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Guppy F, Muniz-Pardos B, Angeloudis K, Grivas GV, Pitsiladis A, Bundy R, Zelenkova I, Tanisawa K, Akiyama H, Keramitsoglou I, Miller M, Knopp M, Schweizer F, Luckfiel T, Ruiz D, Racinais S, Pitsiladis Y. Technology Innovation and Guardrails in Elite Sport: The Future is Now. Sports Med 2023; 53:97-113. [PMID: 37787844 PMCID: PMC10721698 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of companies are developing or using wearable sensor technologies that can monitor, analyse and transmit data from humans in real time that can be used by the sporting, biomedical and media industries. To explore this phenomenon, we describe and review two high-profile sporting events where innovations in wearable technologies were trialled: the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games (Tokyo 2020, Japan) and the 2022 adidas Road to Records (Germany). These two major sporting events were the first time academic and industry partners came together to implement real-time wearable solutions during major competition, to protect the health of athletes competing in hot and humid environments, as well as to better understand how these metrics can be used moving forwards. Despite the undoubted benefits of such wearables, there are well-founded concerns regarding their use including: (1) limited evidence quantifying the potential beneficial effects of analysing specific parameters, (2) the quality of hardware and provided data, (3) information overload, (4) data security and (5) exaggerated marketing claims. Employment and sporting rules and regulations also need to evolve to facilitate the use of wearable devices. There is also the potential to obtain real-time data that will oblige medical personnel to make crucial decisions around whether their athletes should continue competing or withdraw for health reasons. To protect athletes, the urgent need is to overcome these ethical/data protection concerns and develop wearable technologies that are backed by quality science. The fields of sport and exercise science and medicine provide an excellent platform to understand the impact of wearable sensors on performance, wellness, health, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Guppy
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Borja Muniz-Pardos
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Angeloudis
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gerasimos V Grivas
- Physical Education and Sports, Division of Humanities and Political Sciences, Hellenic Naval Academy, Piraeus, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Irina Zelenkova
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | | | - Mike Miller
- Human Telemetrics, London, UK
- World Olympians Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Knopp
- adidas Innovation, adidas AG, Herzogenaurach, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Ruiz
- adidas Innovation, adidas AG, Herzogenaurach, Germany
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Environmental Stress Unit, CREPS Montpellier - Font Romeu, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Human Telemetrics, London, UK.
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong.
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Boullosa D, Claudino JG, Fernandez-Fernandez J, Bok D, Loturco I, Stults-Kolehmainen M, García-López J, Foster C. The Fine-Tuning Approach for Training Monitoring. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1374-1379. [PMID: 37689401 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Monitoring is a fundamental part of the training process to guarantee that the programmed training loads are executed by athletes and result in the intended adaptations and enhanced performance. A number of monitoring tools have emerged during the last century in sport. These tools capture different facets (eg, psychophysiological, physical, biomechanical) of acute training bouts and chronic adaptations while presenting specific advantages and limitations. Therefore, there is a need to identify what tools are more efficient in each sport context for better monitoring of training process. METHODS AND RESULTS We present and discuss the fine-tuning approach for training monitoring, which consists of identifying and combining the best monitoring tools with experts' knowledge in different sport settings, designed to improve (1) the control of actual training loads and (2) understanding of athletes' training adaptations. Instead of using single-tool approaches or merely subjective decision making, the identification of the best combination of monitoring tools to assist experts' decisions in each specific context (ie, triangulation) is necessary to better understand the link between acute and chronic adaptations and their impact on health and performance. Future studies should elaborate on the identification of the best combination of monitoring tools for each specific sport setting. CONCLUSION The fine-tuning monitoring approach requires the simultaneous use of several valid and practical tools, instead of a single tool, to improve the effectiveness of monitoring practices when added to experts' knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - João Gustavo Claudino
- Group of Research, Innovation and Technology Applied to Sport (GSporTech), Department of Physical Education, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Bok
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juan García-López
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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3
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Robertson S, Zendler J, De Mey K, Haycraft J, Ash GI, Brockett C, Seshadri D, Woods C, Kober L, Aughey R, Rogowski J. Development of a sports technology quality framework. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1983-1993. [PMID: 38305379 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2308435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Identifying tools and processes to effectively and efficiently evaluate technologies is an area of need for many sport stakeholders. This study aimed to develop a standardised, evidence-based framework to guide the evaluation of sports technologies. In developing the framework, a review of standards, guidelines and research into sports technology was conducted. Following this, 55 experts across the sports industry were presented with a draft framework for feedback. Following a two-round Delphi survey, the final framework consisted of 25 measurable features grouped under five quality pillars. These were 1) Quality Assurance & Measurement (Accuracy, Repeatability, Reproducibility, Specifications), 2) Established Benefit (Construct Validity, Concurrent Validity, Predictive Validity, Functionality), 3) Ethics & Security (Compliance, Privacy, Ownership, Safety, Transparency, Environmental Sustainability), 4) User Experience (Usability, Robustness, Data Representation, Customer Support & Training, Accessibility) & 5) Data Management (Data Standardisation, Interoperability, Maintainability, Scalability). The framework can be used to help design and refine sports technology in order to optimise quality and maintain industry standards, as well as guide purchasing decisions by organisations. It may also serve to create a common language for organisations, manufacturers, investors, and consumers to improve the efficiency of their decision-making relating to sports technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Robertson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Zendler
- Rimkus, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K De Mey
- Ghent University, Flanders, Belgium
| | - J Haycraft
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G I Ash
- Section of Biomedical Informatics & Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Brockett
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Seshadri
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - C Woods
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L Kober
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Aughey
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Rogowski
- National Basketball Retired Players Association, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mateus N, Exel J, Santos S, Gonçalves B, Sampaio J. Effectiveness of wearable technology to optimize youth soccer players' off-training behaviour and training responses: a parallel group randomized trial. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:384-393. [PMID: 35983660 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although youth soccer players meet and exceed the weekly physical activity (PA) guidelines also exhibit high off-training sedentary behaviour (SB) levels. Recent evidence indicated that low PA preceding training leads to decreased PA intensity in soccer practice and that SB impairs sports performance and recovery. Thus, a parallel group randomized trial examined the effect of activity wristbands on young players' off-training PA and SB profiles; assessed the added value of wearable wristbands with PA warnings; and investigated whether manipulating off-training PA can affect the players' training responses. METHODS Thirty-two adolescent soccer players (16.1 ± 0.9 years old) were monitored during weekdays for two weeks (interspersed with one week). Players were randomly assigned to a reminder to move (REM) and a non-reminder to move group (nREM). The REM wore an activity wristband (Fitbit Charge 2) with PA warnings in the last week of research, while the nREM wore identical monitors without PA feedback. Throughout the study, off-training PA was assessed using tri-axial accelerometers, and training responses were analysed using wearable inertial monitoring units. Gardner-Altman estimation plots and a Fisher's Exact Test of Independence estimated each group's off-training PA changes between the monitored weeks. Complementary, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) quantified the effect of Fitbit wristband configurations (with a reminder to move or without a reminder to move) on the off-training PA and soccer training external load variables. The independent variable group had two levels (REM and nREM). The off-training PA and training load values collected in the first week were introduced in the model as a covariate, the groups were designated fixed factors and the off-training PA and training load from the third week were the dependent variables. The team was also included as a covariate and the between-group differences post-intervention were adjusted for baseline and team. RESULTS Interestingly, results showed that different wearable wristbands did not influence the players' off-training PA profiles (p > 0.05). Concomitantly, no differences were observed in training responses (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Findings emphasize the importance of health and youth sports organizations in developing newer approaches for promoting healthier lifestyles, beyond training practices, with potentially favourable implications for sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Mateus
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juliana Exel
- Department of Sport Science Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Santos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saude, Escola de Saude e Desenvolvimento Humano,Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Évora, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Akiyama H, Watanabe D, Miyachi M. Estimated standard values of aerobic capacity according to sex and age in a Japanese population: A scoping review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286936. [PMID: 37713405 PMCID: PMC10503723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic capacity is a fitness measure reflecting the ability to sustain whole-body physical activity as fast and long as possible. Identifying the distribution of aerobic capacity in a population may help estimate their health status. This study aimed to estimate standard values of aerobic capacity (peak oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] and anaerobic threshold [AT]/kg) for the Japanese population stratified by sex and age using a meta-analysis. Moreover, the comparison of the estimated standard values of the Japanese with those of other populations was performed as a supplementary analysis. We systematically searched original articles on aerobic capacity in the Japanese population using PubMed, Ichushi-Web, and Google Scholar. We meta-analysed [Formula: see text] (total: 78,714, men: 54,614, women: 24,100) and AT (total: 4,042, men: 1,961, women: 2,081) data of healthy Japanese from 21 articles by sex and age. We also searched, collected and meta-analysed data from other populations. Means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The estimated standard values of [Formula: see text] (mL/kg/min) for Japanese men and women aged 4-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years were 47.6, 51.2, 43.2, 37.2, 34.5, 31.7, 28.6, and 26.3, and 42.0, 43.2, 33.6, 30.6, 27.4, 25.6, 23.4, and 23.1, respectively. The AT/kg (mL/kg/min) for Japanese men and women aged 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years were 21.1, 18.3, 16.8, 15.9, 15.8, and 15.2, and 17.4, 17.0, 15.7, 15.0, 14.5, and 14.2, respectively. Herein, we presented the estimated standard values of aerobic capacity according to sex and age in a Japanese population. In conclusion, aerobic capacity declines with ageing after 20-29 years of age. Additionally, aerobic capacity is lower in the Japanese population than in other populations across a wide range of age groups. Standard value estimation by meta-analysis can be conducted in any country or region and for public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akiyama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daiki Watanabe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Chiang AA, Khosla S. Consumer Wearable Sleep Trackers: Are They Ready for Clinical Use? Sleep Med Clin 2023; 18:311-330. [PMID: 37532372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As the importance of good sleep continues to gain public recognition, the market for sleep-monitoring devices continues to grow. Modern technology has shifted from simple sleep tracking to a more granular sleep health assessment. We examine the available functionalities of consumer wearable sleep trackers (CWSTs) and how they perform in healthy individuals and disease states. Additionally, the continuum of sleep technology from consumer-grade to medical-grade is detailed. As this trend invariably grows, we urge professional societies to develop guidelines encompassing the practical clinical use of CWSTs and how best to incorporate them into patient care plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose A Chiang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Suite 2B-129, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Seema Khosla
- North Dakota Center for Sleep, 1531 32nd Avenue S Ste 103, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
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7
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Sandbakk Ø, Pyne DB, McGawley K, Foster C, Talsnes RK, Solli GS, Millet GP, Seiler S, Laursen PB, Haugen T, Tønnessen E, Wilber R, van Erp T, Stellingwerff T, Holmberg HC, Bucher Sandbakk S. The Evolution of World-Class Endurance Training: The Scientist's View on Current and Future Trends. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-5. [PMID: 37369366 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite sport is continuously evolving. World records keep falling and athletes from a longer list of countries are involved. PURPOSE This commentary was designed to provide insights into present and future trends associated with world-class endurance training based on the perspectives, experience, and knowledge of an expert panel of 25 applied sport scientists. RESULTS The key drivers of development observed in the past 10-15 years were related to (1) more accessible scientific knowledge for coaches and athletes combined with (2) better integration of practical and scientific exchange across multidisciplinary perspectives within professionalized elite athlete support structures, as well as (3) utilization of new technological advances. Based on these perspectives, we discerned and exemplified the main trends in the practice of endurance sports into the following categories: better understanding of sport-specific demands; improved competition execution; larger, more specific, and more precise training loads; improved training quality; and a more professional and healthier lifestyle. The main areas expected to drive future improvements were associated with more extensive use of advanced technology for monitoring and prescribing training and recovery, more precise use of environmental and nutritional interventions, better understanding of athlete-equipment interactions, and greater emphasis on preventing injuries and illnesses. CONCLUSIONS These expert insights can serve as a platform and inspiration to develop new hypotheses and ideas, encourage future collaboration between researchers and sport practitioners, and, perhaps most important, stimulate curiosity and further collaborative studies about the training, physiology, and performance of endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Sandbakk
- Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,Norway
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT,Australia
| | - Kerry McGawley
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Center, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund,Sweden
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI,USA
| | - Rune Kjøsen Talsnes
- Center for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,Norway
| | - Guro Strøm Solli
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Trondheim,Norway
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Bodø,Switzerland
| | - Stephen Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand,Norway
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Sports Performance and Athlete Development Environments (SPADE), University of Agder, Kristiansand,Norway
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland,New Zealand
| | - Thomas Haugen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo,Norway
| | - Espen Tønnessen
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo,Norway
| | - Randy Wilber
- United States Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO,USA
| | - Teun van Erp
- Division of Movement Science and Exercise Therapy (MSET), Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg,South Africa
| | | | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå,Sweden
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,Canada
| | - Silvana Bucher Sandbakk
- Department of Teacher Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,Norway
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8
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Nieman DC, Cialdella-Kam L. Editorial: Insights in Sport and Exercise Nutrition: 2021. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:937674. [PMID: 35784800 PMCID: PMC9247608 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.937674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- North Carolina Research Campus, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: David C. Nieman
| | - Lynn Cialdella-Kam
- Warfigther Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
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9
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Ash GI, Gueorguieva R, Barnett NP, Wang W, Robledo DS, DeMartini KS, Pittman B, Redeker NS, O’Malley SS, Fucito LM. Sensitivity, specificity, and tolerability of the BACTrack Skyn compared to other alcohol monitoring approaches among young adults in a field-based setting. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:783-796. [PMID: 35567595 PMCID: PMC9179100 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for novel alcohol biosensors that are accurate, able to detect alcohol concentration close in time to consumption, and feasible and acceptable for many clinical and research applications. We evaluated the field accuracy and tolerability of novel (BACTrack Skyn) and established (Alcohol Monitoring Systems SCRAM CAM) alcohol biosensors. METHODS The sensor and diary data were collected in a larger study of a biofeedback intervention and compared observationally in the present sub-study. Participants (high-risk drinkers, 40% female; median age 21) wore both Skyn and SCRAM CAM sensors for 1-6 days and were instructed to drink as usual. Data from the first cohort of participants (N = 27; 101 person-days) were used to find threshold values of transdermal alcohol that classified each day as meeting or not meeting defined levels of drinking (heavy, above-moderate, any). These values were used to develop scoring metrics that were subsequently tested using the second cohort (N = 20; 57 person-days). Data from both biosensors were compared to mobile diary self-report to evaluate sensitivity and specificity in relation to a priori standards established in the literature. RESULTS Skyn classification rules for Cohort #1 within 3 months of device shipment showed excellent sensitivity for heavy drinking (94%) and exceeded expectations for above-moderate and any drinking (78% and 69%, respectively), while specificity met expectations (91%). However, classification worsened when Cohort #1 devices ≥3 months from shipment were tested (area under curve for receiver operator characteristic 0.87 vs. 0.79) and the derived classification threshold when applied to Cohort #2 was inadequately specific (70%). Skyn tolerability metrics were excellent and exceeded the SCRAM CAM (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Skyn tolerability was favorable and accuracy rules were internally derivable but did not yield useful scoring metrics going forward across device lots and months of usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett I. Ash
- Yale School of Medicine; 333 Cedar Street; New Haven, CT 06510; USA,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System; 950 Campbell Avenue; West Haven, CT 06516; USA
| | | | - Nancy P Barnett
- Brown School of Public Health; 121 South Main Street; Providence, RI 02903; USA
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Yale School of Medicine; 333 Cedar Street; New Haven, CT 06510; USA
| | - David S. Robledo
- Yale School of Medicine; 333 Cedar Street; New Haven, CT 06510; USA
| | | | - Brian Pittman
- Yale School of Medicine; 333 Cedar Street; New Haven, CT 06510; USA
| | - Nancy S Redeker
- Yale School of Medicine; 333 Cedar Street; New Haven, CT 06510; USA,Yale School of Nursing; 400 West Campus Drive; Orange, CT 06477; USA
| | | | - Lisa M. Fucito
- Yale School of Medicine; 333 Cedar Street; New Haven, CT 06510; USA,Yale Cancer Center, 333 Cedar Street; New Haven, CT 06520; USA,Smilow Cancer Hospital, Yale-New Haven Hospital; 35 Park Street; New Haven, CT 06511; USA
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10
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Jonvik KL, King M, Rollo I, Stellingwerff T, Pitsiladis Y. New Opportunities to Advance the Field of Sports Nutrition. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:852230. [PMID: 35252862 PMCID: PMC8891369 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.852230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a relatively new discipline; with ~100 published papers/year in the 1990s to ~3,500+ papers/year today. Historically, sports nutrition research was primarily initiated by university-based exercise physiologists who developed new methodologies that could be impacted by nutrition interventions (e.g., carbohydrate/fat oxidation by whole body calorimetry and muscle glycogen by muscle biopsies). Application of these methods in seminal studies helped develop current sports nutrition guidelines as compiled in several expert consensus statements. Despite this wealth of knowledge, a limitation of the current evidence is the lack of appropriate intervention studies (e.g., randomized controlled clinical trials) in elite athlete populations that are ecologically valid (e.g., in real-life training and competition settings). Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of sports science technologies, methodologies, and innovations. Some of these recent advances are field-based, thus, providing the opportunity to accelerate the application of ecologically valid personalized sports nutrition interventions. Conversely, the acceleration of novel technologies and commercial solutions, especially in the field of biotechnology and software/app development, has far outstripped the scientific communities' ability to validate the effectiveness and utility of the vast majority of these new commercial technologies. This mini-review will highlight historical and present innovations with particular focus on technological innovations in sports nutrition that are expected to advance the field into the future. Indeed, the development and sharing of more “big data,” integrating field-based measurements, resulting in more ecologically valid evidence for efficacy and personalized prescriptions, are all future key opportunities to further advance the field of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Jonvik
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michelle King
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Yannis Pitsiladis
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