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Parent C, Mauvieux B, Lespagnol E, Hingrand C, Vauthier JC, Noirez P, Hurdiel R, Martinet Q, Delaunay PL, Besnard S, Heyman J, Gabel V, Baron P, Gamelin FX, Maboudou P, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Jouffroy R, Heyman E. Glycaemic Effects of a 156-km Ultra-trail Race in Athletes: An Observational Field Study. Sports Med 2024; 54:2169-2184. [PMID: 38555307 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-trail running races pose appreciable physiological challenges, particularly for glucose metabolism. Previous studies that yielded divergent results only measured glycaemia at isolated times. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the impact of an ultra-endurance race on continuously measured glycaemia and to understand potential physiological mechanisms, as well as the consequences for performance and behavioural alertness. METHODS Fifty-five athletes (78% men, 43.7 ± 9.6 years) ran a 156-km ultra-trail race (six 26-km laps, total elevation 6000 m). Participants wore a masked continuous glucose monitoring sensor from the day before the race until 10 days post-race. Blood was taken at rest, during refuelling stops after each lap, and after 24-h recovery. Running intensity (% heart rate reserve), performance (lap times), psychological stress, and behavioural alertness were explored. Linear mixed models and logistic regressions were carried out. RESULTS No higher risk of hypo- or hyperglycaemia was observed during the exercise phases of the race (i.e. excluding stops for scientific measurements and refuelling) compared with resting values. Laps comprising a greater proportion of time spent at maximal aerobic intensity were nevertheless associated with more time > 180 mg/dL (P = 0.021). A major risk of hyperglycaemia appeared during the 48-h post-race period compared with pre-race (P < 0.05), with 31.9% of the participants spending time with values > 180 mg/dL during recovery versus 5.5% during resting. Changes in circulating insulin, cortisol, and free fatty acids followed profiles comparable with those usually observed during traditional aerobic exercise. However, creatine phosphokinase, and to a lesser extent lactate dehydrogenase, increased exponentially during the race (P < 0.001) and remained high at 24-h post-race (P < 0.001; respectively 43.6 and 1.8 times higher vs. resting). Glycaemic metrics did not influence physical performance or behavioural alertness. CONCLUSION Ultra-endurance athletes were exposed to hyperglycaemia during the 48-h post-race period, possibly linked to muscle damage and inflammation. Strategies to mitigate muscle damage or subsequent inflammation before or after ultra-trail races could limit recovery hyperglycaemia and hence its related adverse health consequences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05538442 2022-09-21 retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Parent
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Elodie Lespagnol
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Jean-Charles Vauthier
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine - Département du Grand Est de Recherche en Soins Primaires, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- Laboratoire Interpsy (UR 4432), Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Noirez
- Institute for Research in bioMedicine and Epidemiology of Sport (IRMES), Paris, France
- T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Département des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- PSMS, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Rémy Hurdiel
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Besnard
- UR 7480 Vertex - Université de Caen, Caen, France
- CHU de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Joris Heyman
- CNRS, UMR 6118, Transferts d'eau et de Matière dans les Milieux Hétérogènes Complexes - Géosciences, Université Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Pauline Baron
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | - François-Xavier Gamelin
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Patrice Maboudou
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Lille, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, Lille, France
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Romain Jouffroy
- Intensive Care Unit, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne Billancourt, France
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations - U1018, INSERM - Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
- EA 7329 - Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport - Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Heyman
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, 59000, Lille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
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Belinchón-deMiguel P, Navarro-Jiménez E, Laborde-Cárdenas CC, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Evolutionary Echoes: A Four-Day Fasting and Low-Caloric Intake Study on Autonomic Modulation and Physiological Adaptations in Humans. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:456. [PMID: 38672727 PMCID: PMC11051148 DOI: 10.3390/life14040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the psychophysiological response to a simulated hunter-gatherer endurance task with restricted caloric intake over four days. It assesses changes in body composition, autonomic modulation, and physical and cognitive performance. Participants underwent daily 8 h fasted walks followed by a 150 kcal meal to replicate hunter-gatherer activity and dietary patterns. Measurements of metabolic, respiratory, and subjective well-being, along with heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring, were conducted pre- and post-activity to evaluate the impact of endurance activity under caloric restriction. We found weight loss, decreased body and visceral fat, and reduced skeletal muscle mass and water percentage. High sympathetic activation and stable urinary markers, except for increased proteinuria, indicated stress responses and muscular degradation. Elevated perceived exertion post-exercise with good adaptation to prolonged effort underlines the body's adaptability to ancestral lifestyle conditions, highlighting the connection among endurance, nutrition, and psychophysiological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Navarro-Jiménez
- Grupo de Investigacion en Microbiología y Biotecnología (IMB), Universidad Libre, Barranquilla 080003, Colombia;
| | | | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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Best R, Williams JM, Pearce J. The Physiological Requirements of and Nutritional Recommendations for Equestrian Riders. Nutrients 2023; 15:4977. [PMID: 38068833 PMCID: PMC10708571 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence-based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines. Relative energy deficiency and disordered eating are also considered. The practical challenges of the equestrian environment, including competitive, personal, and professional factors, injury and concussion, and female participation, are discussed to better highlight novelty within equestrian disciplines compared to more commonly studied sports. The evidence and recommendations are supported by example scenarios, and future research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Te Pūkenga, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Jane M. Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Hartpury Gl19 3BE, UK;
| | - Jeni Pearce
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
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