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Tan R, Merrill C, Riley CF, Hammer MA, Kenney RT, Riley AA, Li J, Zink AC, Karl ST, Price KM, Sharabidze LK, Rowland SN, Bailey SJ, Stiemsma LT, Pennell A. Acute inorganic nitrate ingestion does not impact oral microbial composition, cognitive function, or high-intensity exercise performance in female team-sport athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05552-w. [PMID: 39017740 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute nitrate (NO3-)-rich beetroot juice ingestion on explosive and high-intensity exercise performance, oral microbiota composition, and cognitive flexibility (i.e., function), before and after maximal intermittent running exercise. Fifteen women team-sport athletes were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to consume concentrated NO3--depleted beetroot juice (PL; 0.1 mmol NO3-) and NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR; 12.0 mmol NO3-) 2.5 h prior to performing a battery of exercise performance tasks and cognitive testing before and after the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) running test. Resting plasma [NO3-] and plasma nitrite ([NO2-]) were elevated following BR (P < 0.001). BR did not impact global composition or relative abundance of taxa in the oral microbiome (P > 0.05) or cognitive flexibility before or after exercise (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in performance during 20-m (PRE, PL: 4.38 ± 0.27 vs. BR: 4.38 ± 0.32 s; POST, PL: 4.45 ± 0.29 vs. BR: 4.43 ± 0.35 s) and 10-m sprints (PRE, PL 2.78 ± 0.15 vs. BR 2.79 ± 0.18 s; POST, PL: 2.82 ± 0.16 vs. BR: 2.81 ± 0.19 s), isokinetic handgrip dynamometry, medicine ball throw, horizontal countermovement jump, or YYIR1 (PL: 355 ± 163 m vs. BR: 368 ± 184 m) between BR and PL (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that acute dietary NO3- may not influence the oral microbiome, explosive and high-intensity exercise performance, or cognitive function in women team-sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Courtney Merrill
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chandler F Riley
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Maya A Hammer
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Ryan T Kenney
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Alyssa A Riley
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Jeffrey Li
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Alexandra C Zink
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Katherine M Price
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Luka K Sharabidze
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Samantha N Rowland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Leah T Stiemsma
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Adam Pennell
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
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Carlin H, Dupuit M, Storme F, Chassard T, Meignié A, Sachet I, Brunet E, Toussaint JF, Antero J. Impact of menstrual cycle or combined oral contraception on elite female cyclists' training responses through a clustering analysis of training sessions. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1307436. [PMID: 38487254 PMCID: PMC10937518 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1307436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives (i) To classify training sessions of elite female cyclists according to an intensity index based on a longitudinal follow-up using multiparametric data collected in situ (ii) to measure the effect of estimated menstrual cycle (MC) phases and oral contraceptive pills (OC) phases on the athletes' training responses on each type of training identified. Method Thirteen elite French cyclists were followed up over 30 months and 5,190 training sessions were collected and 81 MC/OCs full cycles analyzed. Power sensors and position devices captured training data in situ, which was summarized into 14 external load variables. Principal Component Analysis and K-means clustering were used to identify cycling sessions according to an intensity load index. The clusters were then verified and categorized through the analysis of heart rate and rate of perceived effort. A calendar method was used to estimate 3 phases of the MC: menstruation, mid-cycle phase (MP) and late-cycle phase (LP). Two phases were defined among monophasic OC users: pills' taking/withdrawal. Results Four main types of training effort were identified: Intensive, Long, Medium and Light. In the MC group (n = 7; 52 cycles), the intensity index is 8% higher during the mid-cycle (vs. menstrual phase, p = 0.032) in the Intensive effort sessions. No differences were observed in Long, Medium or Light effort, nor between the phases of pills' taking/withdrawal among OC users. Conclusion The clustering analyses developed allows a training classification and a robust method to investigate the influence of the MC/OC in situ. A better training response during the mid-cycle when the sessions are the most intense suggest an impact of the MC when the athletes approach their maximal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Carlin
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Marine Dupuit
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Florent Storme
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Tom Chassard
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Alice Meignié
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
| | - Iris Sachet
- Fédération Française de Cyclisme (FFC), Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France
| | - Emanuel Brunet
- Fédération Française de Cyclisme (FFC), Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigations en Médecine du Sport—CIMS, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES, UPR7329), INSEP (Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance), Paris, France
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