients we should treat with PARPi and where these agents should come in over the course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Zimmer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Dr. MSC1906 Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1906, USA.
| | - Mitchell Gillard
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road Stony Brook, Bethesda, NY, 11794-8434, USA
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Dr. MSC1906 Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1906, USA
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Dr. MSC1906 Building 10, Room 4B54, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1906, USA
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