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Oliaie SS, Safakish M, Roudsari RV, Mahboubi-Rabbani M, Hajimahdi Z, Zarghi A. Design, Synthesis, Docking Studies, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 2-Hydroxyacetophenone Derivatives as Anti-HIV-1 Agents. Curr HIV Res 2023; 21:290-300. [PMID: 37990893 DOI: 10.2174/011570162x261377231107110447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of HIV mutations and the existence of multidrug resistance have produced an opportunity for an array of innovative anti-HIV medicines with a variety of structures that target HIV key enzymes. OBJECTIVE The goal of this work was to find a new class of anti-HIV drugs founded on HIV integrase inhibitor pharmacophores. METHODS A novel class of 2-hydroxy acetophenone analogs featuring substituted benzamide or N-phenylthiourea groups was designed and synthesized based on the general pharmacophore of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors (INs). RESULTS Most of the synthesized analogs were found to be moderately active against the virus, with EC50 values ranging from 40 to 140 μM. Additionally, it was found that most of the compounds presented no considerable cytotoxicity (CC50 > 500 μΜ). The most potent compounds substituting with 4-fluorobenzamide (compound 7) and 4-methylbenzamide (compound 9) rings inhibited the HIV-1 replication by EC50 values of 40 and 45 μΜ, respectively. Docking studies using the crystallographic data available for PFV IN indicated that the Mg2+ coordination might be the possible mechanism of the anti-viral activity. CONCLUSION Our findings proved that the synthesized analogs may suggest a very good basis for the development of new anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Sooreni Oliaie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Safakish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Vahabpour Roudsari
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahboubi-Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajimahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Torres-Fernandez D, Jiménez de Ory S, Fortuny C, Sainz T, Falcón D, Bernal E, Jiménez MC, Vilasaró MN, Epalza C, Navarro M, Ramos JT, Holguín Á, Prieto L. Integrase inhibitors in children and adolescents: clinical use and resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2784-2792. [PMID: 35971971 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although integrase inhibitor (INI)-based regimens are now the first-line choice for all people living with HIV, experience among children and adolescents is still scarce. We describe the characteristics and outcomes of a paediatric/adolescent cohort on INI-based ART. METHODS Retrospective analysis of HIV-infected patients below 18 years of age who started an INI-based regimen from 2007 to 2019, enrolled in the Spanish National Adult (CoRIS) and Paediatric (CoRISpe) cohorts. Resistance mutations were identified by the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. RESULTS Overall, 318 INI-based regimens were implemented in 288 patients [53.8% female; median age at start of 14.3 years (IQR 12.0-16.3)]. Most were born in Spain (69.1%), vertically infected (87.7%) and treatment-experienced (92.7%). The most frequently prescribed INI was dolutegravir (134; 42.1%), followed by raltegravir (110; 34.6%) and elvitegravir (73; 23.0%). The median exposure was 2.0 years (IQR 1.1-3.0). The main reasons to start an INI-based therapy were treatment simplification (54.4%) and virological failure (34.3%). In total, 103 (32.4%) patients interrupted their regimen: 14.5% for simplification and 8.5% due to virological failure. Most subjects who received dolutegravir (85.8%) and elvitegravir (83.6%) did not interrupt their regimen and maintained undetectable viral load. There were only five virological failures with dolutegravir and three with elvitegravir. There were no interruptions related to adverse events. Seven patients with virological failure presented major resistance mutations to INIs; none of them were on dolutegravir. CONCLUSIONS INI-based regimens were effective and safe for HIV treatment in children and adolescents. Dolutegravir and elvitegravir presented an excellent profile, and most patients achieved and maintained viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Torres-Fernandez
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación imas12, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Jiménez de Ory
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Fortuny
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP)
| | - Talía Sainz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP).,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario La Paz and La Paz Hospital Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Falcón
- Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP).,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology and Immunodeficiency, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique Bernal
- Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Epalza
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación imas12, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP)
| | - Marisa Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IisGM), Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP).,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tomás Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP).,Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - África Holguín
- Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP).,HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Prieto
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación imas12, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Traslacional en Infectología Pediátrica (RITIP)
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Emiliozzi A, Ciccullo A, Borghetti A, Picarelli C, Farinacci D, Baldin G, Di Giambenedetto S. ‘How much raltegravir do you take?’ The answer may not be so obvious: an accidental finding from clinical practice. HIV Med 2020; 21:e1-e2. [DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Emiliozzi
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Rome Italy
| | - Arturo Ciccullo
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Rome Italy
| | - Alberto Borghetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS UOC Malattie Infettive Rome Italy
| | - Chiara Picarelli
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Rome Italy
| | - Damiano Farinacci
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Rome Italy
| | - Gianmaria Baldin
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Rome Italy
| | - Simona Di Giambenedetto
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Rome Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS UOC Malattie Infettive Rome Italy
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Abstract
A once-daily tablet formulation (Isentress® HD; Isentress® 600 mg) of the integrase strand transfer inhibitor raltegravir is now available for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. The 600 mg tablet has improved bioavailability versus the existing twice-daily 400 mg tablet (due, at least in part, to differences in tablet dissolution) and the recommended dosage is 1200 mg (i.e. two 600 mg tablets) once daily. In combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-naïve adults, once-daily raltegravir 1200 mg provided virological suppression non-inferior to that seen with twice-daily raltegravir 400 mg over 48 and 96 weeks in the phase 3 ONCEMRK trial. The once-daily raltegravir regimen was also generally well tolerated in this study, displaying a tolerability profile similar to that of the twice-daily regimen. The once-daily tablet simplifies and improves the convenience of raltegravir regimens, although its impact on adherence has yet to be determined. Thus, once-daily raltegravir tablets are a convenient alternative to twice-daily raltegravir tablets for the treatment of HIV-1, further expanding the therapeutic options available to meet the diverse needs of this patient population.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization identified a need for evidence to inform revision of second- and third-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) options in children failing ART. We performed an in-depth scoping review of all available literature on second-line and subsequent ART regimens in children younger than 18 years. METHODS We comprehensively searched, without language or date limitations, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov. RESULTS The search retrieved 1982 records. Eighteen studies provided efficacy data: 1 randomized controlled trial, 7 phase II trials, 5 prospective and 5 retrospective cohorts. Five studies evaluated regimens in children failing first-line ART, 4 in children with multidrug resistance and 9 in children with variable treatment experience. Only 10/18 studies reported week 48 or month 12 outcomes. The overall proportion of children with virologic suppression defined by study at week 48 was 61.8%. Although the randomized controlled trial had low risk of bias, outcomes were similar between groups because of highly active optimized background regimens. All phase II and prospective studies were judged to have moderate to high risk of bias. No study compared currently recommended lopinavir-based second-line regimens for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor failures to other non-nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens head-to-head. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence comparing current World Health Organization-recommended second- and third-line ART regimens with regimens including drugs of interest: raltegravir, darunavir, etravirine and atazanavir. Randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies with comparator arms, and bridging studies, ideally conducted in resource-limited settings, are required to guide future recommendations.
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Walji AM, Sanchez RI, Clas SD, Nofsinger R, de Lera Ruiz M, Li J, Bennet A, John C, Bennett DJ, Sanders JM, Di Marco CN, Kim SH, Balsells J, Ceglia SS, Dang Q, Manser K, Nissley B, Wai JS, Hafey M, Wang J, Chessen G, Templeton A, Higgins J, Smith R, Wu Y, Grobler J, Coleman PJ. Discovery of MK-8970: An Acetal Carbonate Prodrug of Raltegravir with Enhanced Colonic Absorption. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:245-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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