Evaluation of the Safety and Potential Benefits of Beetroot-Based Dietary Supplements According to Their Elemental Composition

The study aimed to assess the health value and safety associated with the consumption of the chosen 37 beetroot-based dietary supplements (DSs). An optimized and validated analytical procedure, using a method called microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES), was developed to determine the profiles of 19 elements (Na, K, Fe, Ca, Pt, Zn, Cd, Cu, V, Co, Ni, Pb, Mo, Mg, Al, Mn, Sr, Cr, Ba) in the DSs. The products were assessed for compliance with the recommended daily doses for the chosen elements, and any deviations were identified. Results showed that powders constituted a richer source of elements than capsules and tablets. The exception was iron-enriched products, which provided the highest dose of Fe (3.75 to 25 mg/daily dose). Safety assessment was evaluated in 3 steps, including (1) the determination of levels of Al, Ba, Cd, and Pb; (2) comparison of their content with the permissible contamination limits; and (3) comparison of the weekly or monthly intake of Al and Cd with the provisional tolerable weekly (PTWI) or monthly (PTMI) intake, respectively. The content of Ba was evaluated because of the oral reference dose (RfD). Five products were significantly contaminated with Cd (4-134% of PTMI Cd), two with Al (11-12%), and three with Ba (1.085-1.331 µg/d.d.). Lead was not detected above the LOQ (0.035 mg/kg). Factor analysis was employed to differentiate between the pharmaceutical forms (capsules, tablets, and powders) and determine the origin of the powder contained in the capsules. These results highlight the importance of implementing more stringent control measures and regulatory changes in the DSs market to ensure consumer safety.

A review on vitamin A deficiency and depleted immunity in South Asia: From deficiency to resilience

In the developing world, the twin challenges of depleted health and growing issue of food waste management loom large, demanding simultaneous attention and innovative solutions. This review explores how these issues can be effectively mitigated while shedding light on the transformative impact of food waste valorization on health management. A spotlight is cast on vitamin A deficiency (VAD), an acute public health concern, especially prevalent in South Asia, driven by economic constraints, sociocultural factors, inadequate diets, and poor nutrient absorption. VAD's devastating effects are exacerbated by limited education, lack of sanitation, ineffective food regulations, and fragile monitoring systems, disproportionately affecting children and women of childbearing age. Recent studies in South Asian countries have revealed rising rates of illness and death, notably among children and women of childbearing age, due to VAD. To address inadequate dietary intake in children utilizing vegetable waste, particularly from carrots and beetroot, which are rich in β-carotene, and betalains, respectively, offers a sustainable solution. Extracting these compounds from vegetable waste for supplementation, fortification, and dietary diversification could significantly improve public health, addressing both food waste and health disparities economically. This approach presents a compelling avenue for exploration and implementation. In summary, this review presents an integrated approach to tackle health and food waste challenges in the developing world. By tapping into the nutritional treasure troves within vegetable waste, we can enhance health outcomes while addressing food waste, forging a brighter and healthier future for communities in need.

Development of yoghurt incorporated with beetroot puree and its effect on the physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance

Background

Yoghurt is one of the most popularly consumed fermented products which provides several nutritional benefits. Yoghurt products often include flavour and colour additives however, growing awareness of the risks associated with synthetic food additives has necessitated the need to explore more natural colour and flavour as food additives.

Methods

This study evaluated the effect of beetroot puree as flavouring and colourant in yoghurt production and quality. To develop the yoghurt product, incubation time and proportion of beetroot puree were optimized based on the resulting pH, titratable acidity, colour, and viscosity using response surface methods.

Results

Optimum yoghurt formulations were obtained in products containing 2 %, 2.03 % and 8 % beetroot puree following an incubation of 2.5h. Increasing beetroot puree did not affect the pH and titratable acidity of the yoghurt samples but slightly influenced the viscosity of the yoghurt. The colour of yoghurt was mainly affected by the puree concentration. A consumer acceptance test was conducted on the optimized products compared to a control sample without beetroot. Yoghurt incorporated with 8 % beetroot puree was the least preferred with a mean score of 6.08, whereas yoghurt incorporated with 2.03 % beetroot puree was the most preferred (7.42), with a higher acceptance than the control (7.28).

Conclusion

/Implications for industry: Findings from the study provide evidence for exploration of beetroot yoghurt as a natural product alternative to the use of synthetic flavour and colour additives in yoghurt.

Novel spectrofluorometric method utilizing functionalized carbon quantum dots for determining histamine levels in nasal secretions: Implications for allergic rhinitis

Histamine plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions and is significantly involved in the development of allergic rhinitis. Accurately measuring histamine levels in nasal secretions can serve as a specific indicator for studying mast cell activation and diagnosing allergic reactions. However, the controversy surrounding histamine levels in nasal secretions during allergenic stimulation suggests potential inaccuracies and imprecision in the analytical methods used, as well as the presence of substances that may interfere with the determination of histamine. In this study, a sensitive and selective spectrofluorometric method was developed using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from beetroot slices, which are non-toxic and eco-friendly materials. These CQDs were functionalized with histamine tetra phenyl borate to determine histamine levels in nasal secretions. Various characterization techniques were employed to confirm the successful synthesis and functionalization of the CQDs. The functionalized CQDs demonstrated enhanced fluorescence and selective interaction with histamine, leading to concentration-dependent fluorescence quenching. The developed method was successfully utilized to compare histamine levels in nasal secretions of healthy individuals and patients with allergic rhinitis. The results showed that the histamine level was significantly higher in patients with allergic rhinitis than in healthy individuals, suggesting a potential association between allergic rhinitis and histamine, (normal vs. patient: 350 ± 20 ng/mL vs. 2520 ± 37 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the proposed spectrofluorometric method exhibited improved linearity range, dynamic range, and detection limit compared to a previously reported spectrophotometric method.

Nutritional characteristics and antiradical activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), and carrot (Daucus carota L.) grown in Bangladesh

Curcuma longa L. (turmeric), Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot), and Daucus carota L. (carrot) grown in Bangladesh were analyzed for nutritional and phytochemical contents to reveal their comparative nutritional compositions and antiradical properties. Ash, protein, and carbohydrate content were significantly preeminent in beetroot as compared to others. Whereas fat content was found to be high in turmeric, carrots contained a great percentage of crude fiber. Beetroot was shown to have much greater potassium, calcium, and iron levels than others. Regarding amino acids, glutamic acid was found to be greater in beetroot and carrot whereas turmeric had significantly high aspartic acid content. Leucine had the highest concentration among essential amino acids in these three samples. Total antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, and phenolic contents in the methanolic extract of turmeric were found to be substantially higher than in beetroot and carrot. Furthermore, the extract of turmeric (IC50 value: 13.46 μg/mL) scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) free radicals considerably to a greater extent than beetroot (IC50 value: 380.61 μg/mL) and carrot (IC50 value: 1252.85 μg/mL). A positive correlation was found between the phytochemical contents and antiradical activity. The information from this study will help to find the potential ingredients from these plants for functional food.

The effects of beetroot and nitrate supplementation on body composition: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of beetroot (BR) or nitrate supplements on body composition indices. A systematic search was conducted for randomised controlled trials (RCT) published up to August 2022 among online databases including Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Embase. Meta-analyses were carried out using a random-effects model. The I2 index was used to assess the heterogeneity of RCT. A total of twelve RCT met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. The pooled effect size of included studies indicated that BR or nitrate supplementation did not change body weight (weighted mean differences (WMD): -0·14 kg, 95 % CI -1·22, 1·51; P = 0·836; I2 = 0 %), BMI (WMD: -0·07 kg/m2, 95 % CI -0·19,0·03; P = 0·174, I2 = 0 %), fat mass (WMD: -0·26 kg, 95 % CI -1·51, 0·98; P = 0·677, I2 = 0 %), waist circumference (WMD: -0·28 cm, 95 % CI -2·30, 1·74; P = 0·786, I2 = 0 %), body fat percentage (WMD: 0·18 %, 95 % CI -0·62, 0·99; P = 0·651, I2 = 0 %), fat-free mass (WMD: 0·31 kg, 95 % CI -0·31, 1·94; P = 0·703, I2 = 0 %) and waist-to-hip ratio (WMD: 0, 95 % CI -0·01, 0·02; P = 0·676, I2 = 0 %). Subgroup analyses based on trial duration, BR or nitrate dose, study design, baseline BMI and athletic status (athlete v. non-athlete) demonstrated similar results. Certainty of evidence across outcomes ranged from low to moderate. This meta-analysis study suggests that BR or nitrate supplements cannot efficiently ameliorate body composition indices regardless of supplement dosage, trial duration and athletic status.

Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on peak power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population

Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability and its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular peak power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Effect sizes were calculated for peak power output and absolute and/or relative nitrate doses were considered where applicable. There was no relationship between the effect sizes of peak power output change following nitrate supplementation and when nitrate dosage when considered in absolute or relative terms. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus on nitrate dosing regimens that optimize nitric oxide bioavailability for enhancing peak power at times of increased muscular work in a variety of healthy and disease populations.

Enrichment of green table olives by natural anthocyanins during fermentation

The aim of this study is the enrichment of green table olives with anthocyanins by using beetroot and black carrot in the fermentation media and to improve functional properties of fermented olives. For this purpose, a full factorial design was constructed by considering the fermentation time, vegetable type and vegetable concentration as processing factors. The changes in the chemical and microbiological properties of both olive and brine samples were monitored. During fermentation, while phenolic components of olives were transferred to the brine, the anthocyanins originating from the black carrot and beetroot diffused into both olive and brine samples. The total monomeric anthocyanin content of fermented olives containing 20% percent of black carrot and beetroot was 149.87 and 154.05 mg/kg respectively. Moreover, the color of olives turned as fermentation progressed. Both ANOVA results (p < 0.05) and PCA model (R2 = 0.99; Q2 = 0.93) confirmed that reaction time is most important factor for the fermentation process. The sensorial analysis results indicated that the olives fermented with 20% vegetable for 10 days had been highly scored by panelists.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05751-x.

Anticancer properties of red beetroot hydro-alcoholic extract and its main constituent; betanin on colorectal cancer cell lines

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) contains Betanin as its major betacyanin, possessing wide proapoptotic effects. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer and pro-papoptotic effects of beetroot hydro-alcoholic extract (BHE) and betanin, on colorectal cancer cell lines. BHE and betanin were used to treat Caco-2 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. MTT assay, DAPI staining, and FACS-flow cytometry tests were used to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and apoptosis-inducing evaluations. Intended genes were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The IC50 for HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines were 92 μg/mL, 107 μg/mL for BHE, and 64 μg/mL, 90 μg/mL for betanin at 48 h, respectively. BHE and betanin significantly inhibited the growth of both cancer cell lines time and dose-dependently. DAPI staining and flow cytometry results revealed significant apoptosis symptoms in treated cancerous cell lines. The expression level of proapoptotic genes (BAD, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, and Fas-R) in treated HT-29 and Caco-2 cells was higher than in untreated and normal cells. In contrast, the anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) was significantly downregulated. BHE and betanin effectively inhibited cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via the modification of effective genes.

Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on muscular power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population

Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This narrative review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus individualized nitrate dosing regimens to optimize nitric oxide bioavailability and to promote muscular power enhancements in different populations.

Ageing modifies acute resting blood pressure responses to incremental consumption of dietary nitrate: a randomised, cross-over clinical trial

Beetroot (BR) is a rich source of nitrate (NO₃-) that has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP). Yet, no studies have examined the vascular benefits of BR in whole-food form and whether the effects are modified by age. This study was a four-arm, randomised, open-label, cross-over design in twenty-four healthy adults (young n 12, age 27 ± 4 years, old n 12, age 64 ± 5 years). Participants consumed whole-cooked BR at portions of (NO₃- content in brackets) 100 g (272 mg), 200 g (544 mg) and 300 g (816 mg) and a 200-ml solution containing 1000 mg of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) on four separate occasions over a 4-week period (≥7-d washout period). BP, plasma NO₃- and nitrite (NO₂-) concentrations, and post-occlusion reactive hyperaemia via laser Doppler, were measured pre- and up to 5-h post-intervention. Data were analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Plasma NO₂- concentrations were higher in the young v. old at baseline and post-intervention (P < 0·05). All NO₃- interventions decreased systolic and diastolic BP in young participants (P < 0·05), whereas only KNO₃ (at 240-300 min post-intake) significantly decreased systolic (-4·8 mmHg, -3·5 %, P = 0·024) and diastolic (-5·4 mmHg, -6·5 %, P = 0·007) BP in older participants. In conclusion, incremental doses of dietary NO₃- reduced systolic and diastolic BP in healthy young adults whereas in the older group a significant decrease was only observed with the highest dose. The lower plasma NO₂- concentrations in older participants suggest that there may be mechanistic differences in the production of NO from dietary NO₃- in young and older populations.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration as a pretreatment for microwave drying of beetroot (Beta vulgaris)

The aim of this study was to optimize drying conditions during ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration and subsequent microwave drying of red beetroot using the Box-Behnken design. For this purpose, ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration was performed at different ultrasonic powers (50, 75, and 100 W), sonication times (20, 40, and 60 min), and salt concentrations (0%, 15%, and 30%). The subsequent drying procedures were conducted with 231, 518, and 805 W microwave power. The best condition was selected as 5.15% salt concentration, 20 min sonication time, 50 W ultrasonic power, and 716.45 W microwave power. The responses obtained under optimum conditions were determined as 68.06%, 9.54 mg GAE/g dm, 28.23, 42.66, and 3.08 for DPPH• % inhibition, total phenolic content, L*, a*, and b* values, respectively. While favorable impacts on color were detected for the applied pretreatments, the DPPH• scavenging activities of the dried beetroot were determined to be more significant after ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration. Furthermore, the drying kinetics of beetroot were evaluated according to the Midilli et al. model. When the fit to the model was investigated, it was compatible at R2 > 0.90 level. As a result, the ultrasonic-assisted osmotic dehydration pretreatment performed before the microwave drying method preserved the quality characteristics of beetroot samples and was successfully applied.

Beetroot Bioactive and its Associated Health Benefits: Considerations for Utilization of Beetroot in Value-added Products

BACKGROUND

Beetroot is a remarkable source of nutrients needed for the improvement of human health. This paper presents a general overview of beetroot, its bioactive compounds, and its valorization.

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to understand and review the various beetroot bioactive compounds and their utilization in value-added products.

METHODS

The findings and data provided in this review are based on the available research investigations and authorized articles.

RESULT

Beetroot is a reliable source of a cluster of bioactive compounds, such as betalains, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and nitrates, which have brought it into the spotlight for the preparation of various value-added products for daily consumption for better health. These beneficial compounds show a wide range of health benefits, such as antiinflammatory activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti-anemic activity, and cancer chemopreventive activity.

CONCLUSION

This paper has reviewed the studies focused on the utilization of beetroot concerning its varied composition of nutraceutical components. This review briefly accounts for the different bioactive compound extraction methods that are immensely helpful in the food and health industries. The advantages and disadvantages of these extractions are also taken into consideration. There is a wide range of value-added products currently in the market that are generated from the addition of beetroot for the improvement of nutritional as well as sensory attributes of the final products.

The effect of dietary nitrate on macro- and microvascular function: A systematic review

Previous studies have investigated the impact of dietary nitrate on vascular function due to the association between dietary nitrate ingestion and improvement in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Considering that NO can present different effects through vascular beds (macro- vs. microvasculature) due to the specific characteristic (function and morphology) that each vessel exhibits, it is crucial to investigate the effect of dietary nitrate ingestion on the macro- and microvascular function to understand the effect of nitrate on vascular function. For this reason, this review aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary nitrate on macro- and microvascular function in humans. A total of 29 studies were included in the systematic review, of which 19 studies evaluated the effect of nitrate supplementation on macrovascular function, eight studies evaluated the effect on microvascular function, and two studies evaluated the impact on both macro- and microvascular function. The literature suggests that dietary nitrate ingestion seems to improve the vascular function in macrovasculature, whereas microvascular function appears to be modest. Future studies investigating the effect of nitrate ingestion on vascular function should focus on measuring macro- and microvascular function whenever possible so that the impact of nitrate-rich foods on vascular segments could be better understood.

Manufacturing and characterization of whey and stevia-based popsicles enriched with concentrated beetroot juice

The beet-root (Beta vulgaris) and whey powder together, can potentially use as a multifunctional ingredient in the manufacturing of the "Popsicles", due to their biochemical composition that can enhance the concentration of bioactive compounds. In the present study, beet-root juice concentrates were prepared at different time/temperature treatments viz 45 °C, 55 °C, and 65 °C for 120, 80 and 45 min. The effect of different time/temperature treatments on physicochemical composition, colour, antioxidant activity (%), bioactive compounds, spectral data and sensory acceptance were evaluated. The physicochemical parameters of popsicles (PTI, PT2, PT3) including protein, total phenols, betalain, radical scavenging activity %, colour and melting values were significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the different time/temperature treatments. The concentration of betalain and protein in all the popsicles ranged from 1134 to 1299 mg/L and 1.92 to 1.54 g/100 g respectively. The reduction of bioactive components viz betacyanins, betaxanthins, betanin, oxalic and syringic acid was also observed in popsicle (PTI) as compared to control. Furthermore, popsicle (PT1) was prepared with beet-root juice concentrated at 45 °C showed maximum sensory acceptance. The physicochemical and organoleptic attributes of processed popsicles encourage the commercial usage of whey powder and concentrated beetroot juice.

A comprehensive review of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) bioactive components in the food and pharmaceutical industries

Beetroot is rich in various bioactive phytochemicals, which are beneficial for human health and exert protective effects against several disease conditions like cancer, atherosclerosis, etc. Beetroot has various therapeutic applications, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and analgesic functions. Besides the pharmacological effects, food industries are trying to preserve beetroots or their phytochemicals using various food preservation methods, including drying and freezing, to preserve their antioxidant capacity. Beetroot is a functional food due to valuable active components such as minerals, amino acids, phenolic acid, flavonoid, betaxanthin, and betacyanin. Due to its stability, nontoxic and non-carcinogenic and nonpoisonous capabilities, beetroot has been used as an additive or preservative in food processing. Beetroot and its bioactive compounds are well reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, etc. In this review, we provided updated details on (i) food processing, preservation and colorant methods using beetroot and its phytochemicals, (ii) synthesis and development of several nanoparticles using beetroot and its bioactive compounds against various diseases, (iii) the role of beetroot and its phytochemicals under disease conditions with molecular mechanisms. We have also discussed the role of other phytochemicals in beetroot and their health benefits. Recent technologies in food processing are also updated. We also addressed on molecular docking-assisted biological activity and screening for bioactive chemicals. Additionally, the role of betalain from different sources and its therapeutic effects have been listed. To the best of our knowledge, little or no work has been carried out on the impact of beetroot and its nanoformulation strategies for phytocompounds on antimicrobial, antiviral effects, etc. Moreover, epigenetic alterations caused by phytocompounds of beetroot under several diseases were not reported much. Thus, extensive research must be carried out to understand the molecular effects of beetroot in the near future.

Effectiveness of beetroot extract in SH-SY5Y neuronal cell protection against Fumonisin B1, Ochratoxin A and its combination

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are fungal metabolites of worldwide concern because of their effect on human and animal health, as both have been classified by IARC as possible carcinogens (Group 2B). Beetroot is a source of dietary fiber, folic acid, and vitamin C, and some studies have demonstrated their antioxidant activity. Therefore, this work presents the cytoprotective effect of beetroot extract (BRE) on a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y cells) exposed to FB1, OTA, and its combination. Cytotoxicity was studied by the MTT ([3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, for 24 h and 48 h. Simultaneous treatment and pre-treatment strategies were tested with 1:512-1:2 and 1:0 dilutions of BRE, with a concentration range from 0.4 to 100 μM of FB1 and from 0.19 to 50 μM of OTA. IC₅₀ values of 5.8 μM and 9.1 μM at 24 h and 48 h, respectively were obtained for OTA while no cytotoxic effect was detected at the concentrations tested for FB1. Cytoprotection with increased viability was obtained when the simultaneous BRE + OTA strategy was performed. Finally, better protection was observed in the pretreatment strategy in which cells were exposed 24 h previously to BRE, compared to that shown in the simultaneous assay.

Effect of red beetroot juice on oxidative status and islet insulin release in adult male rats

INTRODUCTION

Beetroot is rich in inorganic nitrate and it has been shown that inorganic nitrate has beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome. This study aims to investigate the effect of red beetroot juice (RBJ) on carbohydrate metabolism in adult insulin-resistant rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixteen male Wistar rats (32 weeks old) were divided into two equal groups: control and RBJ. Treatment with drinking water (control) and 100% RBJ (RBJ) was lasted for 5 weeks. At the end of the 4th week the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed and at the end of the study period animals were sacrificed and blood and tissue (aorta, heart, and liver) samples were collected. Furthermore, pancreatic islets were isolated and their insulin secretion activity was investigated in different glycemic conditions.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, RBJ-treated rats showed lower blood glucose and insulin levels in the glucose tolerance test. Serum and tissue levels of nitric oxide in the RBJ group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The liver peroxidation and serum aspartate transaminase levels were significantly increased in the RBJ-treated animals compared to the control group. The islets of RBJ group exhibited lower insulin secretion, especially in 16.7 mM glucose concentration (supraphysiologic condition) than control group.

CONCLUSIONS

RBJ consumption improves glucose metabolism in rats via increasing nitric oxide metabolites in an insulin-independent manner. However, future studies are needed to minimize the potential hepatic adverse consequences.

Beetroot as a novel ingredient for its versatile food applications

Beta vulgaris, also known as Beetroot, is a member of a family of Chenopodiaceae and is widely used as a natural food colorant. It gets its distinctive color due to nitrogen-containing water-soluble pigments betalains. Beetroot is an exquisite cradle of nutrients, including proteins, sucrose, carbohydrates, vitamins (B complex and vitamin C), minerals, fiber. They also contain an appreciable amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidants such as coumarins, carotenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenes, flavonoids (astragalin, tiliroside, rhamnocitrin, kaempferol, rhamnetin). Recent studies evidenced that beetroot consumption had favorable physiological benefits, leading to improved cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, hepatic steatosis, liver damage, etc. This review gives insights into developing beetroot as a potential and novel ingredient for versatile food applications and the latest research conducted worldwide. The phytochemical diversity of beetroot makes them potential sources of nutraceutical compounds from which functional foods can be obtained. The article aimed to comprehensively collate some of the vital information published on beetroot incurred in the agri-food sector and a comprehensive review detailing the potentiality of tapping bioactive compounds in the entire agriculture-based food sector.

The Role of Beetroot Extract in Overcoming Chemoresistance of Neoadjuvant Adriamycin Cyclophosphamide Regimen by Targeting Immune Response in Tumor Microenvironment: A Preclinical Study in Mammary Adenocarcinoma Rats

Objective:

This study aims to determine the role of beetroot extract in overcoming the chemoresistance of Neoadjuvant Adriamycin Cyclophosphamide (NAC) regimens with a target immune response in the tumour microenvironment at the pre-clinical stage.

Methods:

This study was conducted on rats with 7,12-Dimethyl Benz (α) Anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary adenocarcinoma. Adriamycin Cyclophosphamide was given in 4 cycles, whereas beetroot extract was administered three times each cycle. Observations of CD8 T cells and Myeloid Derivative Suppressive Cells (MDSC) expression levels and pathological responses were carried out on tumour tissue taken at the end of the observation.

Results:

Supplementation of beetroot extract to NAC could significantly increase CD8 T cells and decrease MDSC in the tumour microenvironment. The addition of beetroot extract gave a better pathological response.

Conclusion:

Beetroot extract enhances the immune response in the tumor microenvironment so that it has the potential to overcome chemoresistance in NAC.

Effect of high nitrate vegetable juice supplementation on plasma nitrate and blood pressure in adults: a pilot randomized crossover intervention in healthy volunteers

Beetroot juice (BRJ) has been demonstrated to decrease blood pressure (BP) due to the high inorganic nitrate content. This pilot randomized crossover trial aimed to investigate the effect of two different high nitrate vegetable juices on plasma nitrate concentrations and BP in healthy adults. Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomized to receive 115 ml of BRJ or 250 ml of green leafy vegetable juice for 7 d which contained similar amounts of nitrate (340 mg) daily. Blood samples were collected, and clinic BP measured at baseline and at the end of each juice consumption. Daily home BP assessment was conducted 2 h after juice consumption. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations were analysed using a commercially available kit on a Triturus automated ELISA analyser. Hills and Armitage analysis was used for the two-period crossover design and paired sample t-tests were performed to compare within-group changes. Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations significantly increased and there was a significant reduction in clinic and home systolic blood pressure (SBP) mean during the BRJ period (P-values 0⋅004 and 0⋅002, respectively). Home diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reduced significantly during green leafy vegetable juice consumption week (P-value 0⋅03). The difference between groups did not reach statistical significance during the formal crossover analysis adjusted for period effects. BRJ and green leafy vegetable juice may reduce SBP or DBP, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two juices, although this was only a pilot study.

Reduction of doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial damage by betanin in rat isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer drug which is used for treatment of several types of cancers. But the clinical use of doxorubicin is limited because of its cardiotoxicity and cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress and cardiac inflammation appear to be involved in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Betanin as a bioactive compound in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) displays anti-radical, antioxidant gene regulatory and cardioprotective activities. In this current study, we investigated the protective effect of betanin on doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria. Isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria were treated with three concentrations of betanin (1, 5 and 10 µM) and doxorubicin (3.5 µM) for 6 h. The parameters of cellular and mitochondrial toxicity were analyzed using biochemical and flow cytometric methods. Our results showed a significant toxicity in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria in presence of doxorubicin which was related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), increase in oxidation of GSH to GSSG, lysosomal/mitochondrial damages and mitochondrial swelling. While betanin pretreatment reverted doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in isolated cardiomyocytes and mitochondria. These results suggest that betanin elicited a typical protective effect on doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. It is possible that betanin could be used as a useful adjuvant in combination with doxorubicin chemotherapy for reduction of cardiotoxicity and cardiomyopathy.

Protective effect of Beta vulgaris roots supplementation on anemic phenylhydrazine-intoxicated rats

Anemia is a public health problem that affects many people worldwide. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a plant supposed to have many healthy features. The present study was done to evaluate the anti-anemic effect of beetroot supplement on anemia induced by phenylhydrazine in albino rats. Fifty rats were randomly divided into five equal groups. The control group was kept normal rats. In the second group, anemia was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine at 60 mg/kg in 3 divided doses daily, for 3 consecutive days. The last three groups received phenylhydrazine as the anemic group. Then, the third group received beetroot extract in dose 200 mg/kg for 24 days. The fourth group received beetroot powder in dose 1000 mg/kg for 24 days. The last group received iron (III) hydroxide polymaltose complex in dose 5mg/kg for 24 days. Our results showed that hemolytic anemia induced by phenylhydrazine in rats caused alteration in the blood picture, iron indices, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant biomarkers, and histopathological picture. However, the supplementation with beetroot ameliorated these alterations, especially beetroot powder which showed powerful health effects compared to beetroot extract and iron preparation.

Impact of microencapsulated watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L) on storage stability of l-citrulline and dietary nitrate

The aim the current study was to developed a watermelon rind powder (WRP), watermelon pulp powder (WPP), and beetroot powder (BP), in order to compare the stability of L-citrulline and nitrate with that of watermelon rind juice (WRJ), watermelon pulp juice (WPJ), and beetroot juice (BJ), respectively. The stability was evaluated during 32 days at 25, 4 and - 20 ºC. L-arginine and L-ornithine content were also evaluated. At day 0, a significantly higher L-citrulline and L-ornithine content in WRP was observed when compared to WPP. However, a significantly lower L-arginine content in WRP was observed when compared to WPP. L-citrulline content in WRP and WRJ was stable over 32 days in all temperatures evaluated, whereas it reduced in WPP in 32 days at 25 ºC and it is reduced in in WPJ in day 16 and day 32 at 25 °C. L-arginine content in WRP and WPP was stable over 32 days in all temperatures evaluated. A reduction was observed in WRJ at day 2, 4 and 32 at 25 °C and in WPJ at day 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days at 25 °C. L-ornithine content in WRP and WPP was stable over 32 days in all temperatures evaluated. An increase was observed in WRJ at day 2, 4 and 32 at 25 °C and in WPJ in day 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 at 25 °C. Nitrate content in BP was stable over 32 days in all temperatures evaluated, while nitrate content in beetroot juice was reduced in day 2 at 25 °C and day 8 at 4 °C. In conclusion, L-citrulline of the microencapsulated watermelon rind and nitrate of the microencapsulated beetroot were stable throughout storage.

A Study On the Optoelectronic Parameters of Natural Dyes Extracted from Beetroot, Cabbage, Walnut, and Henna for Potential Applications in Organic Electronics

In this work, the optoelectronic parameters of natural dyes extracted from beetroot, red cabbage, walnut leaves, and henna were comprehensively investigated, namely the optical energy gap (E_g), extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n), dielectric constant ([Formula: see text], and optical conductivity ([Formula: see text]. Results showed a high refractive index, dielectric constant and optical conductivity ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) for the dye extracted from red cabbage, while minimum values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were obtained for the henna dye. The transition type of the optical absorption of the dyes was found to be a direct allowed transition, which is taken place between the bonding and antibonding molecular energy levels. The reported results herein are essential in revealing the viability of these natural dyes for potential applications in organic electronics, including organic photovoltaics, photodiodes, and sensors.

Production of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) wine using different Saccharomyces strains and study of physicochemical and sensorial characteristics

The present study investigated the effect of different wine strains and inoculum size on the physicochemical, bioactive, and sensorial attributes of wine prepared from beetroot with varying TSS content (18 and 20°Brix) and inoculum sizes (5% (v/v) and 10% (v/v)). The beetroot wine produced by fermenting the must for 0-14 days and standard protocols adopted to analyze the wine properties. It was noticed that the acidity of wine increased and pH was found to be decreased as the fermentation days increased. In addition, alcohol content was significantly enhanced (> 10% by volume) in T5, which was higher than the other trials. In general, results of sensory and physicochemical analysis of different trials showed that T5 (TSS 18°Brix and inoculum size of 5% (v/v)) produced the wine of acceptable quality using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The color properties revealed that the L* value increased as fermentation progressed. Wine prepared from T5 possessed TSS of 6.55°Brix, 3.96 pH, 0.35% titratable acidity, reducing sugar of 26.75 µg ml^-1, 30.03% of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, phenol content (104.20 µg ml^-1) and betalain content of 10.85 mg 100 g^-1. There were significant differences in the taste, flavor, and overall acceptability of beetroot wines fermented for 14 days.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05136-y.

Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) stalk and leaf supplementation changes the glucose homeostasis and inflammatory markers in the liver of mice exposed to a high-fat diet

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Beet stalks and leaves is a good source of vitexin derivatives.

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Phenolic compounds are able to reduce high fat diet damages in mice.

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Dehydrated beet stalks and leaves decrease the protein levels on TNFα.

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It is possible to control glucose homeostasis with supplementation.

Although beet stalks and leaves are not consumed and are usually discarded, they are an important source of bioactive flavonoids possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of supplementation with beet stalks and leaves on metabolic parameters and glucose homeostasis in mice exposed to a high-fat diet. Six-week-old male Swiss mice were randomly divided into five experimental groups submitted to either standard diet (CT) or high-fat diet (HF), and HF-fed mice were subdivided into three treatment groups supplemented with oven-dehydrated beet stalks and leaves (SL), lyophilized beet stalks and leaves (Ly) or beet stalk and leaf extract (EX). Supplementation with SL promoted a mild improvement in the glucose homeostasis and decreased the protein levels of TNFα with no alterations in hepatic triglyceride content. It remains to be clarified if the enhancement in the glucose homeostasis observed in HFSL could be a consequence of improvement in pancreatic insulin secretion and/or glucose uptake from skeletal muscle and white adipose tissues.

The effect of beetroot inorganic nitrate supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVES

Inorganic nitrate is one of the most effective compounds in beetroot for improving cardiovascular function due to its conversion to nitric oxide in the body. This review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the role of beetroot inorganic nitrate supplementation on adults' cardiovascular risk factors.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic literature review of articles published without time limitation until November 2020 in PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and gray literature databases. We included the original randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in which the effect of beetroot inorganic nitrate supplementation on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and blood pressure was studied.

RESULTS

43 studies were included for qualitative synthesis, out of which 27 were eligible for meta-analysis. Beetroot inorganic nitrate supplementation significantly decreased Arterial Stiffness (Pulse Wave Velocity (-0.27 m/s, p = 0.04)) and increased Endothelial function (Flow Mediated Dilation: 0.62%, p = 0.002) but did not change other parameters (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Beetroot inorganic nitrate supplementation might have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors. Further high-quality investigations will be needed to provide sufficient evidence.

Comparative evaluation of different methods for determining phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in products containing betalains - Verification of beetroot samples

This study presents methods that can be used to assess the health quality of products containing betalains. The paper compares and verifies data on the phytochemical composition of three different pigmented beetroot cultivars using spectrophotometric, HPLC-DAD, HPTLC and LC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS techniques. Additionally, we compared the total antioxidant activity in both the cell-free and cellular systems. Betalain contribution to antioxidant activity was also determined using post-column derivatization and it was found that in the case of red beetroot it is about 50%. Photometric measurements are recommended for a simple and inexpensive analysis of the total betacyanin and betaxanthin content. Liquid chromatography techniques produced more precise information on phytochemical composition in the tested samples. The combination of liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry produced the largest amount of quantitative and qualitative data; in beetroot samples sixty-four phytochemicals have been identified therefore, this approach is recommended for more detailed metabolomics studies.

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the stability of betalains encapsulated in cryogels from protein and polysaccharide

The stability of betalains (Bet) encapsulated in cryogels made with a mixture of albumin (ALB) and albumin-pectin (ALB-PEC) as wall materials were evaluated during storage at 32% and 83% relative humidity (RH) at several different temperature conditions (4 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C). The retention of betalains (betanin + isobetanin) and phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, the Folin-Ciocalteu method and radical ABTS*+ capture methodology. The color parameters and images of the encapsulated betalains were obtained. Cryogels prepared with ALB at 32% RH and at 4 °C provided betanin and isobetanin retention of 72% and 82%, with half-life times of 108 and 165 days, respectively. The antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds showed retention greater than 70% during storage at 32% RH at all temperatures. Cryogels prepared with ALB-PEC also conferred high retention percentages of phenolic compounds at 83% RH, but this high RH caused a significant decrease in the retention of betalains. Both ALB and ALB-PEC improved betalain stability during storage compared with the extracts without encapsulating. Therefore, cryogels could be used as protection matrices for betalains.

Beetroot as a Potential Functional Food for Cancer Chemoprevention, a Narrative Review

Patients with cancer are prone to several debilitating side effects including fatigue, insomnia, depression and cognitive disturbances. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) as a health promoting functional food may be potentially beneficial in cancer. As a source of polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary nitrates and other useful nutrients, beetroot supplementation may provide a holistic means to prevent cancer and manage undesired effects associated with chemotherapy. The main aim of this narrative review is to discuss beetroot’s nutrient composition, current studies on its potential utility in chemoprevention and cancer-related fatigue or treatment-related side effects such as cardiotoxicity. This review aims to provide the current status of knowledge and to identify the related research gaps in this area. The flavonoids and polyphenolic components present in abundance in beetroot support its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. Most in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive and chemoprotective effects of beetroot have not been completely elucidated. Although recent clinical trials have shown that beetroot supplementation improves human performance, translational studies on beetroot and its functional benefits in managing fatigue or other symptoms in patients with cancer are still lacking.

Recent developments in emerging technologies for beetroot pigment extraction and its food applications

Beetroot is well known for its deep red-purple colouring pigments called betalains. Betalains also found its application in the preparation of functional foods and drinks. Therefore, extraction of pigments with higher recovery and stability is the prime need for the industry. Conventional extraction techniques such as maceration, grinding or pressing have reported low yield of betalains and required large volume of solvent and energy. On the other hand, emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwave and pulse electric field techniques are highly efficient processes and can achieve higher recovery. In this regard, this review provides an in-depth discussion on the various extraction methods and factors affecting the stability of betalains using conventional and emerging technologies. The recent applications of pigments in various food systems are also presented. Finally, challenges and future prospects of extraction and application of beetroot pigment have been identified and discussed.

Effect of inorganic nitrate on metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 24-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

AIM

In this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, effect of oral inorganic nitrate (NO₃^-) on metabolic parameters was assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

Seventy-four eligible patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to NO₃^--rich beetroot powder (5 g/d contains ~250 mg NO₃^-) and placebo groups to complete intervention over a 24-week period. Blood HbA1c, fasting serum glucose, insulin, C-peptide, as well as lipid profile were assessed at baseline and again at weeks 4, 12, and 24; indices of insulin resistance were also calculated. To assess safety of long-term oral NO₃^-, liver and renal function tests were measured. An intention-to-treat approach was used for data analysis. To compare effect of intervention over time between the groups (time×group), repeated measures generalized estimating equation (GEE) linear regression models were used.

RESULTS

Mean age of the participants was 54.0 ± 8.5 (47.9% were male) and mean duration of diabetes was 8.5 ± 6.1 years. A total of 64 patients (n = 35 in beetroot group and n = 29 in placebo group) completed at least two visits and were included in the analyses. No significant difference was observed between the groups for glycemic and lipid parameters over time. Liver and renal function tests, as safety outcome measures, showed no undesirable changes during the study follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Supplementation with inorganic NO₃^- had no effect on metabolic parameters in patients with T2DM.

Different Pharmacokinetic Responses to an Acute Dose of Inorganic Nitrate in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

AIM

In this study, we aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of nitrate (NO₃) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy adults. Potential effects of salivary nitrate reductase (NR) activity on cardiometabolic responses to an acute dose of NO₃ was also assessed.

METHODS

Nine healthy adults and nine T2DM patients were recruited to consume a NO₃-rich breakfast (~410 mg NO₃). Pharmacokinetics of NO₃ were examined using repeated measurements of NOx (nitrate+ nitrite) concentrations of serum and saliva over 8 hours and NO₃ concentrations of spot and 24-h urine samples. Cardiometabolic parameters, including serum levels of glucose, insulin, and triglycerides as well as blood pressure were also measured.

RESULTS

Compared to patients with T2DM, serum NOx concentration (Δ₁= 16.7 vs. 4.4 μmol/L, P=0.057) of healthy subjects sharply increased within 1 hour after NO₃ loading. Healthy subjects had a higher NR activity index, and higher peak salivary NO₃ concentration with a lower time to peak. Diabetic patients with high- compared to low-NR values had a higher whole-body NOx exposure (103±31.4 vs. 58.9±22.1 μmol.h/L); they also showed a better glycemic response and more reduction of blood pressure following ingestion of a NO₃-rich meal.

CONCLUSION

T2DM may be associated with a different pattern of NOx pharmacokinetics (especially salivary NOx metabolism). Salivary NR activity may have a critical role in postprandial metabolism of NO₃, and diabetic patients with higher NR activity may take more advantages from NO₃ supplementation.

Dietary nitrate improves skeletal muscle microvascular oxygenation in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study

HIV-1 proteins and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been associated with microvascular endothelial dysfunction. Although nitrate-rich beetroot juice (NR-BJ) consumption has been shown to improve endothelial function in clinical population, its effects in HIV-infected patients has not been addressed. We investigated the effect of a single dose of NR-BJ on muscle oxygen saturation parameters in response to a handgrip exercise in HIV-infected patients. Fifteen HIV-infected patients received NR-BJ or nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (ND-BJ) in a double-blind cross-over design. Near-IR spectroscopy was utilised to assess muscle oxygen saturation parameters during rhythmic handgrip exercise after NR-BJ or ND-BJ supplementation. A significant faster muscle oxygen desaturation rate during exercise (-7·97 (sd 5·00) v. -5·45 (3·94) %/s, P = 0·005) and muscle oxygen resaturation rate during exercise recovery (0·43 (0·24) v. 0·28 (0·24) %/s, P = 0·030) after NR-BJ ingestion was found. However, no significant difference in exercise time until fatigue was observed. Salivary nitrite and urinary nitrate concentration were analysed after NR-BJ or ND-BJ. A significant increase in salivary nitrite and urinary nitrate in NR-BJ was observed compared with ND-BJ (P < 0·05). Our findings suggest that NR-BJ consumption may acutely improve muscle oxygen saturation during exercise and exercise recovery in HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART and who are expected to present microvascular damage. Thus, future studies investigating the chronic effects of NR-BJ are warranted to delineate a better nutritional strategy based on nitrate-rich foods.

Co-cultivation of Beta vulgaris limits the pre-harvest colonization of foodborne pathogen (Salmonella spp.) on tomato

Soil-borne Salmonella is associated with a large number of food-related disease outbreaks linked to pre-harvest contamination of plants (like tomato) in agricultural fields. Controlling the spread of Salmonella at field is very important in order to prevent various food-borne illnesses. One such approach involves the utilization of antimicrobial secondary metabolite of plant origin. We screened common salad vegetables for anti-Salmonella activity. Beta vulgaris root (beetroot) had very low colonization of Salmonella under in vitro conditions. We hypothesized that beetroot can be used to reclaim the soil contaminated with Salmonella. Cultivation of B. vulgaris in Salmonella treated soil brings down its CFU significantly. Since these antimicrobial effects are non-specific, a co-cultivation system of beet and tomato (a Salmonella susceptible plant) was used to analyze the effect on soil and its microbiota. The soil physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity were unaffected when tomato and beet co-cultivation was used. However, Salmonella burden on the tomato was reduced and its yield was restored. Thus, the inclusion of these crops in the crop-rotation or as a mixed/intercrop or as a bio-control crop can be a fruitful tool to reclaim the Salmonella contaminated soil.

Diagnostic accuracy of urinary indices to detect mild dehydration in young men following acute riboflavin, Vitamin C or beetroot supplementation

BACKGROUND

Individuals of all ages are encouraged to monitor their hydration status daily to prevent clinically severe fluid imbalances such as hyponatremia or dehydration. However, acute oral nutritional supplementation may alter urinary hydration assessments and potentially increase the likelihood of inappropriate clinical decisions or diagnosis. This investigation sought to examine the influence of three common over-the-counter nutritional supplements (beetroot, riboflavin, and Vitamin C) on urinary hydration assessments in physically active young men after a 2% exercise-induced dehydration.

DESIGN

Eight males (Mean ± SD; age: 22 ± 3 yr; body mass index: 27 ± 5.0) consumed either a standard meal with supplementation (intervention) or a standard meal without supplementation (control). Participants performed a variety of aerobic or resistance exercises until reaching ≥2% body mass loss in a counter-balanced, double-blinded design. Following exercise participation, urine samples were collected for an 8 h observational period during which food consumption was replicated. Urine samples were analyzed for urine color, specific gravity, volume, and osmolality. Maintenance of ~2% body mass loss (2.6 ± 0.5%; range: 1.7-4.0%) was confirmed following the 8 h observational period.

RESULTS

Statistically significant (p < 0.05) changes were noted in urine color following Vitamin C supplementation compared to control; however, the difference was not clinically meaningful.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that urine color, specific gravity, and osmolality maintain clinical utility to detect moderate levels of dehydration in physically active men consuming commercially available doses of beetroot, riboflavin, or Vitamin C.

Formulation, standardization and characterization of novel sattu beverage enriched with beetroot juice

The existing market of beverages is in utmost need of non-conventional and cheaper option of a functional protein beverage. The primary goal of this research was to formulate a beverage using prepared from roasted Bengal gram (sattu) which can provide health benefits. Fortified sattu beverage was prepared by incorporating pectin, citric acid, ascorbic acid and sugar as additives with beetroot juice was added for the enrichment and coloration of beverage in four different proportions viz. 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% labelled as A, B, C and D. Beverage without enrichment was taken as blank sample. After formulation, physio-chemical parameters of beverage were measured which included pH, TSS, protein content, sedimentation index and color. For antioxidant potential, DPPH and ABTS methods were performed followed by measurement of TPC, TFC and Betalain content. Sensory analysis of beverage was also performed to determine the consumer acceptability. Sample containing 10% beetroot juice was observed to have the optimal formulation amongst all with regards to sedimentation index (24.86), protein content (28.10%), pH (3.83), TSS (7.43°Brix), acidity (0.522%), DPPH activity (83.22%), ABTS scavenging assay (70.38%), phenolic content (42.49 mg GAE/g), flavonoid content (50.51 mg RE/g). The lightness L* (- 6.3), redness a* (3.2) and greenness b* (0.8) were the color values of this sample.

No thermoregulatory or ergogenic effect of dietary nitrate among physically inactive males, exercising above gas exchange threshold in hot and dry conditions

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of five days dietary nitrate (NO₃^-) consumption on exercise tolerance and thermoregulation during cycling in hot, dry conditions. In a double-blind, randomised crossover design, 11 healthy males participated in an exercise tolerance test (T_lim) in the heat (35°C, 28% relative humidity), cycling above the thermoneutral gas exchange threshold, after five days of dietary supplementation, with either NO₃^-rich beetroot juice (BR; ∼ 9.2 mmol NO₃^-) or placebo (PLA). Changes in plasma [NO₃^-] and nitrite [NO₂^-], core and mean skin temperatures, mean local and whole-body sweat rates, heart rate, perceptual ratings and pulmonary gas exchange were measured during exercise, alongside calorimetric estimations of thermal balance. Mean arterial pressures (MAP) were recorded pre-T_lim. There were no differences in T_lim between conditions (BR = 22.8 ± 8.1 min; Placebo = 20.7 ± 7.9 min) (P = 0.184), despite increases in plasma [NO₃^-] and [NO₂^-] (P < 0.001) and a 3.8% reduction in resting MAP (P = 0.004) in the BR condition. There were no other differences in thermoregulatory, cardio-metabolic, perceptual or calorimetric responses to the T_lim between conditions (P > 0.05). Dietary NO₃^- supplementation had no effect on exercise tolerance or thermoregulation in hot, dry conditions, despite reductions in resting MAP and increases in plasma [NO₃^-] and [NO₂^-]. Healthy, yet physically inactive individuals with no known impairments in vasodilatory and sudomotor function do not appear to require BR for ergogenic or thermolytic effects during exercise in the heat.

Functional properties of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) in management of cardio-metabolic diseases

Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris), as a naturally occurring root vegetable and a rich source of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds, is known for its beneficial roles in the improvement of several clinical and pathologic outcome. Chronic and acute beetroot juice supplementation, as a cost-effective strategy, is proposed to hold promises in controlling diabetes and insulin hemostasis, blood pressure and vascular function, renal health and the possible effect on microbiome abundance. The secondary outcome and physiological response of microbiome abundance modulation included the non- significant fluctuation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Also, some studies have suggested a reno-protective property of beetroot juice that is associated with the reduction of mortality rate and favorable changes in kidney’s functional parameters among patients with renal disorders. Similarly, it is shown that the persistent consumption of beetroot juice effectively postpones the postprandial glycemic response and decreases the blood glucose peak. The significant blood pressure lowering effect has been seen among normotensive subjects, which tend to be more considerable among hypertensive individuals and progressive among overweight adults.

Within this context, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the therapeutic applications of beetroot juice in metabolic disorders and theirs underlying mechanisms. Despite the inconsistencies in the set of results from the reviewed studies, there is no doubt that further contributing factors must be investigated more deeply in future studies.

vulgaris) as source of colourant

BACKGROUND

Betanins have become excellent replacers for artificial red-purple food colourants. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L. spp. vulgaris) known as beetroot, is a rich source of betalains, which major forms are betanin (red to purple) and vulgaxanthin (yellow). Betalains and phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, accumulation of which is often triggered by elicitors during plant stress responses. In the present study, pre-harvest applications of ethephon (an ethylene-releasing compound) and postharvest UV-B radiation were tested as elicitors of betalains and phenolic compounds in two beetroot cultivars. Their effects on quality parameters were investigated, and the expression of biosynthetic betalain genes in response to ethephon was determined.

RESULTS

Ethephon was applied as foliar spray during the growth of beetroot, resulting in increased betanin (22.5%) and decreased soluble solids contents (9.4%), without detrimental effects on beetroot yield. The most rapid accumulation rate for betanin and soluble solids was observed between 3 and 6 weeks after sowing in both untreated and ethephon-treated beetroots. Overall, the expression of the betalain biosynthetic genes (CYP76AD1, CYP76AD5, CYP76AD6 and DODA1), determining the formation of both betanin and vulgaxanthin, increased in response to ethephon treatment, as did the expression of the betalain pathway activator BvMYB1. In the postharvest environment, the use of short-term UV-B radiation (1.23 kJ m- 2) followed by storages for 3 and 7 days at 15 °C resulted in increased betanin to vulgaxanthin ratio (51%) and phenolic content (15%).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study provide novel strategies to improve key profitability traits in betalain production. High betanin concentration and high betanin to vulgaxanthin ratio increase the commercial value of the colourant product. In addition, lowering soluble solids levels facilitates higher concentration of beetroot colour during processing. Moreover, we show that enhanced betanin content in ethephon-treated beetroots is linked to increased expression of betalain biosynthetic genes.

Spectrophotometry, Physiochemical Properties, and Histological Staining Potential of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Beetroot on Various Tissues of an Albino Rat

Background and Aims

Natural dyes and pigments are nontoxic, ecofriendly alternatives to synthetic counterparts and beetroot is one such natural dye. The red color of beetroot derived from betalain pigments confers great advantage to this plant. In this study, the physiochemical and spectrophotometric characteristics of beetroot as well as the histological staining potential of various tissues were carried out to determine its tissue specificity.

Methods

The aqueous and ethanol extracts of beetroot were prepared using distilled water and 95% ethanol, respectively. Spectrophotometry, pH, and concentration of both extracts were determined before histological staining with 10% neutral-buffered formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissue sections. Stained sections were viewed with a photomicroscope.

Results

The aqueous and ethanol extracts of beetroot were slightly acidic and soluble at concentrations of 381.5 mg/100 g and 253.7 mg/100 g fresh beetroot sample, respectively. Both extracts consist of three betalain pigments with absorbances at different spectrophotometric wavelengths, namely betaxanthins (475 nm), betanin (525 nm), and betanidin (575 nm). The maximum absorbance was 0.925 and 0.615 for the aqueous and ethanol extracts, respectively, at a peak wavelength of 525 nm for each extract. Both extracts stained various tissue structures such as muscles, mucins, red blood cells, keratin, and nerve fibers.

Conclusion

Thus, beetroot stain is slightly acidic, contains betalain pigments, stains basic histological tissue structures, and can be used as an ecofriendly alternative to hematoxylin and eosin.

Beetroot improves oxidative stability and functional properties of processed foods: singular and combined effects with chocolate

Oxidation is a significant problem in processed foods affecting their physico-chemical, shelf life and health properties. Natural antioxidants could be viable alternatives to synthetic variants for safely improving antioxidation properties of processed foods. The aim of this study was to assess the singular and combined effects of beetroot and chocolate on the oxidative stability of a high fat and protein processed food (sponge cake) during storage and gastrointestinal digestion. Cakes were prepared and assessed for antioxidant potential, polyphenols, and oxidative stability, and macronutrient oxidation during simulated gastro-intestinal digestion. Beetroot significantly improved the antioxidant and polyphenol profiles of sponge cake which further improved with chocolate addition. Beetroot also significantly increased the oxidative stability and shelf-life of sponge cake, and these effects were enhanced when combined with chocolate. Chocolate significantly reduced lipid oxidation during the gastric phase of digestion. However, both chocolate and beetroot did not curtail lipid oxidation in the intestinal phase, nor protein oxidation at any of the phases. Promisingly, beetroot and chocolate addition did not affect textural parameters and delayed staling by up to 2 days. Overall, the benefits of beetroot and chocolate addition were manifested more in the food system than during its digestion. Beetroot improves the oxidative stability and shelf life of processed foods, and its effects could be enhanced through combining with other natural products.

The investigation of the use of beetroot powder in Turkish fermented beef sausage (sucuk) as nitrite alternative

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of reformulation of Turkish dry fermented beef sausage (sucuk) by replacing nitrite with beetroot powder (BP), which has high nitrate content, on some quality characteristics of the product during storage at 4 °C for 84 days. Four different sausage formulations were produced containing C:150 mg/kg sodium nitrite; BS1:100 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 0.12% BP; BS2:50 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 0.24% BP and BS3: 0.35% BP. The inclusion of BP increased a* value of samples and resulted in the protection of the desired red color during storage. There was no significant difference between the residual nitrite contents of the samples at the end of the storage period. The lactic acid bacteria count was highest in BS3. Suggested storage periods for BS2 and BS3 samples were 56 days by taking into consideration the TBARS value. Sensory evaluation scores of samples with BP were comparable to those of C during storage.

Probiotic fruit beverages with different polyphenol profiles attenuated early insulin response

BACKGROUND

Consumption of polyphenol-rich fruits and vegetables may improve postprandial glucose and insulin levels and hence promote well-being. Previously it has been observed that consumption of bilberry decreases the postprandial insulin demand. The intention with the present study was to compare the impact of different supplements with various polyphenol profiles, on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy young adults.

METHODS

In a randomized, controlled, crossover study the postprandial glycemic and insulin responses were observed in eleven healthy adults after intake of five different beverages containing bilberry (European blueberry), blackcurrant, beetroot, mango and rose hip, respectively; all drinks were enriched with the same composition of fermented oatmeal and probiotics. The control was a glucose drink. The profile and content of the polyphenols in the different beverages were determined by HPLC-DAD analysis. The antioxidative capacity of the different beverages were measured by TEAC and DPPH assays.

RESULTS

Beverages containing bilberry, blackcurrant, mango or rose hip significantly attenuated the early postprandial insulin response (0-90 min), but showed no effect on glucose response. Drinks with bilberry or rose hip reduced the insulin response from the very early phase (0-30 min), and had significantly lower insulin index compared with the control. The efficiency of the bilberry and rose hip to decrease early postprandial insulin responses correlated with higher phenolic contents.

CONCLUSIONS

Supplements with bilberry, blackcurrant, mango or rose hip in the tested probiotic and oatmeal enriched beverage attenuated early-phase insulin response, but had no effect on the postprandial glycemic response. The improved ability of bilberry and rose hip to lower the very early phase of insulin response seems to be due to a higher phenolic content.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with number NCT03159065 .

Nitrate-rich dietary supplementation during pregnancy: The pros and cons

Inorganic nitrate (NO₃) due to its potential endogenous conversion to nitric oxide (NO), is suggested as a compensatory fuel for disrupted NO pathways in the case of pathological stats during pregnancy. Dietary NO₃-rich supplement in the NO-deficient pregnant women is now suggested as a more appealing choice with fewer off-target effects which can attenuate hypertension and preeclampsia, improve placental blood flow and subsequently enhance maternal and neonatal health. There is also an increasing public interest and common health claims regarding beneficial effects of NO₃-rich dietary supplements like beetroot byproducts in pregnant women. Conversely, NO₃-rich dietary supplementation during pregnancy may be accompanied with a wide range of unexpected maternal and fatal adverse outcomes such as methemoglobinemia, alteration in embryonic cells and malignant transformation, as well as thyroid disorders. In conclusion, use of dietary inorganic NO₃ as a common supplement during pregnancy is currently on a long way from bench to bedside.

Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on the response to extremity cooling and endothelial function in individuals with cold sensitivity. A double blind, placebo controlled, crossover, randomised control trial

Individuals with cold sensitivity have low peripheral skin blood flow and skin temperature possibly due to reduced nitric oxide (NO•) bioavailability. Beetroot has a high concentration of inorganic nitrate and may increase NO-mediated vasodilation. Using a placebo-controlled, double blind, randomised, crossover design, this study tested the hypotheses that acute beetroot supplementation would increase the rate of cutaneous rewarming following a local cold challenge and augment endothelium-dependent vasodilation in cold sensitive individuals. Thirteen cold sensitive participants completed foot and hand cooling (separately, in 15 °C water for 2 min) with spontaneous rewarming in 30 °C air whilst skin temperature and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) were measured (Baseline). On two further separate visits, participants consumed 140 ml of either concentrated beetroot juice (nitrate supplementation) or nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (Placebo) 90 min before resting seated blood pressure was measured. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring CVC at the forearm, finger and foot during iontophoresis of 1% w/v acetylcholine followed by foot and hand cooling as for Baseline. Plasma nitrite concentrations significantly increased in nitrate supplementation compared to Placebo and Baseline (502 ± 246 nmol L^-1; 73 ± 45 nmol L^-1; 74 ± 49 nmol L^-1 respectively; n = 11; P < 0.001). Resting blood pressure and the response to foot and hand cooling did not differ between conditions (all P > 0.05). Nitrate supplementation did not alter endothelial function in the forearm, finger or foot (all P > 0.05) compared to Placebo. Despite a physiologically meaningful rise in plasma nitrite concentrations, acute nitrate supplementation does not alter extremity rewarming, endothelial function or blood pressure in individuals with cold sensitivity.

Nutritional Supplements for the Treatment of Hypertension: A Practical Guide for Clinicians

Nutraceuticals are dietary components with pharmacologic properties that can be used to treat various disease states. There is growing interest among patients in the use of nutraceuticals for the management of hypertension; as such, it is important that clinicians are prepared to engage in meaningful discussions with their patients about these substances. Flavonoids, beetroot, garlic, and unsaturated fats have garnered significant attention for their blood pressure lowering properties. We review the clinical evidence and reported mechanisms of action for these substances in an attempt to offer a practical guide for clinicians to engage with patients who are highly motivated to seek out nutraceutical therapies to manage their hypertension.

Process optimization of spray drying of beetroot Juice

The aim of this study was to optimize the spray drying process for beetroot juice. Influence of feed flow rate (8, 10 and 11 mL/min), processing temperature (140, 150 and 160 °C) and maltodextrin concentration (20, 25, and 30%) on packed bulk density, moisture content and betalain content of beetroot powder were assessed using response surface methodology. The following optimum process parameters were determined; feed flow rate feed flow rate of 10 mL/min, processing temperature of 149 °C and maltodextrin concentration of 20%. The predicted values for packed bulk density, moisture content and betalain content were 0.62 g/mL, 6.12 and 33.84 mg/100 g of dry matter, respectively. Within the optimum parameters, the experimental values for packed bulk density, moisture content and betalain content were 0.62 ± 0.1 g/mL, 6.10 ± 0.1 and 33.14 ± 0.1 mg/100 gm of dry matter. The similarity of the experimental results to the predicted values verified the models.