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Kuitunen I, Ponkilainen VT. Injury incidence in golf-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ir J Med Sci 2024:10.1007/s11845-024-03759-6. [PMID: 39028411 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-024-03759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a lack of comprehensive analysis of injuries in golf per exposure time. Thus, the aim was to report the pooled incidence of injuries in golf. METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases in March 2024 for this systematic review and meta-analysis. We included observational studies reporting the number of injuries per exposure time. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled injury incidence per 1000 athlete exposures (18 holes of golf) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Incidences were separately analyzed for men, women, amateurs, professionals, and special athletes. RESULTS A total of 999 studies were screened, 29 full texts were assessed, and 7 studies with 269,754 athlete exposures were included. Seven studies assessed the overall incidence of injury, and the pooled estimate was 2.5 per 1000 athlete exposures (CI 0.9-7.5). The incidence was higher in special athletes (21.0, CI 7.7-45.1; one study) than among professionals (8.5, CI 7.6-9.4; one study), or in amateurs (1.3, CI 0.5-4.0; five studies). The injury incidence was 2.6 per 1000 athlete exposures (CI 0.7-9.6; four studies) in women and 1.4 per 1000 athlete exposures (CI 0.4-5.2; three studies) in men. A sensitivity analysis without special athletes had an incidence of 1.9 (CI 0.7-4.9; six studies). CONCLUSION The injury incidence in golf is 2.5 injuries per 1000 athlete exposures (18 holes of golf). Reporting was limited as only one study reported injuries per exposure time in professionals, and in total, only seven studies were found. More research is needed in all levels and age groups to better estimate the injury incidence and associated risk factors in golf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilari Kuitunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Yliopistonranta 1, 70100, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ville T Ponkilainen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technologies, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Stokes H, Escamilla R, Bellapianta J, Wang H, Beach T, Frost D, Zheng N. Open Foot Stance Reduces Lead Knee Joint Loading During Golf Swing. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:395-402. [PMID: 37586712 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Foot stance and club type's relationship with lead knee joint biomechanics and possible involvement with injury incidences in amateur golfers have not been evaluated. This study included 16 male right-handed amateur golfers who performed golf swings with 2 different foot stances (straight and open) using 4 different club types (driver, 3 iron, 6 iron, and 9 iron) while standing on 2 force plates in a motion capture laboratory. A custom program calculated the kinematics and kinetics of the lead knee. Overall, the open stance reduced most translations, rotations, forces, and torques of the lead knee in all 4 club types when compared with the straight stance. The open stance reduced the rotation motion (-28%), compressive force (-5%), and rotation torque (-9%) when compared with the straight stance, which are the highest contributors to grinding of cartilage. The driver club had significantly larger values in most translations, rotations, forces, and torques when compared among the 4 club types. The open stance reduced the rotation motion, compressive force, and rotation torque in the lead knee joint compared with the straight stance. Lead knee joint biomechanics should be monitored to reduce injury in amateur golfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stokes
- Deptartment of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC,USA
| | | | | | - Hongsheng Wang
- Deptartment of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC,USA
| | | | | | - Naiquan Zheng
- Deptartment of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC,USA
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3
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Lin ZJ, Peng YC, Yang CJ, Hsu CY, Hamill J, Tang WT. Lower Limb Biomechanics during the Golf Downswing in Individuals with and without a History of Knee Joint Injury. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050626. [PMID: 37237695 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although prevention is better than treatment, after a knee injury occurs, the adjustment of the movement technique back to the posture before the injury and the restoration of accuracy is very important for professional and amateur players. This study aimed to compare the differences in lower limb mechanics during the golf downswing between those with and without a history of knee joint injury. A total of 20 professional golfers with single-digit handicaps were recruited for this study, 10 of whom had a knee injury history (KIH+), while another 10 players were without a knee injury history (KIH-). From the 3D analysis, selected kinematic and kinetic parameters during the downswing were analyzed using an independent samples t-test with a significance level of α = 0.05. During the downswing, individuals with KIH+ exhibited a smaller hip flexion angle, smaller ankle abduction angle, and larger ankle adduction/abduction range of motion (ROM). Moreover, there was no significant difference found in the knee joint moment. Athletes with a history of knee injury can adjust the motion angles of their hip and ankle joints (e.g., by avoiding excessive forward leaning of the trunk and maintaining stable foot posture without inward or outward rotation) to minimize the impact of changes in their movement patterns resulting from the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chien Peng
- Physical Education Office, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Yang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
- Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Division of Chinese Acupuncture and Traumatology, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33378, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Wen-Tzu Tang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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4
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Moon HW, Kim JS. Golf-related sports injuries of the musculoskeletal system. J Exerc Rehabil 2023; 19:134-138. [PMID: 37163185 PMCID: PMC10164523 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2346128.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of golf-related musculoskeletal injuries. Golfers were retrospectively surveyed through a 50-item questionnaire. Golfers were divided into injured and noninjured groups according to the presence or absence of musculoskeletal injuries. Of the 208 respondents, 64.0% suffered golf-related injuries, most of which were minor injuries caused by overuse in the early 9.9 weeks. According to the anatomical distribution, the most injured parts were upper limbs, spine, trunk, and lower limbs in that order. As for the distribution by part, the hand and wrist were the most vulnerable, and the lateral elbow damage was 3 times more common than the inner elbow. Self-management for injuries was the most common treatment, and regular preventive exercise accounted for 30% of the injured. Overall, more than half of the respondents suffered from musculoskeletal injuries, self-management was the most common, and less than one-third did regular exercise to prevent injuries. Therefore, active management to prevent golf-related musculoskeletal injuries may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-Su Kim
- Corresponding author: Jun-Su Kim, Department of Sports and Outdoors, College of Bio Convergence, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 13135, Korea,
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Kim SE, Pham NS, Park JH, Ladd A, Lee J. Potential biomechanical risk factors on developing lead knee osteoarthritis in the golf swing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22653. [PMID: 36587045 PMCID: PMC9805371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The load on the lead knee joint during a golf swing is greater than that observed during gait. However, current evidence regarding golf swing biomechanics for risks associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA) is limited. Therefore, this study investigated golf swing styles associated with knee adduction and abduction moments, which are considered to be crucial loading regions of the medial and lateral compartments of knee OA, respectively. Thirteen professional male golfers performed five shots using a 5-iron club, and their swings were recorded using a motion capture system with two force platforms for the feet. A regression analysis was performed to calculate the correlation coefficients between the peak knee adduction and abduction moments of the lead leg and varus/valgus angle, toe-out angle, stance width, weight transfer, and shoulder sway. Swinging with a narrower stance width at address (r = - 0.62, p = 0.02) with more weight shift (r = 0.66, p = 0.014) and shoulder sway (r = 0.79, p = 0.001) towards the target during the downswing were associated with a higher peak knee adduction of the lead leg, whereas a greater valgus angle at address (r = 0.60, p = 0.03) was associated with a higher peak knee abduction of the lead leg. Based on these findings, we anticipate future research to support postural changes, particularly a wider stance width and restricted shoulder sway for golfers who are classified to be at high risk of developing medial compartment knee OA, as well as a lower valgus (tibial medial tilt) angle at address for those classified to be at high risk of developing lateral compartment knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.414123.10000 0004 0450 875XMotion & Gait Analysis Laboratory, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Nicole Segovia Pham
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- grid.412145.70000 0004 0647 3212Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri-Si, Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Amy Ladd
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jangyun Lee
- grid.470090.a0000 0004 1792 3864Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 6-01 Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 27 Dongguk Ro, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang-Si, 10326 Gyeonggi-Do Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kim SE. Reducing Knee Joint Load during a Golf Swing: The Effects of Ball Position Modification at Address. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:394-401. [PMID: 36157394 PMCID: PMC9459761 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As the modern golf swing has changed, the incidence of knee pain in professional golfers is increasing. For those with previous knee injuries, developing a golf-swing modification that reduces knee loading may be necessary to recover performance after injury. The purpose of this study was to test whether ball position modification reduces knee joint load in a golf swing. Thirteen male professional golfers participated in the study. Golf swings were captured using a three-dimensional motion capture system and two force platforms, with conditions for self-selected ball position and eight additional ball positions. Knee internal rotation and adduction moments were calculated. The length of one golf ball (4.27 cm) backward ball position (closer to the golfer) significantly reduced the peak internal rotation moment of the lead knee (- 13.8%) (p < 0.001) and the length of one golf ball (4.27 cm) away from the target ball position significantly reduced the peak adduction moment of the lead knee (- 11.5%) (p < 0.001) compared with that of the self-selected ball position. Based on these observations, we conclude that the backward ball position modification might be suggested for golfers with anterior cruciate ligament injuries, and the away from the target modification might be suggested for golfers with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Golf Swing Biomechanics: A Systematic Review and Methodological Recommendations for Kinematics. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060091. [PMID: 35736831 PMCID: PMC9227529 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate golf swing performance in both preventing injury and injury occurrence. The objective of this review was to describe state-of-the-art golf swing biomechanics, with a specific emphasis on movement kinematics, and when possible, to suggest recommendations for research methodologies. Keywords related to biomechanics and golf swings were used in scientific databases. Only articles that focused on golf-swing kinematics were considered. In this review, 92 articles were considered and categorized into the following domains: X-factor, crunch factor, swing plane and clubhead trajectory, kinematic sequence, and joint angular kinematics. The main subjects of focus were male golfers. Performance parameters were searched for, but the lack of methodological consensus prevented generalization of the results and led to contradictory results. Currently, three-dimensional approaches are commonly used for joint angular kinematic investigations. However, recommendations by the International Society of Biomechanics are rarely considered.
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Liu L, Liu H, Zhen Z, Zheng Y, Zhou X, Raithel E, Du J, Hu Y, Chen W, Hu X. Analysis of Knee Joint Injury Caused by Physical Training of Freshmen Students Based on 3T MRI and Automatic Cartilage Segmentation Technology: A Prospective Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:839112. [PMID: 35615719 PMCID: PMC9124811 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The differential effects of various exercises on knee joint injury have not been well documented. Improper physical training can cause irreversible damage to the knee joint. MRI is generally used to precisely analyze morphological and biochemical changes in the knee cartilage. We compared the effects of long-walking and regular daily physical training on acute and chronic knee joint injuries as well as cartilage structure in freshmen students. Methods A total of 23 young male college freshmen were recruited to participate in an 8-day 240 km long distance walk and a one-year daily training. 3D-DESSwe, 2D T2 mapping, DIXON, and T1WI of the right knee joint were performed using the MAGNETOM Spectra 3T MR scanner. The injury of meniscus, bone marrow edema, ligaments and joint effusion is graded. Cartilage volume, thickness and T2 values of 21 sub-regions of the knee cartilage were estimated using automatic cartilage segmentation prototype software. Friedman's test and Wilcoxon paired rank-sum test were used to compare quantitative indices of knee cartilage in three groups. Results The injury to the medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint, joint effusion, and bone marrow edema was significantly higher in the long-walking group compared to the baseline and daily groups. Furthermore, injury to the lateral meniscus was significantly worse in the long-walking group compared to the baseline group but was significantly better in the daily group compared to the baseline group. No significant changes to the posterior cruciate ligament were observed among the three groups. Knee cartilage volume was significantly increased, mainly in the stress surface of the femur, patella, and the lateral area of the tibial plateau. Regular daily training did not significantly change the thickness of the knee cartilage. Conversely, knee cartilage thickness decreased in the long-walking group, especially in the medial and lateral areas of the femur and tibial plateau. Moreover, no significant changes were observed in the knee cartilage volume of the long-walking group. Both long-walking and daily groups showed reduced T2 values of the knee joint compared to the baseline. Conclusion Among freshmen students and the training of this experimental intensity, our results show that regular daily training does not cause high-level injury to the knee joint, but improve the knee joint function adaptability by increasing cartilage volume. Moreover, knee injury caused by short-term long walking can be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Henan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhen
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yalan Zheng
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhou
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthineers Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Esther Raithel
- MR Application Predevelopment, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jiang Du
- Health Service Training Base, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Health Service Training Base, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Kanwar KD, Cannon J, Nichols DL, Salem GJ, Mann MD. Injury risk-factor differences between two golf swing styles: a biomechanical analysis of the lumbar spine, hip and knee. Sports Biomech 2021:1-22. [PMID: 34280079 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1945672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The golf swing has been associated with mechanical injury risk factors at many joints. One swing, the Minimalist Golf Swing, was hypothesised to reduce lumbar spine, lead hip, and lead knee ranges of motion and peak net joint moments, while affecting swing performance, compared to golfers' existing swings. Existing and MGS swings of 15 golfers with handicaps ranging from +2 to -20 were compared. During MGS downswing, golfers had 18.3% less lumbar spine transverse plane ROM, 40.7 and 41.8% less lead hip sagittal and frontal plane ROM, and 39.2% less lead knee sagittal plane ROM. MGS reduced lead hip extensor, abductor, and internal rotator moments by 17.8, 19.7 and 43%, while lead knee extensor, abductor, adductor and external rotator moments were reduced by 24.1, 26.6, 37 and 68.8% respectively. With MGS, club approach was 2° shallower, path 4° more in-to-out and speed 2 m/s slower. MGS reduced certain joint ROM and moments that are linked to injury risk factors, while influencing club impact factors with varying effect. Most golf injuries are from overuse, so reduced loads per cycle with MGS may extend the healthy life of joints, and permit golfers to play injury-free for more years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran D Kanwar
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
- Golf Department, Stanton University, Garden Grove, CA, USA
| | - Jordan Cannon
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David L Nichols
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - George J Salem
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Mann
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
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Sex Differences in Lower Limb Proprioception and Mechanical Function Among Healthy Adults. Motor Control 2020; 24:571-587. [PMID: 32866946 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four healthy adults, including 12 females and 12 males, participated in the study. Each female participant completed three trials in three different phases of one menstrual cycle, which included follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases. The study aimed to investigate whether there is any difference in joint kinetic sense, neuromuscular coordination, and isokinetic muscle strength (a) between healthy males and females at different phases of the menstrual cycle and (b) between females at different phases of the menstrual cycle. The outcome measures included the number of jumps in the square-hop test and ankle and knee proprioception, which were assessed by an electric-driven movable frame rotated at 0.4 deg/s and isokinetic muscle strength measured by a computerized dynamometer (Biodex). For the square-hop test (p = .006), ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion (p < .05), knee flexion/extension (p < .05), the relative peak torque of the isokinetic muscle strength at the 60° and 180° knee flexion/extension (p < .001), and the 30° and 120° ankle plantar flexion/dorsiflexion (p < .05) between females and males showed significant differences. For the females at different phases of the menstrual cycle, significant differences were found on ankle dorsiflexion (p = .003), plantar flexion (p = .023), knee extension (p = .029), the square-hop test (p = .036), and relative peak torque of isokinetic muscle strength at 180° knee flexion (p = .029). This study demonstrated that there are sex differences in lower limb proprioception and mechanical function. Females at ovulatory and luteal phases have better lower limb proprioception than at the follicular phase.
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Carson H, Richards J, Coleman SGS. Could knee joint mechanics during the golf swing be contributing to chronic knee injuries in professional golfers? J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1575-1584. [PMID: 32252593 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1748956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Full three-dimensional movements and external moments in golfers' knees and the possible involvement in injuries have not been evaluated using motion capture at high sample frequencies. This study measured joint angles and external moments around the three anatomical axes in both knees of 10 professional golfers performing golf drives whilst standing on two force plates in a motion capture laboratory. Significant differences were found in the knee joint moments between the lead and trail limbs for the peak values and throughout all stages during the swing phase. A significantly higher net abduction moment impulse was seen in the trail limb compared with the lead limb (-0.518 vs. -0.135 Nms.kg-1), indicating greater loading over the whole swing, which could contribute to knee lateral compartment or anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A significant correlation (r = -0.85) between clubhead speed at ball contact and maximum joint moment was found, with the largest correlations being found for joint moments at the top of the backswing event and at the end of the follow-through. Therefore, although knee moments can contribute to high clubhead speeds, the large moments and impulses suggest that they may also contribute to chronic knee injuries or exacerbate existing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howie Carson
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jim Richards
- Allied Health Research Unit, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire , Preston, UK
| | - Simon G S Coleman
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
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Hooker QL, Shapiro R, Malone T, Pohl MB. MODIFYING STANCE ALTERS THE PEAK KNEE ADDUCTION MOMENT DURING A GOLF SWING. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2018; 13:588-594. [PMID: 30140552 PMCID: PMC6088115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The knee joint is one of the most frequently injured regions in the game of golf, and the loads experienced by the knee during the golf swing are typically greater than during other activities of daily living. Altering movement patterns is a common strategy that can be used to reduce loading on the knee joint but has received little attention during studies of the golf swing. The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect altering golf stance has on the lead limb peak external knee adduction moment. STUDY DESIGN Laboratory based, quasi-experimental. METHODS Twenty healthy participants were recruited for a 3-dimensional biomechanical analysis wherein participants hit three golf shots with a driver using the following stance conditions: self-selected, bilateral 0 º foot angle, bilateral 30 º foot angle, wide stance width, and narrow stance width. RESULTS Both the 30 º foot angle (0.80 ± 0.51 Nm) and wide stance width (0.89 ± 0.49 Nm) conditions significantly decreased (p < 0.001) the lead limb peak external knee adduction moment compared to the self-selected (1.15 ± 0.58 Nm) golf stance. No significant differences (p = 0.109) in swing speed were found between any of the stance conditions. CONCLUSION The externally rotated foot position and wider stance width decreased the lead limb peak external knee adduction moment without hindering swing speed. Modifying stance could be a viable option for golfers who wish to continue playing the sport at a high level, while reducing potentially detrimental loads at the knee joint.Levels of Evidence: 2b-Individual cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Shapiro
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Terry Malone
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences-Division of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael B. Pohl
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA
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