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Wheelock CE, Lavoie EM, Stooks J, Schwob J, Hess HW, Pryor RR, Hostler D. Carbohydrate or Electrolyte Rehydration Recovers Plasma Volume but Not Post-immersion Performance Compared to Water After Immersion Diuresis. Mil Med 2024; 189:1612-1620. [PMID: 37776545 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested the hypothesis that a carbohydrate (CHO: 6.5%) or carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO + E: 6.5% + 50 mmol/L NaCl) drink would better recover plasma volume (PV) and exercise performance compared to water (H2O) after immersion diuresis. METHODS Twelve men (24 ± 2 years; 82.4 ± 15.5 kg; and V̇O2max: 49.8 ± 5.1 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed four experimental visits: a no-immersion control (CON) and three 4-h cold-water (18.0 °C) immersion trials (H2O, CHO, and CHO + E) followed by exercise in a warm environment (30 °C, 50% relative humidity). The exercise was a 60-minute loaded march (20.4 kg; 55% VO2max) followed by a 10-minute intermittent running protocol. After immersion, subjects were rehydrated with 100% of body mass loss from immersion diuresis during the ruck march. PV is reported as a percent change after immersion, after the ruck march, and after the intermittent running protocol. The intermittent running protocol distance provided an index of exercise performance. Data are reported as mean ± SD. RESULTS After immersion, body mass loss was 2.3 ± 0.7%, 2.3 ± 0.5%, and 2.3 ± 0.6% for H2O, CHO, and CHO + E. PV loss after immersion was 19.8 ± 8.5% in H2O, 18.2 ± 7.0% in CHO, and 13.9 ± 9.3% in CHO + E, which was reduced after the ruck march to 14.7 ± 4.7% (P = .13) in H2O, 8.8 ± 8.3% (P < .01) in CHO, and 4.4 ± 10.9% (P = .02) in CHO + E. The intermittent running protocol distance was 1.4 ± 0.1 km in CON, 1.4 ± 0.2 km in H2O, 1.4 ± 0.1 km in CHO, and 1.4 ± 0.2 km in CHO + E (P = .28). CONCLUSIONS Although CHO and CHO + E better restored PV after immersion, post-immersion exercise performance was not augmented compared to H2O, highlighting that fluid replacement following immersion diuresis should focus on restoring volume lost rather than fluid constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Wheelock
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Lavoie
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jocelyn Stooks
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jacqueline Schwob
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Hayden W Hess
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Riana R Pryor
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments (CRESE), Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Aragón-Vela J, González-Acevedo O, De la Cruz-Márquez JC, Rojas Ruíz FJ, Marín MM, Casuso RA, Plaza-Diaz J, Huertas JFR. The Effects of Acute Deep Seawater Supplementation on Muscle Function after Triathlon. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2258. [PMID: 38673531 PMCID: PMC11051008 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Trainers and athletes have always sought to reduce the failure of muscle function during long endurance events. However, nowadays, it is a topic that is generating much debate in the scientific field. Currently, deep-sea water (DSW) intake seems to be a suitable hydration alternative for this type of endurance event. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether DSW consumption during a triathlon event could preserve muscle function after exercise. (2) Methods: Nineteen trained male triathletes (age = 39.0 ± 4.25 years; BMI = 23.67 ± 1.81 kg/m2) randomly performed three triathlons, one of them consuming DSW (Totum SPORT 30 AB, Laboratories Quinton International, S.L., Spain), the other consuming isotonic placebo and the last with tap water-hydration. A vertical jump test with countermovement and an isometric muscle strength test were conducted before and after the triathlon test. (3) Results: There was a significant difference between treatment × time during the isometric muscle strength test. Based on the Tukey post hoc analysis, the peak net force decreased statistically in the placebo (p = 0.045) and control conditions (p = 0.026), but not in the experimental condition (p = 0.121). In addition, all of the conditions studied obtained similar results in the countermovement vertical jump after exercise. (4) Conclusions: As a result, consumption of DSW seems to delay the failure of muscle function specifically in isometric exercises but does not improve performance in sports. Thus, DSW does not alter muscle capacity in a negative way; therefore, its consumption may be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Health Sciences, Area of Physiology, Campus “Las Lagunillas”, Building B3, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Olivia González-Acevedo
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (O.G.-A.); (J.F.R.H.)
| | - Juan Carlos De la Cruz-Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Francisco Javier Rojas Ruíz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Manuel Martínez Marín
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.R.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Rafael A. Casuso
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jesus F. Rodriguez Huertas
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (O.G.-A.); (J.F.R.H.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Campus de Cartuja s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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3
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Wheelock CE, Stooks J, Schwob J, Hostler D. Continuous rise in oxygen consumption during prolonged military loaded march in the heat with and without fluid replacement: a pilot study. BMJ Mil Health 2024:e002573. [PMID: 38373790 DOI: 10.1136/military-2023-002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION V̇O2 drift, the rise in oxygen consumption during continuous exercise, has not been adequately reported during prolonged military marches. The purpose of this study was to analyse V̇O2 and energy expenditure (EE) during a loaded march with and without rehydration efforts. Second, the study aimed to compare EE throughout the march with predicted values using a validated model. METHODS Seven healthy men (23±2 years; V̇O2max: 50.8±5.3 mL/kg/min) completed four 60 min loaded marches (20.4 kg at 50% V̇O2max) in a warm environment (30°C and 50% relative humidity). Three were preceded by hypohydration via a 4-hour cold water immersion (18°C). The control (CON) visit was a non-immersed euhydrated march. After water immersion, subjects were rehydrated with 0% (NO), 50% (HALF) or 100% (FULL) of total body mass lost. During exercise, V̇O2 and EE were collected and core temperature change was calculated. To determine if EE could be accurately predicted, values were compared with a calculated estimate using the US Army Load Carry Decision Aid (LCDA). RESULTS At the start of exercise, there was no difference between conditions in V̇O2 (ALL: 24.3±0.3 mL/kg/min; p=0.50) or EE (ALL: 8.6±1.0 W/kg; p=0.68). V̇O2 (p=0.02) and EE (p<0.01) increased during exercise and were 12.3±10.0% and 12.8±9.5% greater, respectively, at 60 min across all trials and were not mitigated by rehydration amount. There was an effect of core temperature change on V̇O2 for each condition (CON: r=0.62; NO: r=0.47; HALF: r=0.70; FULL: r=0.55). LCDA-predicted values were different from measured EE during exercise. CONCLUSION V̇O2 drift occurred during loaded military marches and was associated with increases in EE and core temperature change. Pre-exercise hypohydration with water immersion followed by rehydration did not influence the degree of drift. LCDA prediction of EE may not agree with measured values during prolonged loaded marches where V̇O2 drift occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Stooks
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - J Schwob
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - D Hostler
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Silvino VO, Batista MCC, Neto MM, Ribeiro ALB, Nascimento PPD, Barros EML, Moura RCD, Sales KCG, Galvão LMV, Nunes LCC, Durazzo A, Silva AS, Pereira dos Santos MA. Effect of a cajuína hydroelectrolytic drink on the physical performance and hydration status of recreational runners. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100119. [PMID: 38357495 PMCID: PMC10864873 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cajuína is a processed drink derived from cashew and is widely consumed in the northeast region of Brazil. This study evaluated the effect of a cajuína-based hydroelectrolytic drink on the aerobic performance and hydration status of recreational runners. Seventeen males (31.9 ± 1.6 years, 51.0 ± 1.4 ml/kg/min) performed three time-to-exhaustion running sessions on a treadmill at 70% VO2max, ingesting cajuína hydroelectrolytic drink (CJ), high carbohydrate commercial hydroelectrolytic drink (CH) and mineral water (W) every 15 min during the running test. The participants ran 80.3 ± 8.4 min in CJ, 70.3 ± 6.8 min in CH and 71.8 ± 6.9 min in W, with no statistical difference between procedures. Nevertheless, an effect size of η2 = 0.10 (moderate) was observed. No statistical difference was observed in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and osmolality in both serum and urine between the three conditions. However, the effect size was moderate (urine sodium) and high (serum sodium, potassium, and osmolality). Urine specific gravity, sweating rate and heart rate were not significantly different between drinks. The cajuína-based hydroelectrolytic drink promotes similar effects compared to commercial hydroelectrolytic drink and water, considering specific urine gravity, heart rate, sweating, and time to exhaustion in recreational runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valmir Oliveira Silvino
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Miranda Neto
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Esmeralda Maria Lustosa Barros
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luanne Morais Vieira Galvão
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Department of Technology in Gastronomy, Federal Institute of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Lívio César Cunha Nunes
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina, 546, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marcos Antonio Pereira dos Santos
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, Brazil
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health (NEFADS), Brazil
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5
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Ashley CD, Lopez RM, Tritsch AJ. Football Practices in Hot Environments Impact Subsequent Days' Hydration. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:90-96. [PMID: 37815236 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ashley, CD, Lopez, RM, and Tritsch, AJ. Football practices in hot environments impact subsequent days' hydration. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 90-96, 2024-The impact of proper hydration to prevent exertional heat illness in American football has not been evaluated during high school preseason football practices in a hot environment (wet-bulb globe temperature = 31.3 ± 1.8° C). The purposes of this study were to examine the accuracy of urinary hydration measures to assess body mass (BM) changes and to examine carryover effects of consecutive practices by comparing postpractice with the next prepractice values. Before and after each of 7 outdoor practices, 31 male high school football players (age = 16 ± 1 years, height = 181.2 ± 12.0 cm, BM = 85.7 ± 19.1 kg, body mass index = 20.8 ± 1.8) provided a urine sample and were weighed to assess hydration. Sensitivity and specificity of urine color (Ucol) and urine-specific gravity (USG) to determine BM changes were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Paired samples t -tests assessed carryover effects between practices. Repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed carryover effects across practices. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Sensitivity and specificity for using Ucol or USG to determine BM changes was not significant. For Ucol, there was a carryover effect from practice numbers 2 to 3, 6 to 7 am , 7 am to 7 pm ( p < 0.001 for all), and 10 to 11 ( p = 0.004); most with less than 24 hours between practices. The %BM loss (%BML) was significantly greater ( p = 0.001 to 0.024) after 2-a-day practices. Effects of previous days' exercise in the heat, as evidenced by higher Ucol and %BL, are greater after 2-a-day practices, which occurred on later practice days. Athletes must replenish fluids during and between practices to remain euhydrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candi D Ashley
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Rebecca M Lopez
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Amanda J Tritsch
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1-145. [PMID: 37796292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Pérez-Castillo ÍM, Williams JA, López-Chicharro J, Mihic N, Rueda R, Bouzamondo H, Horswill CA. Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited. Nutrients 2023; 16:17. [PMID: 38201848 PMCID: PMC10781183 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypohydration can impair aerobic performance and deteriorate cognitive function during exercise. To minimize hypohydration, athletes are recommended to commence exercise at least euhydrated, ingest fluids containing sodium during long-duration and/or high-intensity exercise to prevent body mass loss over 2% and maintain elevated plasma osmolality, and rapidly restore and retain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis before a second exercise session. To achieve these goals, the compositions of the fluids consumed are key; however, it remains unclear what can be considered an optimal formulation for a hydration beverage in different settings. While carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions such as sports drinks have been extensively explored as a source of carbohydrates to meet fuel demands during intense and long-duration exercise, these formulas might not be ideal in situations where fluid and electrolyte balance is impaired, such as practicing exercise in the heat. Alternately, hypotonic compositions consisting of moderate to high levels of electrolytes (i.e., ≥45 mmol/L), mainly sodium, combined with low amounts of carbohydrates (i.e., <6%) might be useful to accelerate intestinal water absorption, maintain plasma volume and osmolality during exercise, and improve fluid retention during recovery. Future studies should compare hypotonic formulas and sports drinks in different exercise settings, evaluating different levels of sodium and/or other electrolytes, blends of carbohydrates, and novel ingredients for addressing hydration and rehydration before, during, and after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Niko Mihic
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (N.M.)
| | | | | | - Craig A. Horswill
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA;
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Turner O, Mitchell N, Ruddock A, Purvis A, Ranchordas MK. Fluid Balance, Sodium Losses and Hydration Practices of Elite Squash Players during Training. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071749. [PMID: 37049589 PMCID: PMC10096645 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite squash players are reported to train indoors at high volumes and intensities throughout a microcycle. This may increase hydration demands, with hypohydration potentially impairing many key performance indicators which characterise elite squash performance. Consequently, the main aim of this study was to quantify the sweat rates and sweat [Na+] of elite squash players throughout a training session, alongside their hydration practices. Fourteen (males = seven; females = seven) elite or world class squash player’s fluid balance, sweat [Na+] and hydration practices were calculated throughout a training session in moderate environmental conditions (20 ± 0.4 °C; 40.6 ± 1% RH). Rehydration practices were also quantified post-session until the players’ next training session, with some training the same day and some training the following day. Players had a mean fluid balance of −1.22 ± 1.22% throughout the session. Players had a mean sweat rate of 1.11 ± 0.56 L·h−1, with there being a significant difference between male and female players (p < 0.05), and a mean sweat (Na+) of 46 ± 12 mmol·L−1. Players training the following day were able to replace fluid and sodium losses, whereas players training again on the same day were not. These data suggest the variability in players hydration demands and highlight the need to individualise hydration strategies, as well as training prescription, to ensure players with high hydration demands have ample time to optimally rehydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Turner
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
- English Institute of Sport, Manchester M11 3BS, UK
| | | | - Alan Ruddock
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Alison Purvis
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Mayur K. Ranchordas
- Academy of Sport & Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
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9
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Johnston CL, Negus MF, Rossiter MA, Phillips CG. A national survey of urinary incontinence in professional Team England female athletes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 282:12-16. [PMID: 36608453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence of urinary incontinence in Team England female athletes participating in the 2018 Commonwealth Games, the self-imposed lifestyle modifications used to manage symptoms in training and competition and the impact on performance. STUDY DESIGN This was a Cross-Sectional Survey. All Team England female athletes participating in 2018 Commonwealth Games were asked to complete a structured questionnaire regarding symptoms and management of urinary incontinence. Chi-squared statistical analysis was applied to relevant data. RESULTS 103 athletes were included. 52 % reported experiencing urinary incontinence (38 % in training vs 27 % in competition X2 = 2.68, p0.13). Highest rates of incontinence were seen in cycling and gymnastics, with lowest rates of incontinence in swimming and rugby. In sports requiring form fitting garments, 64 % did not feel they could wear a pad in training, compared with 19 % in sports with less form-fitting clothing. In competition, 75 % of athletes wearing form-fitting clothing did not feel they could wear a pad, compared with 24 % of those with less form-fitting attire (X2 = 16.9, p < 0.001 in training; X2 = 24.04, p = <0.001 in competition). 11 % of athletes reported reducing fluid intake to reduce urinary incontinence in training and 8 % reported doing this in competition. Only 3 % of athletes reported that their performance is affected by urinary incontinence. CONCLUSION Prevalence of urinary incontinence is higher in athletes than in the general population. Tight-fitting sportswear is a barrier to athletes using pads to manage urinary incontinence. Athletes may reduce fluid intake to reduce urinary leakage in training and competition, which may affect performance. However, few athletes report that urinary incontinence has an impact overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Johnston
- Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gynaecology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Aldermaston Road, Basingstoke, UK.
| | | | - Michael A Rossiter
- North Hampshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Sport & Exercise Medicine, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK; Commonwealth Games England, London, UK.
| | - Christian G Phillips
- Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Urogynaecology, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK.
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Benjamin CL, Dobbins LW, Sullivan SG, Rogers RR, Williams TD, Marshall MR, Ballmann CG. The Effect of Fluid Availability on Consumption and Perceptual Measures during Aerobic Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1310. [PMID: 36674064 PMCID: PMC9858706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluid availability may alter drinking behavior; however, it is currently unknown if the availability of fluid impacts behavior and gastrointestinal issues (GI) that are often associated with increased fluid intake. The purpose of this study was to determine if ad libitum (AL) versus periodic (PER) fluid intake influences fluid consumption and GI distress during exercise in trained athletes. Male and female Division I NCAA Cross Country athletes (n = 11; age = 20 ± 1 years) participated in this counterbalanced crossover study. Each participant completed a moderate intensity 10 km run on two separate occasions. In one trial, participants had unlimited availability to fluid to consume AL. In the other trial, participants consumed PER fluid at stations placed every 3.2 km. Assurance of euhydration prior to each trial was confirmed via urine specific gravity (USG) and urine color. Subjective perceptions of thirst and gastric fullness were assessed pre- and post-exercise via Likert questioning and a visual analog scale, respectively. Participants started each trial euhydrated (AL = 1.009 USG ± 0.009; PER = 1.009 USG ± 0.009; urine color AL, 3 ± 1; urine color PER, 2 ± 1). Fluid volume consumption was significantly higher during the AL condition compared to PER (p = 0.050). Thirst significantly increased from pre- to post-run regardless of treatment (p < 0.001); however, there was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.492). Feelings of fullness did not change pre-post trial (p = 0.304) or between trials (p = 0.958). Increased fluid availability allows for increased fluid consumption without the negative experience of GI discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke W. Dobbins
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA
| | | | - Rebecca R. Rogers
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA
- SHP Research Collaborative, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA
| | - Tyler D. Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA
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Tinsley GM, Siedler MR, Rodriguez C, Harty PS, Stratton MT, White SJ, Keith DS, Green JJ, Boykin JR, Williams AD, DeHaven B, Brojanac A, Tinoco E. Evaluation of novel beverage formulations for hydration enhancement in humans. JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL BIOIMPEDANCE 2023; 14:3-12. [PMID: 37416523 PMCID: PMC10320569 DOI: 10.2478/joeb-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of novel beverage formulations on bioimpedance- and urine-based hydration markers. Thirty young healthy adults (n=16 females, n=14 males; age: 23.2±3.7 years; BMI: 24.3±3.3 kg/m2) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants completed three conditions with baseline bioimpedance, urine, and body mass assessments, followed by ingestion of one liter of a test beverage over a 30-minute period. The three beverages were: active hydration formulation in still (AFstill) or sparkling (AFspark) water and a still water control. The active formulations were identical in concentrations of alpha-cyclodextrin and complexing agents. Following beverage ingestion, bioimpedance assessments were performed every 15 minutes for two hours, followed by final urinary and body mass assessments. The primary bioimpedance outcomes were phase angle at 50 kHz, resistance of the extra-cellular compartment (R0), and resistance of the intracellular compartment (Ri). Data were analyzed using linear mixed effects models, Friedman tests, and Wilcoxon tests. Statistically significant changes in phase angle values were observed at 30 (p=0.004) and 45 minutes (p=0.024) following the initiation of beverage ingestion in the AFstill condition as compared to the reference model (i.e., control condition at baseline). Although differences between conditions were not statistically significant at later time points, the data were consistent with AFstill having greater elevations in phase angle throughout the monitoring period. At the 30-minute time point only, statistically significant differences in R0 for AFspark (p<0.001) and in Ri for AFstill (p=0.008) were observed. When averaged across post-ingestion time points, there was a trend (p=0.08) for Ri differences between conditions. The net fluid balance was greater than zero, indicating retention of ingested fluid, for AFstill (p=0.02) and control (p=0.03), with a trend for AFspark (p=0.06). In conclusion, an active formulation containing alpha-cyclodextrin in still water demonstrated potential benefits for enhancing hydration markers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Madelin R. Siedler
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Kinesiology; College of Science, Technology, and Health; Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Matthew T. Stratton
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport; University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Sarah J. White
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Dale S. Keith
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jacob J. Green
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jake R. Boykin
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Abegale D. Williams
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brielle DeHaven
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra Brojanac
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ethan Tinoco
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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12
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Jesuthasan A, Ali A, Lee JKW, Rutherfurd-Markwick K. Assessment of Changes in Physiological Markers in Different Body Fluids at Rest and after Exercise. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214685. [PMID: 36364948 PMCID: PMC9654217 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and biological markers in different body fluids are used to measure the body’s physiological or pathological status. In the field of sports and exercise medicine, the use of these markers has recently become more popular for monitoring an athlete’s training response and assessing the immediate or long-term effects of exercise. Although the effect of exercise on different physiological markers using various body fluids is well substantiated, no article has undertaken a review across multiple body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine and sweat. This narrative review aims to assess various physiological markers in blood, urine and saliva, at rest and after exercise and examines physiological marker levels obtained across similar studies, with a focus on the population and study methodology used. Literature searches were conducted using PRISMA guidelines for keywords such as exercise, physical activity, serum, sweat, urine, and biomarkers, resulting in an analysis of 15 studies for this review paper. When comparing the effects of exercise on physiological markers across different body fluids (blood, urine, and saliva), the changes detected were generally in the same direction. However, the extent of the change varied, potentially as a result of the type and duration of exercise, the sample population and subject numbers, fitness levels, and/or dietary intake. In addition, none of the studies used solely female participants; instead, including males only or both male and female subjects together. The results of some physiological markers are sex-dependent. Therefore, to better understand how the levels of these biomarkers change in relation to exercise and performance, the sex of the participants should also be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalini Jesuthasan
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Kay Rutherfurd-Markwick
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Centre for Metabolic Health Research, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9-213-6646
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13
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Abstract
Optimal hydration is required for all physiologic functions and cognition. Children, especially younger ones, are particularly susceptible to dehydration, given their physiological specificities, in particular, their renal immaturity and relatively large skin surface in early life, but also their dependence on adults and their greater propensity to develop digestive diseases leading to fluid losses. Mild dehydration consequences are dominated by their impact on cognitive functions, whereas more severe dehydration may endanger the health outcome. Studies on this subject in children are scarce; in particular, the long-term consequence on renal function remains questionable. This review considers how children's water intake including fluid intake and water content of food, are worrying. The findings show that, worldwide, most children do not meet adequate water intake recommendations. The main problems likely to explain insufficient water intake are access to safe water, availability of drinking water at school, and healthy-hydration education, which are all points that need to be improved within health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Chouraqui
- Paediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology, Division of Pediatrics, Woman, Mother and Child Department, Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Goodman SPJ, Immink MA, Marino FE. Hypohydration alters pre-frontal cortex haemodynamics, but does not impair motor learning. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2255-2268. [PMID: 35881154 PMCID: PMC9458583 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown how hypohydration influences fine motor performance training and motor learning. Here, 30 participants (aged 19–46 years) were randomly assigned to a hypohydration (HYPO) or control (CON) group (both n = 15). Moderate hypohydration (~ 2.4% loss in body mass) was produced in HYPO via active dehydration before a 46 min fluid restricted rest period was undertaken. The conclusion of rest coincided with when CON attended the facilities. Both groups undertook a discrete sequence production task consisting of 6 training blocks, and returned ~ 300 min later to complete a delayed retention and transfer test while euhydrated. Bilateral pre-frontal cortex (PFC) haemodynamics were assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy throughout training and delayed learning assessments. Response time improved across training (P < 0.01) and was similar between the groups (both P = 0.22). Analysis of training PFC haemodynamics revealed a significant group by block interaction for oxygenated (O2Hb; P < 0.01), but not deoxygenated haemoglobin (P = 0.77). In training block 1, bilateral O2Hb was higher in HYPO (P = 0.02), while bilateral O2Hb increased in CON between blocks 2–3 and 5–6 (both P ≤ 0.03). During the delayed retention and transfer test, no group differences or interactions were found in response time, response error, or PFC haemodynamics (all P ≥ 0.27). Moderate hypohydration does increase PFC activation during motor skill learning, however, this appears to be transient and of little consequence to training or delayed retention or transfer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P J Goodman
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia. .,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - Maarten A Immink
- Sport, Health, Physical Activity and Exercise Research Centre and College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Frank E Marino
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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15
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Connor J, Germaine M, Gibson C, Clarke P, Egan B. Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2243-2257. [PMID: 35833967 PMCID: PMC9463328 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes. Methods In a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery. Results During the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (P = 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all P < 0.05), and plasma volume was decreased (~ 14%; P < 0.01), but did not differ between FWB and SWB, and were similar to baseline values after recovery. No indices of performance (e.g., countermovement jump, isometric strength, and functional threshold power) were impacted when RWL was followed by the recovery process. Conclusion Under the conditions of this hot bath protocol, fluid loss was not augmented by the addition of ~ 5.0%wt/vol of Epsom salt during HWI, and RWL of ~ 5.3% body mass followed by > 24 h of recovery did not impact indices of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Connor
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mark Germaine
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Conor Gibson
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Philip Clarke
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
- Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA.
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16
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Bender BF, Johnson NJ, Berry JA, Frazier KM, Bender MB. Automated Urinal-Based Specific Gravity Measurement Device for Real-Time Hydration Monitoring in Male Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:921418. [PMID: 35784803 PMCID: PMC9243503 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.921418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic hydration status is important for athlete safety and performance and is frequently measured by sports scientists and performance staff in team environments via urinalysis. However, the time required for urine collection, staff testing, and reporting often delays immediate reporting and personalized nutrition insight in situations of acute hydration management before training or competition. Furthermore, the burdensome urine collection and testing process often renders chronic hydration monitoring sporadic or non-existent in real-world settings. An automated urinalysis device (InFlow) was developed to measure specific gravity, an index of hydration status, in real-time during urination. The device was strongly correlated to optical refractometry with a mean absolute error of 0.0029 (±0.0021). Our results show this device provides a novel and useful approach for real-time hydration status via urinalysis for male athletes in team environments with high testing frequency demands.
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17
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Prevalence of Dehydration and the Relationship with Fluid Intake and Self‐Assessment of Hydration Status in Czech First League Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:101-110. [PMID: 36157002 PMCID: PMC9465733 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the hydration status of Czech First League soccer players, and to compare the reported fluid intake, perceived fluid intake and thirst sensation of euhydrated (EU) and dehydrated (DE) players. The study involved 124 Czech male professional soccer players (age 25.2±5.0 years) participating in annual winter, pre-season laboratory testing. Hydration status was assessed based on urine specific gravity (USG), euhydration was set at USG≤1.020. Fluid intake and thirst perception were evaluated by a questionnaire. The sample mean for USG was 1.021±0.008, 56% of players were dehydrated. Reported daily fluid intake was significantly (p<0.001, d=0.95, large effect) higher in EU compared to DE players. Daily fluid intake negatively correlated with USG (rS=-0.46, p<0.001, medium effect). The fluid intake perception score was significantly (p=0.005, d=0.54, medium effect) better in EU compared to DE players. Reported intake perception scores negatively correlated with USG (rS=-0.32, p<0.001, medium effect). However, there was no correlation (rS=-0.09, p=0.34, trivial effect) between thirst perception scores and USG. Thirst perception scores were not significantly different between EU and DE players (p=0.35, d=0.18, trivial effect). Our results indicated that self-assessment of both daily fluid intake and perceived fluid intake matched with objective hydration status, while self-assessment of thirst perception was not an appropriate indicator of hydration status in elite soccer players.
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18
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Cognitive Performance Before and Following Habituation to Exercise-Induced Hypohydration of 2 and 4% Body Mass in Physically Active Individuals. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050935. [PMID: 35267911 PMCID: PMC8912814 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of repeated exposures to hypohydration upon cognitive performance. In a randomized crossover design, ten physically active adults completed two 4-week training blocks, one where they maintained euhydration (EUH) and the other where they were water-restricted (DEH) during walking/running at 55% V.O2max, 40 °C. Three sessions per week were performed: (1) 1 h of exercise, (2) exercise until 2% or (3) 4% of body mass has been lost or replaced. Limited to the first and fourth training week, a 12 min walking/running time-trial was completed following the 2 and 4% exercise bouts. Trail making, the Wisconsin card sort, the Stop signal task, Simple visual reaction time and Corsi block-tapping tests were performed immediately following the time-trials. Body mass loss was maintained < 1% with EUH and reached 2.7 and 4.7% with DEH following the time-trials. Except for a lower percentage of correct responses (% accuracy) during the Wisconsin card sort test (p < 0.05) with DEH compared to EUH, no statistically significant decline in cognitive performance was induced by low and moderate levels of hypohydration. Compared to week 1, no statistical differences in cognitive responses were observed after repeated exposures to hypohydration (all p > 0.05). From a practical perspective, the gains in cognitive performance following training to DEH were mostly unclear, but under certain circumstances, were greater than when EUH was maintained. Based on the battery of cognitive tests used in the current study, we conclude that whether physically active individuals are habituated or not to its effect, exercise-induced hypohydration of 2 and 4% has, in general, no or unclear impact on cognitive performance immediately following exercise. These results encourage further research in this area.
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19
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Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH, Daanen HAM. Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1873-1979. [PMID: 33829868 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rise in body core temperature and loss of body water via sweating are natural consequences of prolonged exercise in the heat. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of how the human body responds to exercise under heat stress and the countermeasures that can be adopted to enhance aerobic performance under such environmental conditions. The fundamental concepts and physiological processes associated with thermoregulation and fluid balance are initially described, followed by a summary of methods to determine thermal strain and hydration status. An outline is provided on how exercise-heat stress disrupts these homeostatic processes, leading to hyperthermia, hypohydration, sodium disturbances, and in some cases exertional heat illness. The impact of heat stress on human performance is also examined, including the underlying physiological mechanisms that mediate the impairment of exercise performance. Similarly, the influence of hydration status on performance in the heat and how systemic and peripheral hemodynamic adjustments contribute to fatigue development is elucidated. This review also discusses strategies to mitigate the effects of hyperthermia and hypohydration on exercise performance in the heat by examining the benefits of heat acclimation, cooling strategies, and hyperhydration. Finally, contemporary controversies are summarized and future research directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australia
| | - Thijs M H Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein A M Daanen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
Clinicians who care for patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) must wear a full suite of personal protective equipment, including an N95 mask or powered air purifying respirator, eye protection, a fluid-impermeable gown, and gloves. This combination of personal protective equipment may cause increased work of breathing, reduced field of vision, muffled speech, difficulty hearing, and heat stress. These effects are not caused by individual weakness; they are normal and expected reactions that any person will have when exposed to an unusual environment. The physiologic and psychologic challenges imposed by personal protective equipment may have multiple causes, but immediate countermeasures and long-term mitigation strategies can help to improve a clinician's ability to provide care. Ultimately, a systematic approach to the design and integration of personal protective equipment is needed to improve the safety of patients and clinicians.
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21
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Perez-Quintero M, Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Robles-Gil MC, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Three weeks of passive and intervallic heat at high temperatures (100±2 °C) in a sauna improve acclimation to external heat (42±2 °C) in untrained males. J Therm Biol 2021; 96:102837. [PMID: 33627275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the effect of passive heat acclimation on aerobic performance is still controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to observe the effect of passive and intervallic exposure to high temperatures (100 ± 2 °C) in untrained males. Forty healthy untrained men participated in this investigation. They were randomised into a Control Group (CG; n = 18) and an Experimental Group (EG; n = 22). Both groups performed maximum incremental tests until exhaustion in normothermia (GXT1; 22 ± 2 °C), and 48h afterwards, in hyperthermia (GXT2; 42 ± 2 °C). The EG performed 9 sessions of intervallic exposure to heat (100 ± 2 °C) over 3 weeks. Subsequently, both groups performed two maximal incremental trials in normothermia (GXT3; 22 ± 2 °C) and 48h later, in hyperthermia (GXT4; 42 ± 2 °C). In each test, the maximal ergospirometric parameters and the aerobic (VT1), anaerobic (VT2) and recovery ventilatory thresholds were recorded. The Wilcoxon Test was used for intra-group comparisons and the Mann-Whitney U for inter-group comparisons. There were improvements in absolute VO2max (p = 0.049), W (p = 0.005) and O2pulse (p = 0.006) in hyperthermia. In VT1 there was an increase in W (p = 0.046), in VO2 in absolute (p = 0.025) and relative (p = 0.013) values, O2pulse (p = 0.006) and VE (p = 0.028) in hyperthermia. While W increased in hyperthermia (p = 0.022) at VT2. The results suggest that passive and intervallic acclimation at high temperatures improves performance in hyperthermia. This protocol could be implemented in athletes when they have to compete in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain; Movement, Brain and Health Research Group (MOBhE), Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez (Comillas Pontifical University), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M C Robles-Gil
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, School of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Sport Sciences Faculty. University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology. School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
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22
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Different Waters for Different Performances: Can We Imagine Sport-Related Natural Mineral Spring Waters? WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preserving the hydration status means to balance daily fluids and salt losses with gains, where the losses depend on several physiological and environmental factors. Especially for athletes, these losses could be relevant and negatively influence the performance: therefore, their hydro-saline status must be preserved with personalized pre- and rehydration plans all along the performance period. Scientific literature in this field is mainly dedicated to artificial sport drinks. Different territories in most world areas are rich in drinking natural mineral spring waters with saline compositions that reflect their geological origin and that are used for human health (often under medical prescription). However, scarce scientific attention has been dedicated to the use of these waters for athletes. We therefore reviewed the existing literature from the innovative viewpoint of matching spring water mineral compositions with different athletic performances and their hydro-saline requirements.
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23
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Huang WC, Tung YT, Wu MS, Liu MC, Lin TJ, Yang MT. Low-Osmolality Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution Ingestion Avoid Fluid Loss and Oxidative Stress After Exhaustive Endurance Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040336. [PMID: 32326004 PMCID: PMC7222420 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-osmolality carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (LCS) ingestion can replace losses from exercise-induced dehydration, but the benefits of LCS ingestion strategy after exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE) remain unknown. The present study evaluated the effects of LCS ingestion on dehydration, oxidative stress, renal function, and aerobic capacity after EEE. In our study with its double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced design, 12 healthy male participants were asked to consume LCS (150 mL four times per hour) or placebo (water) 1 h before and 1 h after EEE. All participants completed a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill for the determination of maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max), applied to further intensity calibration, and then completed the EEE test. The average heart rate, maximal heart rate, running time to exhaustion, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were recorded during the exercise period. The participants’ body weight was recorded at different time points before and after the EEE to calculate the dehydration rate. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 2 h after EEE to determine indicators of oxidative stress and renal function. The results indicated that the dehydration rates in participants with LCS ingestion at 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min after EEE were significantly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (−1.86 ± 0.47% vs. −2.24 ± 0.72%; −1.78 ± 0.50% vs. −2.13 ± 0.74%; −1.54 ± 0.51% vs. −1.94 ± 0.72%, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, the concentration of catalase in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was significantly higher than in participants with placebo ingestion (2046.21 ± 381.98 nmol/min/mL vs. 1820.37 ± 417.35 nmol/min/mL; p < 0.05). Moreover, the concentration of protein carbonyl in participants with LCS ingestion immediately after EEE was slightly lower than in participants with placebo ingestion (2.72 ± 0.31 nmol carbonyl/mg protein vs. 2.89 ± 0.43 nmol carbonyl/mg protein; p = 0.06). No differences were noted for other variables. Our findings conclude that LCS ingestion can effectively avoid fluid loss and oxidative stress after EEE. However, LCS ingestion had no benefits for renal function or aerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11301, Taiwan;
| | - Mai-Szu Wu
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medicine University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- School of Dental Technology, College of oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Jung Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ta Yang
- Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-27361661 (ext. 2275)
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