The humanistic burden of head and neck cancer: a systematic literature review

Quality of life changes over time and predictors in a large head and neck patients' cohort: secondary analysis from an Italian multi-center longitudinal, prospective, observational study-a study of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) head and neck working group

PURPOSE

The present study examined the longitudinal trajectories, through hierarchical modeling, of quality of life among patients with head and neck cancer, specifically symptoms burden, during radiotherapy, and in the follow-up period (1, 3, 6, and 12 months after completion of radiotherapy), through the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory Head and Neck questionnaire, formed by three factors. Furthermore, analyses were conducted controlling for socio-demographic as well as clinical characteristics.

METHODS

Multi-level mixed-effects linear regression was used to estimate the association between quality of life and time, age, gender, household, educational level, employment status, ECOG performance status, human papilloma virus (HPV) status, surgery, chemotherapy, alcohol intake, and smoking.

RESULTS

Among the 166 participants, time resulted to be a predictor of all the three questionnaire factors, namely, general and specific related symptoms and interference with daily life. Moreover, regarding symptom interference with daily activities factor, HPV-positive status played a significant role. Considering only HPV-negative patients, only time predicted patients' quality of life. Differently, among HPV-positive patients, other variables, such as gender, educational level, alcohol use, surgery, age at diagnosis, employment status, and ECOG status, resulted significant.

CONCLUSION

It was evident that quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer declined during RT, whereas it slowly improved after ending treatment. Our results clarified the role of some socio-demographic and clinical variables, for instance, HPV, which would allow to develop treatments tailored to each patient.

Combining Phenotypes of Nucleotide Excision Repair Pathway to Predict the Risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas in a Chinese Population

Background

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is pivotal in the development of smoking-related malignancies. Nine core genes (XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPF, XPG, ERCC1, DDB1, and DDB2) are highly involved in the NER process. We combined two phenotypes of NER pathway (NER protein and NER gene mRNA expression) and evaluated their associations with the risks of the head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) in a Chinese population.

Methods

We conducted a case-control study of 337 HNSCC patients and 285 cancer-free controls by measuring the expression levels of nine core NER proteins and NER gene mRNA in cultured peripheral lymphocytes.

Results

Compared with the controls, cases had statistically significantly lower protein expression levels of XPA (P < 0.001) and lower mRNA expression levels of XPA and XPB (P = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). After dividing the subjects by controls' medians of expression levels, we found an association between increased risks of HNSCCs and low XPA protein level (P_trend = 0.031), as well as low mRNA levels of XPA and XPB (P_trend = 0.024 and 0.001, respectively). Subsequently, we correlated the two phenotypes and found associations between the NER mRNA and protein levels. Finally, the sensitivity of the expanded model with protein and mRNA expression levels, in addition to demographic variables, on HNSCCs risk was significantly improved.

Conclusions

Combining two phenotypes of NER pathway may be more effective than the model only including one single phenotype for the assessment of risks of HNSCCs.

Real-world treatment patterns, cost of care and effectiveness of therapies for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck pre and post approval of immuno-oncology agents

Aims: In 2016, nivolumab and pembrolizumab were approved for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) following progression after initial platinum-based therapy. We sought to explore the uptake, effectiveness, and impact on healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and total costs of care pre and post introduction of immuno-oncology (IO) agents.Materials and Methods: Recurrent/metastatic SCCHN patients were identified from a healthcare claims clearinghouse by selecting patients with a claim for distant metastases or who initiated systemic therapy at least 120 days following discontinuation of platinum-based therapy. Two cohorts were created according to the date of post-platinum therapy (PPT) initiation: pre-IO = 08/01/2014-07/31/2015; post-IO = 08/01/2016-07/31/2017. Treatment patterns and effectiveness (duration of treatment, time to next treatment) during first-line (1 L) PPT, HRU, and costs were compared between propensity-score matched patients from each cohort.Results: Of 716 patients identified (pre-IO = 265, post-IO = 451) 46.3% of post-IO patients received IO post-platinum. In 229 matched patients 20.0% of the post-IO compared to 10.7% of the pre-IO (p=.02) had at least a 6 month duration of 1 L PPT. Inpatient admissions during 1 L PPT: 34.1% post-IO versus 48.0% pre-IO (p= <.01). PPPM total costs of care in 1 L PPT were significantly greater post-IO ($11,535) compared to pre-IO ($9,054, p=.002). Time to next treatment (from 1 L PPT start) was 6.1 months pre-IO versus 7.4 months post-IO (p=.046).Limitations: Recurrent SCCHN patients were identified using a validated claims-based algorithm but misclassification may occur. Requiring patients to have received 1 L PPT the pre-IO cohort may be systematically different that the post-IO cohort as pre-IO patients were more likely to have not received further treatment beyond 1 L PPT.Conclusions: The significant uptake of IO therapy resulted in longer durations of therapy, lower rates of hospitalizations although higher treatment costs. The results suggest IO treatment provides additional clinical benefits to recurrent/metastatic SCCHN patients.

Associations between expression levels of nine core nucleotide excision repair genes in lymphocytes and risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in a Chinese population

BACKGROUND

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are one of the most common cancers in the world, and nucleotide excision repair (NER) is involved in HNSCCs susceptibility. We investigated whether mRNA expression levels of nine core NER genes were associated with risk of HNSCCs in a Chinese population.

METHODS

In this study of 251 HNSCC patients and 232 healthy controls, we quantified NER gene mRNA expression levels in cultured peripheral lymphocytes using a quantitative real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Compared with the controls, HNSCC patients had statistically significantly lower expression levels of XPA and XPB (P = 0.029 and 0.001, respectively). After dividing the subjects by the controls' median values of expression levels, we found a dose-dependent association between an increased risk of HNSCCs and low expression levels of XPB (adjusted OR 1.56 and 95% CI 1.07-2.28; P_trend = 0.001). We also identified a significant multiplicative interaction between smoking status as well as alcohol status and mRNA expression levels of XPB (P = 0.014 and 0.042, respectively). Finally, after integrating demographic variables, we found the addition of smoking status and XPB expression levels to the model significantly improved the sensitivity of the expanded model on HNSCC risk.

CONCLUSION

Reduced mRNA expression levels of XPB were associated with an increased risk of HNSCCs in a Chinese population.

Effectiveness Outcomes in Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Head and Neck Cancers: Retrospective Analysis of Data From a Community Oncology Database

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to provide an understanding of the effectiveness of existing therapies in patients with advanced head and neck cancer (HNC), particularly in clinical practice.

METHODS

Data from the electronic medical records of adult patients diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic (Stage III-IVc) HNC between January 1, 2007, and October 1, 2015, were retrospectively collected from a network of community oncology practices in the United States. Eligible patients experienced disease progression despite having received prior systemic therapy. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were conducted. Patient-reported outcomes were also collected.

FINDINGS

The study included 462 patients (median age 61.0 years; 80.7% male; 77.1% white). Most patients had a history of tobacco use (41.8% current, 41.8% past), and human papillomavirus testing was infrequent overall (11.0%). The median overall duration of follow-up was 16.4 months (range, 2.3-85.2 months). Median PFS values were 8.45 months with first-line treatment and 5.33 months with second-line treatment. PFS with first-line treatment was significantly associated with primary tumor location, performance status, and tobacco use. Performance status was a predictor of PFS in second-line treatment. Median OS values were 21.04 and 9.53 months from the start of the first and second lines of therapy, respectively. Abuse/excessive use of alcohol, older age, and impaired performance status were associated with a significantly increased risk for death in outcomes analyses. Outcomes were worse among patients initially diagnosed with Stage IVc disease versus those who progressed to Stage IVc. Past tobacco use and alcohol abuse were associated with worse patient-reported symptoms such as dry mouth and sore throat (smoking) and trouble swallowing (alcohol).

IMPLICATIONS

This study of data from clinical practice shows that there remains a large unmet need for effective therapeutic options in advanced HNC. Patients' characteristics such as alcohol use and performance status were statistically significant predictors of PFS and OS in Stage III-IVc HNC.

Cyclocommunol induces apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma partially through a Mcl-1-dependent mechanism

BACKGROUND

Crude extract of breadfruit has been reported to have antitumor activity against various cancer cell lines with unknown mechanism.

PURPOSE

This study aims to investigate the proapoptotic effect of cyclocommunol (CYC), a prenylflavonoid from breadfruit, in two oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines, SCC2095 and Ca922.

METHODS

The antiproliferative effects of CYC were assessed by MTT assays and PI/annexin V analysis. SCC2095 cells were transiently transfected with Mcl-1 plasmid in overexpression experiment. Other methods used to investigate the mechanism of CYC included Western blotting, acridine orange staining and confocal microscopic visualization.

RESULTS

Our results showed that CYC suppressed the viability of SCC2095 and Ca922 with IC₅₀ values at 48 h of 4.2 and 5.0 µM, respectively. This decrease in viability occurred in a caspase-dependent apoptotic manner. In addition, CYC down-regulated the phosphorylation/expression of Akt/mTOR and Mcl-1, accompanied by reactive oxygen species generation, and autophagy induction. Notably, overexpression of Mcl-1 using Mcl-1-tag-myc partially rescued CYC-mediated caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and cytotoxicity. In summary, our study demonstrated the proapoptotic activity of CYC on OSCC, partially through down-regulation of Mcl-1.

CONCLUSION

CYC from breadfruit has translational value as a proapoptotic agent for OSCC.

Symptom burden and patient characteristics: Association with quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy

BACKGROUND

Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) experience diminished quality of life (QOL) during and after treatment. This study examined which characteristics were associated with QOL over time.

METHODS

One hundred thirty-three patients with HNC from a study of 534 oncology patients rated physical and mental QOL using the Short Form-12 5 times from the initiation of radiotherapy (RT) through the following 6 months. Linear mixed model analyses examined changes over time and associated characteristics.

RESULTS

The QOL deteriorated during RT and gradually improved after completion. Less social support was negatively associated with both physical and mental QOL. Older age, more comorbidities, more psychological symptoms, and concomitant chemotherapy (CTX) were negatively associated with physical QOL. Male sex, less physical symptoms, surgery before RT, and concomitant chemotherapy were positively associated with mental QOL.

CONCLUSION

Clinicians can use knowledge on time course and associated characteristics to identify and inform patients at higher risk for diminished QOL.

Assessing the Comparability of Paper and Electronic Versions of the EORTC QOL Module for Head and Neck Cancer: A Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments are important tools for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment in clinical trials and clinical practice. In recent years, there have been movements away from traditional pen-and-paper PROs towards electronic administration. When using electronic PROs (ePROs), evidence that respondents complete ePROs in a similar way to their paper counterparts provides assurance that the two modes of administration are comparable or equivalent. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 item (EORTC QLQ-C30) and associated disease-specific modules are among the most widely used PROs in oncology. Although studies have evaluated the comparability and equivalence of electronic and original paper versions of the EORTC QLQ-C30, no such studies have been conducted to date for the head and neck cancer specific module (EORTC QLQ-H&N35).

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to qualitatively assess the comparability of paper and electronic versions of the EORTC QLQ-H&N35.

METHODS

Ten head and neck cancer patients in the United States underwent structured cognitive debriefing and usability interviews. An open randomized crossover design was used in which participants completed the two modes of administration allocated in a randomized order. Using a "think-aloud" process, participants were asked to speak their thoughts aloud while completing the EORTC QLQ-H&N35. They were thoroughly debriefed on their responses to determine consistency in interpretation and cognitive process when completing the instrument in both paper and electronic format.

RESULTS

Participants reported that the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 demonstrated excellent qualitative comparability between modes of administration. The proportion of noncomparable responses (ie, where the thought process used by participants for selecting responses appeared to be different) observed in the study was low (11/350 response pairs [35 items x 10 participants]; 3.1%). Evidence of noncomparability was observed for 9 of the 35 items of the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 and in no more than 2 participants per item. In addition, there were no apparent differences in level of comparability between individual participants or between modes of administration.

CONCLUSIONS

Mode of administration does not affect participants' response to, or interpretation of, items in the EORTC QLQ-H&N35. The findings from this study add to the existing evidence supporting the use of electronic versions of the EORTC instruments when migrated to electronic platforms according to best practice guidelines.

The health professionals' perspectives of support needs of adult head and neck cancer survivors and their families: a Delphi study

PURPOSE

The aim was to identify the views of Australian and New Zealand health professionals regarding the support needs of people with head and neck cancer (HNC) and their families and current gaps in service delivery.

METHODS

A modified Delphi process assessed support needs of people with HNC following acute medical management. A systematic review of the literature was used to develop items relevant to seven key concepts underpinning the psychological experience of living with HNC. A panel of 105 health professionals was invited to participate in two questionnaire rounds.

RESULTS

Of the potential panellists, 50 (48%) completed round 1, and of these, 39 (78%) completed round 2. Following two rounds, there was consensus agreement on the concepts uncertainty and waiting, disruption to daily life and fear of recurrence. The concepts the diminished self, making sense of and managing the experience, sharing the burden and finding a path did not achieve consensus. There were no differences in responses according to gender, organization type or location. Medical professionals had significantly higher agreement for the concept uncertainty and waiting compared to allied health professionals, and professionals with five years' or more experience had significantly higher agreement than those with less experience.

CONCLUSIONS

Health professionals agreed that many psychosocial support needs of HNC survivors and families are not being met and that they experience difficulties in meeting these needs. Findings may inform evidence-based treatment programs for HNC survivors and their families to promote psychological resilience and quality of life in this vulnerable population.

The impact of the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme, 2003-13: a multimethod evaluation

BACKGROUND

The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme supports research tailored to the needs of NHS decision-makers, patients and clinicians. This study reviewed the impact of the programme, from 2003 to 2013, on health, clinical practice, health policy, the economy and academia. It also considered how HTA could maintain and increase its impact.

METHODS

Interviews (n = 20): senior stakeholders from academia, policy-making organisations and the HTA programme. Bibliometric analysis: citation analysis of publications arising from HTA programme-funded research. Researchfish survey: electronic survey of all HTA grant holders. Payback case studies (n = 12): in-depth case studies of HTA programme-funded research.

RESULTS

We make the following observations about the impact, and routes to impact, of the HTA programme: it has had an impact on patients, primarily through changes in guidelines, but also directly (e.g. changing clinical practice); it has had an impact on UK health policy, through providing high-quality scientific evidence - its close relationships with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the National Screening Committee (NSC) contributed to the observed impact on health policy, although in some instances other organisations may better facilitate impact; HTA research is used outside the UK by other HTA organisations and systematic reviewers - the programme has an impact on HTA practice internationally as a leader in HTA research methods and the funding of HTA research; the work of the programme is of high academic quality - the Health Technology Assessment journal ensures that the vast majority of HTA programme-funded research is published in full, while the HTA programme still encourages publication in other peer-reviewed journals; academics agree that the programme has played an important role in building and retaining HTA research capacity in the UK; the HTA programme has played a role in increasing the focus on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in medicine - it has also contributed to increasingly positive attitudes towards HTA research both within the research community and the NHS; and the HTA focuses resources on research that is of value to patients and the UK NHS, which would not otherwise be funded (e.g. where there is no commercial incentive to undertake research). The programme should consider the following to maintain and increase its impact: providing targeted support for dissemination, focusing resources when important results are unlikely to be implemented by other stakeholders, particularly when findings challenge vested interests; maintaining close relationships with NICE and the NSC, but also considering other potential users of HTA research; maintaining flexibility and good relationships with researchers, giving particular consideration to the Technology Assessment Report (TAR) programme and the potential for learning between TAR centres; maintaining the academic quality of the work and the focus on NHS need; considering funding research on the short-term costs of the implementation of new health technologies; improving the monitoring and evaluation of whether or not patient and public involvement influences research; improve the transparency of the priority-setting process; and continuing to monitor the impact and value of the programme to inform its future scientific and administrative development.