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Lopes TR, Pereira HM, Silva BM. Perceived Exertion: Revisiting the History and Updating the Neurophysiology and the Practical Applications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114439. [PMID: 36361320 PMCID: PMC9658641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The perceived exertion construct creation is a landmark in exercise physiology and sport science. Obtaining perceived exertion is relatively easy, but practitioners often neglect some critical methodological issues in its assessment. Furthermore, the perceived exertion definition, neurophysiological basis, and practical applications have evolved since the perceived exertion construct's inception. Therefore, we revisit the careful work devoted by Gunnar Borg with psychophysical methods to develop the perceived exertion construct, which resulted in the creation of two scales: the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and the category-ratio 10 (CR10). We discuss a contemporary definition that considers perceived exertion as a conscious perception of how hard, heavy, and strenuous the exercise is, according to the sense of effort to command the limbs and the feeling of heavy breathing (respiratory effort). Thus, other exercise-evoked sensations would not hinder the reported perceived exertion. We then describe the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the perceived exertion genesis during exercise, including the influence of the peripheral feedback from the skeletal muscles and the cardiorespiratory system (i.e., afferent feedback) and the influence of efferent copies from the motor command and respiratory drive (i.e., corollary discharges), as well as the interaction between them. We highlight essential details practitioners should consider when using the RPE and CR10 scales, such as the perceived exertion definition, the original scales utilization, and the descriptors anchoring process. Finally, we present how practitioners can use perceived exertion to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, individualize exercise intensity prescription, predict endurance exercise performance, and monitor athletes' responses to physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Ribeiro Lopes
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology at Olympic Center of Training and Research, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-000, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo 04037-003, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Maxwell Pereira
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Bruno Moreira Silva
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology at Olympic Center of Training and Research, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-000, SP, Brazil
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Wang K, Jiang H, Zhang T, Yin L, Chen X, Luo J. Comparison of Methods for the Estimation of the Maximum Oxygen Uptake of Men Drug Addicts. Front Physiol 2021; 12:683942. [PMID: 34566673 PMCID: PMC8461099 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.683942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an important respiratory physiological index of the aerobic endurance of the body, especially for special groups such as drug addicts, and it is an important indicator for assessing the cardiopulmonary function and formulating exercise prescriptions. Although the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) is a classic method to directly measure VO2max, this method is limited by factors such as cumbersome operating procedures and expensive equipment, resulting in its relatively low applicability. Recently, many studies have begun to focus on the estimation of VO2max in different groups of people, but few studies have focused on drug addicts. Methods: Fifteen chemically synthesized drug addicts (such as amphetamines) and Fifteen plant-derived drug addicts (such as heroin) were recruited at the Chongqing Compulsory Isolation and Drug Rehabilitation Center in China. First, the VO2max of subjects was directly measured through the CPX. Second, after subjects were fully rested, they were required to complete the 30-s high-leg raise, 1,000-m walk, and 3-min step experiment. Finally, SPSS 21.0 software was used to perform the correlation and linear regression analysis to verify the estimated effectiveness. Results: (1) Regardless of chemically synthesized or natural plant-derived drug addicts, the years of drug use and walking time of 1,000 m were significantly negatively correlated with VO2max (chemically synthesized: P < 0.01 and natural plant-derived: P < 0.05), the number of 30-s high-leg raises was a significantly positive correlation with VO2max (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and the 3-min step index was significantly positively correlated with VO2max (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01). (2) Regression analysis shows that the 30-s high-leg lift, 1,000-m walking, and 3-min step experiment could effectively estimate the VO2max of chemically synthesized and natural plant-derived drug addicts. (3) Multiple linear regression constructed by the years of drug use combined with the step index has the highest estimated accuracy for the VO2max of chemically synthesized drug addicts (96.48%), while the unary regression equation established by a single step index has the highest prediction accuracy for the VO2max of natural plant-derived addicts (94.30%). Conclusion: The indirect measurement method could effectively estimate the VO2max of drug addicts, but different measurement methods have certain differences in the estimation accuracy of VO2max of different drug addicts. In the future, the physical characteristics of drug users can be fully considered, combined with more cutting-edge science and technology, to make the estimation accuracy of VO2max closer to the real level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haonan Jiang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingran Zhang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Yin
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Chongqing Drug Rehabilitation Administration, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiong Luo
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Alvarez-Ramirez J, Rodriguez E. Theoretical analysis of the 12 min Cooper’s test to estimate the maximal oxygen uptake rate. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kasai D, Parfitt G, Tarca B, Eston R, Tsiros MD. The Use of Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2020; 51:33-50. [PMID: 33206334 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In adults, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) can be used to predict maximal oxygen uptake, estimate time to exhaustion, assess internal training load and regulate exercise intensity. However, the utility of RPE in children is less researched and therefore, warrants investigation. The purpose of this scoping review is to map out the literature around the application of RPE specifically during aerobic exercise in paediatric populations. Seven bibliographic databases were systematically searched. Grey literature searching and pearling of references were also conducted. To be included for the review, studies were required to comply with the following: (1) participants aged ≤ 18 years asymptomatic of any injuries, disabilities or illnesses; (2) applied RPE in aerobic exercise, testing and/or training; (3) included at least one measure of exercise intensity; and (4) be available in English. The search identified 22 eligible studies that examined the application of RPE in children. These studies involved a total of 718 participants across ten different countries. Nine different types of RPE scales were employed. Overall, the application of RPE in paediatric populations can be classified into three distinct themes: prediction of cardiorespiratory fitness/performance, monitoring internal training loads, and regulation of exercise intensity. The utility of RPE in paediatric populations remains unclear due to the small body of available research and inconsistencies between studies. However, findings from the included studies in this scoping review may show promise. Further research focussing on child-specific RPE scales across various sports, subgroups, and in field-based settings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kasai
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brett Tarca
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Roger Eston
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Margarita D Tsiros
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Wang K, Zhang T, Ouyang Y, Jiang H, Qu M, Peng L, Luo J. An Experimental Study of Step Test Index Combined With Heart Rate Variability in Estimating Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Women With Drug Use Disorder. Front Physiol 2020; 11:322. [PMID: 32425804 PMCID: PMC7204635 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), a vital physiological indicator, has been widely used in many fields. In recent years, the measurement method of VO2max has been widely explored in various populations, but few studies have been conducted for women drug abusers. For the importance of VO2max in the formulation of aerobic exercise intensity for drug users, the present study estimated VO2max using the step test index combined with heart rate variability in women with drug use disorder. METHODS Forty women methamphetamine (MA) users without cardiovascular disease and dyskinesia participated in a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) and a 3-minute step test. Each of them performed a heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring test after the step test, and VO2max was estimated by step test index and HRV. RESULTS (1) The step test index had a significant positive correlation with VO2max. The standard deviation of normal-to-normal interval (SDNN) had a significant positive correlation with VO2max and a significant positive correlation with the step test index; (2) the R-square values of the estimated VO2max by step test index and post-SDNN for overall MA users were 0.29 and 0.22, with an accuracy of 93.19 and 92.85%, respectively; (3) the R-square values of the estimated VO2max by step test index and post-SDNN in group I were 0.27 and 0.36, respectively, with an accuracy of 94.04 and 93.99%. The R-square value of the estimated VO2max by step test index in group II was 0.44, with an accuracy of 92.65%, however, post-SDNN cannot adequately estimate the VO2max in group II; and (4) there was no significant difference in VO2max obtained by CPX, step test index, or post-SDNN, regardless of overall or grouping variable analysis. CONCLUSION The 3-minute step test combined with HRV can estimate the VO2max of women MA users to a certain extent, but the size and the coverage of the sample size should be further considered. In the future, more methods, such as machine learning or artificial neural networks, should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingran Zhang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiyi Ouyang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haonan Jiang
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meichen Qu
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Peng
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiong Luo
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Effects of Terbutaline Sulfate on Physiological and Biomechanical as Well as Perceived Exertion in Healthy Active Athletes: A Pilot Study. J Hum Kinet 2019; 69:169-178. [PMID: 31666899 PMCID: PMC6815083 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of beta2-agonist terbutaline sulfate (TER) at a supra-therapeutic dose (8 mg) on aerobic exercise performance. Twelve (6 females and 6 males) amateur athletes familiarized with all experimental procedures had their anthropometric data obtained on day 1. On days 2 and 3 either 8 mg of TER or a placebo (PLA) was administered orally (double-blind manner) to participants who had rested for 3 h prior to aerobic exercise performance 20 m multistage fitness test (MSFT)]. This test was used to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and velocity at which VO2max occurs (vVO2max). The Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE), cardiovascular variables [heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP)] and blood glucose concentration [BGC] were obtained 15 min pre- and immediately post-MSFT. Significant mean group differences were reported between PLA and TER groups (p < 0.05), respectively, in the RPE (15.6 ± 1.2 vs. 17.3 ± 1.5 a.u.), maximum heart rate (HRmax: 191.2 ± 7.1 vs. 197.2 ± 8.6 bpm) and BGC (118.4 ± 18.3 vs. 141.2 ± 15.8 mg/dL) post-MSFT. The main effect of gender (male vs. female) in TER and PLA groups (p< 0.05) was observed, with higher estimated VO2max, vVO2max, HRmax and a lower mean HR pre-test in male than female athletes. For these reasons, the inclusion of TER in the Prohibited List should be re-discussed because of the lack of ergogenic effects.
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Almakhaita MM, Al Asoom LI, Rafique N, Latif R, Alduhishy AM. Validity of maximal oxygen consumption prediction equations in young Saudi females. Saudi Med J 2019; 40:789-796. [PMID: 31423515 PMCID: PMC6718854 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2019.8.24332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the applicability of Jones, Hansen, and Wasserman predictive equations for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in Saudi females. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, between March and May 2017. Maximal oxygen consumption was measured directly through the COSMED system for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in 102 girls with normal body mass index (19-25 years old). Maximal oxygen consumption was indirectly predicted by Jones, Hansen, and Wasserman equations. Paired t-test, Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman plot were used for comparison, correlation, and agreement analysis. Results: The difference between the mean and standard deviation (±SD) VO2max values of the direct measurement (27.39±4.06 ml/kg-1/min-1), and the Jones (35.19±2.12 ml/kg-1/min-1), Hansen (33.64±0.24 ml/kg-1/min-1), and Wasserman (35.20±0.17 ml/kg-1/min-1) equations, was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Bland-Altman plot analysis suggested a lack of agreement between direct and predicted VO2max. Pearson correlation failed to reveal any correlation between direct VO2max and VO2max calculated with any of the 3 equations. Conclusion: Jones, Hansen, and Wasserman equations for prediction of VO2max cannot be justified in the studied population. For the better prediction of VO2max, either these equations should be modified, or a new equation should be developed for the Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah M Almakhaita
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Hutchinson MJ, Valentino SE, Totosy de Zepetnek J, MacDonald MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Perceptually regulated training does not influence the differentiated RPE response following 16-weeks of aerobic exercise in adults with spinal cord injury. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:129-134. [PMID: 31251892 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of prolonged familiarisation with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) on the peripheral (RPEP) and central (RPEC) RPE responses to moderate-vigorous exercise in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). RPEP and RPEC characterise the exertion of the working musculature and cardiorespiratory systems, respectively. Nineteen participants (age, 41.4 ± 11.4 years; peak oxygen uptake, 19.2 ± 7.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) with chronic SCI were randomly assigned to RPE-guided (n = 11; EXP) or active control (n = 8; CON) groups. EXP performed 16-weeks of RPE-guided, supervised aerobic training for 20 min, twice weekly, at RPE 3-6 (Category-Ratio 10 scale). CON had access to the same exercise equipment but received no specific advice on their exercise-training regime. Participants completed a graded exercise test, using an arm crank ergometer at pre- and post-training to determine peak oxygen uptake, with RPEP and RPEC recorded every minute throughout tests. Sixteen weeks training did not improve peak oxygen uptake. RPE decreased post-training at 50% (p = 0.02) and 70% peak oxygen uptake (p = 0.03), though there was no effect of group at either intensity (p = 0.54, 0.42, respectively). At 70% peak oxygen uptake, RPEP was greater than RPEC (4.2 ± 1.7 vs 3.4 ± 1.8, p < 0.005). Training with RPE-guidance for 16 weeks had no additional effect on the differentiated RPE responses to moderate-vigorous exercise in adults with SCI. Novelty In adults with SCI, differentiated RPE responses were not different between those who did, and did not, perform 16 weeks of RPE-guided training. This challenges whether familiarisation with RPE is necessary to be an effective regulator of exercise intensity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael John Hutchinson
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Sydney Ella Valentino
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Julia Totosy de Zepetnek
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Maureen Jane MacDonald
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.,Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Victoria Louise Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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Lipski M, Abbiss CR, Nosaka K. Cardio-pulmonary responses to incremental eccentric and concentric cycling tests to task failure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:947-957. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Glen K, Eston R, Loetscher T, Parfitt G. Exergaming: Feels good despite working harder. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186526. [PMID: 29059227 PMCID: PMC5653295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to encourage exercise have led to research on cycle ergometer ‘exergaming’, as a means of enhancing exercise enjoyment. This research has typically prescribed the exercise intensity and used one exercise mode. The aim of this study was to compare self-selected exercise intensity on a cycle ergometer with and without exergaming modes activated. A total of 20 participants aged between 18–40 years (M = 24.2 ± 5.9) completed a sub-maximal exercise test. Participants returned two days later to complete one 45 minute session of self-selected exercise with 15 minutes in each of ‘control’ (standard ergometer), ‘track’, and ‘game’ modes, with order randomized. Heart rate, work rate, perceived exertion, and affective valence were recorded during exercise. Dissociation and enjoyment were recorded in the rest interval between each mode. Participants exercised above ventilatory threshold (VT) in all three modes (track, M = 9.5 ± 12%; game, M = 6.2 ± 12%; and control, M = 4.4 ± 14% above VT) and at higher work rates (P < 0.05) exergaming (track, M = 94.5 ± 27.9; game, M = 96.2 ± 32.8 watts) than control (M = 86.6 ± 26.5 watts). Despite exercising at a higher intensity, participants perceived exercise during the exergaming modes to be most pleasant (P < 0.01), with greater enjoyment (P < 0.01) and dissociation (P < 0.01) in the game than track mode, and both modes higher on these variables than the control mode. Findings support the use of exergaming as a strategy to encourage individuals to exercise, with participants choosing to work harder physiologically, but reporting more positive psychological responses during and following the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Glen
- School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
- * E-mail:
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Hutchinson MJ, Paulson TAW, Eston R, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Assessment of peak oxygen uptake during handcycling: Test-retest reliability and comparison of a ramp-incremented and perceptually-regulated exercise test. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181008. [PMID: 28704487 PMCID: PMC5509239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the reliability of a perceptually-regulated maximal exercise test (PRETmax) to measure peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak) during handcycle exercise and to compare peak responses to those derived from a ramp-incremented protocol (RAMP). Methods Twenty recreationally active individuals (14 male, 6 female) completed four trials across a 2-week period, using a randomised, counterbalanced design. Participants completed two RAMP protocols (20 W·min-1) in week 1, followed by two PRETmax in week 2, or vice versa. The PRETmax comprised five, 2-min stages clamped at Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) 11, 13, 15, 17 and 20. Participants changed power output (PO) as often as required to maintain target RPE. Gas exchange variables (oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation), heart rate (HR) and PO were collected throughout. Differentiated RPE were collected at the end of each stage throughout trials. Results For relative V˙O2peak, coefficient of variation (CV) was equal to 4.1% and 4.8%, with ICC(3,1) of 0.92 and 0.85 for repeated measures from PRETmax and RAMP, respectively. Measurement error was 0.15 L·min-1 and 2.11 ml·kg-1·min-1 in PRETmax and 0.16 L·min-1 and 2.29 ml·kg-1·min-1 during RAMP for determining absolute and relative V˙O2peak, respectively. The difference in V˙O2peak between PRETmax and RAMP was tending towards statistical significance (26.2 ± 5.1 versus 24.3 ± 4.0 ml·kg-1·min-1, P = 0.055). The 95% LoA were -1.9 ± 4.1 (-9.9 to 6.2) ml·kg-1·min-1. Conclusion The PRETmax can be used as a reliable test to measure V˙O2peak during handcycle exercise in recreationally active participants. Whilst PRETmax tended towards significantly greater V˙O2peak values than RAMP, the difference is smaller than measurement error of determining V˙O2peak from PRETmax and RAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Hutchinson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. W. Paulson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School for Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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MEDEX2015: Greater Sea-Level Fitness Is Associated with Lower Sense of Effort During Himalayan Trekking Without Worse Acute Mountain Sickness. High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:152-162. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Bennett H, Davison K, Parfitt G, Eston R. Validity of a perceptually-regulated step test protocol for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2337-2344. [PMID: 27709296 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) could be predicted accurately and reliably from a 2-step, perceptually-regulated exercise test (PRET) in healthy adults. METHODS Sixteen participants (31.7 ± 11.3 years, 3 females) completed three PRETs (separated by 24-72 h) and one maximal, perceptually-regulated, graded exercise test (PRETmax) on a motorized treadmill. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during each test. VO2 values for RPE range 9-15 were extrapolated to RPE 20 and age-predicted maximal HR (HRmax) using individual linear regression analysis to predict VO2max values compared to measured VO2max. RESULTS VO2 and HR values were consistent between each of four RPE levels of the PRET. ICC values ranged between 0.76 and 0.85. Predicted VO2max from both methods were lower than measured VO2max (p < 0.01). Limits of agreement (LoA) for measured (41.4 ± 5.3 ml kg-1 min-1) versus predicted VO2max from each of the three PRETs using RPE20 were -1.2 ± 15.6, -1.0 ± 7.2 and -2.1 ± 5.5 and for HRmax were -1.8 ± 4.2; -2.6 ± 4.2 and -2.4 ± 4.4 ml kg-1 min-1 for PRET 1, 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The step PRET elicited significant and reliable increases in VO2 across the four RPE levels, but under-estimated treadmill VO2max. However, there was better agreement between measured and predicted VO2max when extrapolated to HRmax. As evidence indicates the underestimation of VO2max is explained by the difference in the mode of exercise, the step PRET provides a simple and convenient test of cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Bennett
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Universitiy of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Kade Davison
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Universitiy of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gaynor Parfitt
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Universitiy of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Universitiy of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Hopkins WG. Comment on: "Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study". Sports Med 2016; 46:1195-6. [PMID: 27245057 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Will G Hopkins
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Author's Reply to Will G. Hopkins: "Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study". Sports Med 2016; 46:1197-8. [PMID: 27245058 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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