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Moussiopoulou J, Handrack‐Bonnet M, Pross B, Pogarell O, Keeser D, Halle M, Falkai P, Scherr J, Hasan A, Roeh A. Comparative electroencephalography analysis: Marathon runners during tapering versus sedentary controls reveals no significant differences. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3480. [PMID: 38680019 PMCID: PMC11056696 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies described various adaptive neuroplastic brain changes associated with physical activity (PA). EEG studies focused mostly on effects during or shortly after short bouts of exercise. This is the first study to investigate the capability of EEG to display PA-induced long-lasting plasticity in runners compared to a sedentary control group. METHODS Thirty trained runners and 30 age- and sex-matched sedentary controls (SC) were included as a subpopulation of the ReCaP (Running effects on Cognition and Plasticity) study. PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Resting-state EEG of the runners was recorded in the tapering phase of the training for the Munich marathon 2017. Power spectrum analyses were conducted using standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) and included the following frequency bands: delta: 1.5-6 Hz, theta: 6.5-8.0 Hz, alpha1: 8.5-10 Hz, alpha2: 10.5-12.0 Hz, beta1: 12.5-18.0 Hz, beta2: 18.5-21.0 Hz, beta3: 21.5-30.0 Hz, and total power (1.5-30 Hz). RESULTS PA (IPAQ) and BMI differed significantly between the groups. The other included demographic parameters were comparable. Statistical nonparametric mapping showed no significant power differences in EEG between the groups. DISCUSSION Heterogeneity in study protocols, especially in time intervals between exercise cessation and EEG recordings and juxtaposition of acute exercise-induced effects on EEG in previous studies, could be possible reasons for the differences in results. Future studies should record EEG at different time points after exercise cessation and in a broader spectrum of exercise intensities and forms to further explore the capability of EEG in displaying long-term exercise-induced plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Moussiopoulou
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - M. Handrack‐Bonnet
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - B. Pross
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
- Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus AugsburgUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
| | - O. Pogarell
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - D. Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - M. Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports MedicineKlinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet MuenchenMunichGermany
- Partner Site Munich Heart AllianceDeutsches Zentrum für Herz‐ und Kreislauf‐Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)MunichGermany
| | - P. Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - J. Scherr
- Department of Prevention and Sports MedicineKlinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet MuenchenMunichGermany
- University Center for Preventive and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - A. Hasan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus AugsburgUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
| | - A. Roeh
- Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus AugsburgUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
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Valder S, Staltner R, Bizjak DA, Esatbeyoglu T, Herdegen V, Köpsel M, Kostov T, Bergheim I, Diel P. Effect of Sugar- and Polyphenol-Rich, Diluted Cloudy Apple Juice on the Intestinal Barrier after Moderate Endurance Exercise and in Ultra-Marathon Runners. Nutrients 2024; 16:1353. [PMID: 38732600 PMCID: PMC11085185 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and the consumption of sugars result in a dysfunction of the intestinal barrier (IB). Here, we determined the effect of sugar in a natural matrix on the intestinal barrier after moderate (A) and intensive endurance exercise (B). METHOD The IB function was determined before (pre) and after running (post), and 120 and 180 min after consuming the drink by measuring serum endotoxin concentrations (lipopolysaccharides-LPS), IL-6, CD14, and i-FABP. In study A, nonspecifically trained participants (n = 24, males and females, age 26 ± 4) ran for one hour at 80% of their individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). After finishing, the runners consumed, in a crossover setup, either 500 mL of water, diluted cloudy apple juice (test drink), or an identical drink (placebo) without the fruit juice matrix (FJM). In study B, the participants (n = 30, males and females, age 50 ± 9) completed an ultra-marathon run, were divided into groups, and consumed one of the above-mentioned drinks. RESULTS Study A: Exercise resulted in a significant increase in serum LPS, i-FABP, and IL-6, which decreased fast after finishing. No impact of the different drinks on LPS i-FABP, or IL-6 could be observed, but there was an impact on CD14. Study B: The ultra-marathon resulted in a strong increase in serum LPS, which decreased fast after finishing in the water and test drink groups, but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS The consumed drinks did not affect the kinetics of IB regeneration after moderate exercise, but impacted CD14 serum concentrations, indicating possible beneficial effects of the FJM on the immune system. After an ultra-marathon, IB function regenerates very fast. The intake of sugar (placebo) seems to have had a negative impact on IB regeneration, which was diminished by the presence of the FJM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Valder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Raphaela Staltner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Daniel Alexander Bizjak
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food and One Health, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Magdalena Köpsel
- Department of Molecular Food Chemistry and Food Development, Institute of Food and One Health, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (M.K.)
| | - Tihomir Kostov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (S.V.); (T.K.)
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Wang W, Qiu F, Han Y, Li X, Komnik I, Viellehner J, Wang S, Potthast W. The effect of marathon running on the lower extremity kinematics and muscle activities during walking and running tasks. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:365-372. [PMID: 38507567 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2332865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common injury among runners, and it is thought that abnormal lower extremity biomechanics contribute to its development. However, the relationship between biomechanical changes after a marathon and PFPS injury remains limited. This study aims to investigate whether differences in knee and hip kinematics and lower extremity muscle activities exist in recreational runners before and after a marathon. Additionally, it aims to explore the relationship between these biomechanical changes and the development of PFPS injury. 12 recreational runners participated in the study. Kinematics and muscle activities of the lower extremity were recorded during walking (5 km/h) and running (10 km/h) tasks within 24 hours before and within 5 hours after a marathon. After the marathon, there was a significant decrease in peak knee flexion (walking: p = 0.006; running: p = 0.006) and an increase in peak hip internal rotation (walking: p = 0.026; running: p = 0.015) during the stance phase of both walking and running compared to before the marathon. The study demonstrates a decrease in knee flexion and an increase in hip internal rotation during the stance phase of gait tasks after completing a marathon, which may increase the risk of developing PFPS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Wang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanghui Qiu
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongjie Han
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Engineering, Innomotion, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Igor Komnik
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Josef Viellehner
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shaobai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Engineering, Innomotion, Shanghai, China
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Li LH, Hou SK, Chen CT, Chang YI, Kao WF, Chiu YH, Juan CC, How CK. Effect of ultramarathon running on iron metabolism. J Chin Med Assoc 2023; 86:80-87. [PMID: 36194166 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is a vital trace element for energy production and oxygen transportation; importantly, it is essential to athletic performance. Maintaining iron balance is tightly controlled at systemic and cellular levels. This study aimed to determine serum iron tests, hepcidin levels, and cellular iron import and export activities in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in ultramarathon runners to elucidate the association of systemic inflammation response and iron metabolism. METHODS Sixteen amateur runners were enrolled. Blood samples were taken 1 week before, immediately, and 24 h after the run. Plasma hepcidin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of divalent metal iron transporter 1 (DMT1), ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 (ZIP14), transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), and ferroportin (FPN) in PBMCs were measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Serum iron concentrations and transferrin saturation significantly decreased immediately after the race and dramatically recovered 24 h post-race. Serum ferritin levels had a statistically significant rise immediately after the race and remained high 24 h after the completion of the race. Ultramarathons were associated with increased plasma interleukin-6 concentrations corresponding to the state of severe systemic inflammation and therefore boosted plasma hepcidin levels. The expression levels of DMT1 and FPN mRNA were markedly decreased immediately and 24 h after the race. The ZIP14 and TfR1 mRNA expression in PBMCs significantly decreased immediately after the race and returned to the baseline level at 24 h post-race. Positive significant correlations were observed between plasma hepcidin and ferritin levels. CONCLUSION Iron homeostasis and systemic inflammatory response are closely interconnected. Cellular iron import and export mRNA activities in PBMCs were acutely inhibited during an ultramarathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Ph.D. Program of Medical Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sen-Kuang Hou
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Ting Chen
- Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-I Chang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Fong Kao
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hui Chiu
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chang Juan
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chorng-Kuang How
- Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Kinmen Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kinmen, Taiwan, ROC
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Goss CS, Greenshields JT, Noble TJ, Chapman RF. A Narrative Analysis of the Progression in the Top 100 Marathon, Half-Marathon, and 10-km Road Race Times from 2001 to 2019. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:345-352. [PMID: 35029592 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to characterize and describe finishing time trends of the fastest 100 performers in the men's and women's marathon, half-marathon, and road 10-km each year from 2001 to 2019 and assess the underlying basis for recent performance improvements. METHODS The top 100 performers for each sex, event, and year were partitioned into four arbitrary ranking groups: 1-10, 11-25, 26-50, and 51-100. The percent improvement in mean performance time for each year beyond 2001 was calculated for each ranking group, event, and sex. Multiple linear regression was also used to determine improvement trend for each ranking group, both sexes, and all events for each 3-yr period between Olympic years. RESULTS In total, 11,400 performances in the marathon, half-marathon, and 10-km road races from 2001 to 2019 were analyzed. The 3-yr period preceding the original date of the Tokyo Olympics (2017-2019) accounted for 44% and 35% of the overall improvement in marathon time from 2001 to 2019 for women and men, respectively. The years 2017-2019 featured the largest average improvement of any 3-yr period and was the only period where nearly every ranking group in every event for both sexes improved. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that recent world record performances are a result of overall circumstances affecting road racing (e.g., shoe technology) rather than the outstanding physiology of individual top runners, per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis S Goss
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Joel T Greenshields
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Tyler J Noble
- High Performance Department, USA Track & Field, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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Marchant ED, Marchant ND, Hyldahl RD, Gifford JR, Smith MW, Hancock CR. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function after a 100-km Ultramarathon: A Case Study in Monozygotic Twins. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2363-2373. [PMID: 34107508 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Very little research has investigated the effects of ultraendurance exercise on the bioenergetic status of muscle. The primary objective of this case study was to characterize the changes that occur in skeletal muscle mitochondria in response to a 100-km ultramarathon in monozygotic twins. A second objective was to determine whether mitochondrial function is altered by consuming a periodized low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet during training compared with a high-carbohydrate diet. METHODS One pair of male monozygotic twins ran 100 km on treadmills after 4 wk of training on either a high-carbohydrate or periodized low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. Muscle biopsies were collected 4 wk before the run, as well as 4 and 52 h postrun. Blood draws were also performed immediately before as well as 4 and 52 h after the run. RESULTS Four hours postrun, respiratory capacity, citrate synthase activity, and mitochondrial complex protein content were decreased. Two days later, both twins showed signs of rapid recovery in several of these measures. Furthermore, blood levels of creatine phosphokinase, C-reactive protein, and aspartate transaminase were elevated 4 h after the run but partially recovered 2 d later. CONCLUSION Although there were some differences between the twins, the primary finding is that there is significant mitochondrial impairment induced by running 100 km, which rapidly recovers within 2 d. These results provide ample rationale for future investigations of the effects of ultraendurance activity on mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Marchant
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Nathan D Marchant
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | | | | | - Michael W Smith
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Chad R Hancock
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
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Besson T, Parent A, Brownstein CG, Espeit L, Lapole T, Martin V, Royer N, Rimaud D, Sabater Pastor F, Singh B, Varesco G, Rossi J, Temesi J, Millet GY. Sex Differences in Neuromuscular Fatigue and Changes in Cost of Running after Mountain Trail Races of Various Distances. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2374-2387. [PMID: 34107510 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women have been shown to experience less neuromuscular fatigue than men in knee extensors (KE) and less peripheral fatigue in plantar flexors (PF) after ultratrail running, but it is unknown if these differences exist for shorter trail running races and whether this may impact running economy. The purpose of this study was to characterize sex differences in fatigability over a range of running distances and to examine possible differences in the postrace alteration of the cost of running (Cr). METHODS Eighteen pairs of men and women were matched by performance after completing different races ranging from 40 to 171 km, divided into SHORT versus LONG races (<60 and >100 km, respectively). Neuromuscular function and Cr were tested before and after each race. Neuromuscular function was evaluated on both KE and PF with voluntary and evoked contractions using electrical nerve (KE and PF) and transcranial magnetic (KE) stimulation. Oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilation were measured on a treadmill and used to calculate Cr. RESULTS Compared with men, women displayed a smaller decrease in maximal strength in KE (-36% vs -27%, respectively, P < 0.01), independent of race distance. In SHORT only, women displayed less peripheral fatigue in PF compared with men (Δ peak twitch: -10% vs -24%, respectively, P < 0.05). Cr increased similarly in men and women. CONCLUSIONS Women experience less neuromuscular fatigue than men after both "classic" and "extreme" prolonged running exercises but this does not impact the degradation of the energy Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Besson
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Audrey Parent
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM), Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Loïc Espeit
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Thomas Lapole
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | | | - Nicolas Royer
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Diana Rimaud
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Frederic Sabater Pastor
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Benjamin Singh
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Giorgio Varesco
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Jeremy Rossi
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - John Temesi
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UNITED KINGDOM
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Katharina W, Mohamad M, Derrick T, Martina G, Gerold W, Claus L, Lee H, Thomas R, Beat K. Supplement intake in half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon and 10-km runners - results from the NURMI study (Step 2). J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:64. [PMID: 34579746 PMCID: PMC8477506 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary nutritional challenge facing endurance runners is meeting the nutrient requirements necessary to optimize the performance and recovery of prolonged training sessions. Supplement intake is a commonly used strategy by elite and recreational distance runners to meet nutritional recommendations. This study was conducted to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among different groups of distance runners and the potential association between supplement intake and sex, age, running and racing experiences.In a cross-sectional design, from a total of 317 runners participating in this survey, 119 distance runners were involved in the final sample after data clearance, assigned into three groups of 10-km runners (n = 24), half-marathoners (n = 44), and (ultra-)marathoners (n = 51). Personal characteristics, training and racing experiences, as well as patterns of supplement intake, including type, frequency, and dosage, were evaluated by questionnaire. Food Frequency Questionnaire was implemented to assess macronutrient intake. ANOVA and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.While 50 % of total distance runners reported consuming supplements regularly, no differences between distance groups in consumption of carbohydrate/protein, mineral, or vitamin supplements were observed (p > 0.05). In addition, age, sex, running and racing experience showed no significant association with supplement intake (p > 0.05). Vitamin supplements had the highest intake rate in runners by 43 % compared to minerals (34 %) and carbohydrate/protein supplements (19 %).The present findings provide a window into the targeted approaches of long-distance runners as well as their coaches and sport nutrition specialists when applying and suggesting sustainable nutritional strategies for training and competition.Trial registration: ISRCTN73074080. Retrospectively registered 12th June 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wirnitzer Katharina
- Department of Subject Didactics and Educational Research and Development, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Life and Health Science Cluster Tirol, Subcluster Health/Medicine/Psychology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Motevalli Mohamad
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tanous Derrick
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregori Martina
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Leitzmann Claus
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Hill Lee
- Divison of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Rosemann Thomas
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Knechtle Beat
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Rogers B, Mourot L, Doucende G, Gronwald T. Fractal correlation properties of heart rate variability as a biomarker of endurance exercise fatigue in ultramarathon runners. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14956. [PMID: 34291602 PMCID: PMC8295593 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although heart rate variability (HRV) indexes have been helpful for monitoring the fatigued state while resting, little data indicate that there is comparable potential during exercise. Since an index of HRV based on fractal correlation properties, alpha 1 of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA a1) displays overall organismic demands, alteration during exertion may provide insight into physiologic changes accompanying fatigue. Two weeks after collecting baseline demographic and gas exchange data, 11 experienced ultramarathon runners were divided into two groups. Seven runners performed a simulated ultramarathon for 6 h (Fatigue group, FG) and four runners performed daily activity over a similar period (Control group, CG). Before (Pre) and after (Post) the ultramarathon or daily activity, DFA a1, heart rate (HR), running economy (RE) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) were measured while running on a treadmill at 3 m/s. In Pre versus Post comparisons, data showed a decline with large effect size in DFA a1 post intervention only for FG (Pre: 0.71, Post: 0.32; d = 1.34), with minor differences and small effect sizes in HR (d = 0.02) and RE (d = 0.21). CG showed only minor differences with small effect sizes in DFA a1 (d = 0.19), HR (d = 0.15), and RE (d = 0.31). CMJ vertical peak force showed fatigue-induced decreases with large effect size in FG (d = 0.82) compared to CG (d = 0.02). At the completion of an ultramarathon, DFA a1 decreased with large effect size while running at low intensity compared to pre-race values. DFA a1 may offer an opportunity for real-time tracking of physiologic status in terms of monitoring for fatigue and possibly as an early warning signal of systemic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Rogers
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular PathologiesExercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéBesançonFrance
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityTomsk OblastRussia
| | - Gregory Doucende
- Université de Perpignan Via DomitiaLaboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude (LEPSA)BesançonFrance
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Faculty of Health SciencesDepartment of Performance, NeuroscienceTherapy and HealthMSH Medical School HamburgUniversity of Applied Sciences and Medical UniversityHamburgGermany
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Sugasawa T, Fujita SI, Kuji T, Ishibashi N, Tamai K, Kawakami Y, Takekoshi K. Dynamics of Specific cfDNA Fragments in the Plasma of Full Marathon Participants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050676. [PMID: 33946330 PMCID: PMC8145542 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is frequently analyzed using liquid biopsy to investigate cancer markers. We hypothesized that this concept might be applicable in exercise physiology. Here, we aimed to identify specific cfDNA (spcfDNA) sequences in the plasma of healthy humans using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and clearly define the dynamics regarding spcfDNA-fragment levels upon extreme exercises, such as running a full marathon. NGS analysis was performed using cfDNA of pooled plasma collected from healthy participants. We confirmed that the TaqMan-qPCR assay had high sensitivity and found that the spcfDNA sequence abundance was 16,600-fold higher than that in a normal genomic region. We then used the TaqMan-qPCR assay to investigate the dynamics of spcfDNA-fragment levels upon running a full marathon. The spcfDNA fragment levels were significantly increased post-marathon. Furthermore, spcfDNA fragment levels were strongly correlated with white blood cell and plasma myoglobin concentrations. These results suggest the spcfDNA fragments identified in this study were highly sensitive as markers of extreme physical stress. The findings of this study may provide new insights into exercise physiology and genome biology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Sugasawa
- Laboratory of Laboratory-Sports Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan; (T.S.); (S.-i.F.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shin-ichiro Fujita
- Laboratory of Laboratory-Sports Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan; (T.S.); (S.-i.F.); (Y.K.)
| | - Tomoaki Kuji
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan;
- Research and Development Division, Blue Industries Inc., ArcaCentral Bldg 14F, 1-1-1 Kinshi, Sumida, Tokyo 130-0013, Japan
| | - Noriyo Ishibashi
- Tsukuba i-Laboratory LLP, 2-1-17 Amakubo, Tsukuba 305-0005, Ibaraki, Japan; (N.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Kenshirou Tamai
- Tsukuba i-Laboratory LLP, 2-1-17 Amakubo, Tsukuba 305-0005, Ibaraki, Japan; (N.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Yasushi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Laboratory-Sports Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan; (T.S.); (S.-i.F.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kazuhiro Takekoshi
- Laboratory of Laboratory-Sports Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan; (T.S.); (S.-i.F.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-3209
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Mieszkowski J, Borkowska A, Stankiewicz B, Kochanowicz A, Niespodziński B, Surmiak M, Waldziński T, Rola R, Petr M, Antosiewicz J. Single High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation as an Approach for Reducing Ultramarathon-Induced Inflammation: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041280. [PMID: 33924645 PMCID: PMC8069287 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A growing number of studies indicate the importance of vitamin D supplementation for sports performance. However, the effects of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on ultramarathon-induced inflammation have not been investigated. We here analyzed the effect of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on the inflammatory marker levels in ultramarathon runners after an ultramarathon run (maximal run 240 km). Methods: In the study, 35 runners (amateurs) were assigned into two groups: single high-dose vitamin D supplementation group, administered vitamin D (150,000 IU) in vegetable oil 24 h before the start of the run (n = 16); and placebo group (n = 19). Blood was collected for analysis 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 h after the run. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly increased after the ultramarathon in both groups. The increase was greater in the vitamin D group than in the control group. Based on post-hoc and other analyses, the increase in interleukin 6 and 10, and resistin levels immediately after the run was significantly higher in runners in the control group than that in those in the supplementation group. Leptin, oncostatin M, and metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor levels were significantly decreased in both groups after the run, regardless of the supplementation. Conclusions: Ultramarathon significantly increases the serum 25(OH)D levels. Attenuation of changes in interleukin levels upon vitamin D supplementation confirmed that vitamin D has anti-inflammatory effect on exercise-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.A.); Tel.: +48-501-619-669 (J.M.); +48-513-046-412 (J.A.)
| | - Andżelika Borkowska
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 85-064 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Błażej Stankiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Basis of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Institute of Physical Education, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Waldziński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Łomża State University of Applied Science, 18-400 Łomża, Poland;
| | - Rafał Rola
- Masdiag Sp. Z O.O., 01-882 Warsaw, Poland;
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Miroslav Petr
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 85-064 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.A.); Tel.: +48-501-619-669 (J.M.); +48-513-046-412 (J.A.)
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12
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Nguyen HT, Grenier T, Leporq B, Le Goff C, Gilles B, Grange S, Grange R, Millet GP, Beuf O, Croisille P, Viallon M. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of the Quadriceps Changes during an Extreme Mountain Ultramarathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:869-881. [PMID: 33044438 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE Extreme ultra-endurance races are growing in popularity, but their effects on skeletal muscles remain mostly unexplored. This longitudinal study explores physiological changes in mountain ultramarathon athletes' quadriceps using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coupled with serological biomarkers. The study aimed to monitor the longitudinal effect of the race and recovery and to identify local inflammatory and metabolic muscle responses by codetection of biological markers. METHODS An automatic image processing framework was designed to extract imaging-based biomarkers from quantitative MRI acquisitions of the upper legs of 20 finishers at three time points. The longitudinal effect of the race was demonstrated by analyzing the image markers with dedicated biostatistical analysis. RESULTS Our framework allows for a reliable calculation of statistical data not only inside the whole quadriceps volume but also within each individual muscle head. Local changes in MRI parameters extracted from quantitative maps were described and found to be significantly correlated with principal serological biomarkers of interest. A decrease in the PDFF after the race and a stable paramagnetic susceptibility value were found. Pairwise post hoc tests suggested that the recovery process differs among the muscle heads. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study conducted during a prolonged and extreme mechanical stress showed that quantitative MRI-based markers of inflammation and metabolic response can detect local changes related to the prolonged exercise, with differentiated involvement of each head of the quadriceps muscle as expected in such eccentric load. Consistent and efficient extraction of the local biomarkers enables to highlight the interplay/interactions between blood and MRI biomarkers. This work indeed proposes an automatized analytic framework to tackle the time-consuming and mentally exhausting segmentation task of muscle heads in large multi-time-point cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai-Thu Nguyen
- Univ-Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE
| | - Thomas Grenier
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, Villeurbanne, FRANCE
| | - Benjamin Leporq
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, Villeurbanne, FRANCE
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, BELGIUM
| | | | | | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Olivier Beuf
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, Villeurbanne, FRANCE
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Rubio-Arias JÁ, Andreu L, Martínez-Aranda LM, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Manonelles P, Ramos-Campo DJ. Effects of medium- and long-distance running on cardiac damage markers in amateur runners: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression. J Sport Health Sci 2021; 10:192-200. [PMID: 33742602 PMCID: PMC7987568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To finish an endurance race, athletes perform a vigorous effort that induces the release of cardiac damage markers. There are several factors that can affect the total number of these markers, so the aim of this review was to analyze the effect of endurance running races on cardiac damage markers and to identify the factors that modify the levels of segregation of these cardiac damage markers. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases was performed. This analysis included studies where the acute effects of running races on cardiac damage markers (troponin I and troponin T) were analyzed, assessing the levels of these markers before and after the races. RESULTS The effects of running races on troponin I (mean difference = 0.0381 ng/mL) and troponin T (mean difference = 0.0256 ng/mL) levels were significant. The ages (R2 = 14.4%, p = 0.033) and body mass indexes (R2 = 14.5%, p = 0.045) of the athletes had a significant interaction with troponin I. In addition, gender, mean speed, time to finish the race, and type of race can affect the level of cardiac damage markers. CONCLUSION Endurance running races induce the release of cardiac-damage markers that remain elevated for at least 24 h after the races. In addition, young male athletes with high body mass indexes who perform races combining long duration and moderate intensity (i.e., marathons) release the highest levels of cardiac damage markers. Physicians should take into consideration these results in the diagnosis and treatment of patients admitted to the hospital days after finishing endurance running races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia 30107, Spain; LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Luis Andreu
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia 30107, Spain; Neuroscience of Human Movement Research Group (Neuromove), Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia 30107, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Manonelles
- International Chair of Sports Medicine, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia 30107, Spain
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14
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King TJ, Coates AM, Tremblay JC, Slysz JT, Petrick HL, Pignanelli C, Millar PJ, Burr JF. Vascular Function Is Differentially Altered by Distance after Prolonged Running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:597-605. [PMID: 32804900 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultraendurance exercise is steadily growing in popularity; however, the effect of increasingly prolonged durations of exercise on the vascular endothelium is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of various ultramarathon running distances on vascular form and function. METHODS We evaluated vascular endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the superficial femoral artery, as well as microvascular function, inflammatory factors, and central artery stiffness, before and after participants completed 25-km (7M:2F), 50-km (11M:10F), 80-km (9M:4F), or 160-km (9M:2F) trail races all run on the same day and course. RESULTS Completion required 149 ± 20, 386 ± 111, 704 ± 130, and 1470 ± 235 min, with corresponding average paces of 6.0 ± 0.8, 7.7 ± 2.2, 8.6 ± 1.3, and 9.6 ± 1.3 min·km-1, respectively. At baseline, there were no differences in participant characteristics across race distance groups. Shear rate stimulus trended toward an increase after the race (P = 0.07), but resting postrace artery diameter (P < 0.001) was elevated to a similar extent in all conditions. There was a reduction in FMD after the 50-km race (Δ -1.9% ± 2.2%, P < 0.01), but not the 25-km (Δ +0.3% ± 2.9%, P = 0.8), the 80-km (Δ -1.5% ± 3.2%, P = 0.1), or the 160-km (Δ +0.5% ± 2.5%, P = 0.5) race. Inflammatory markers increased most after 160 km, but arterial stiffness and microvascular function were not differently affected by race distance. CONCLUSIONS Although the superficial femoral artery baseline diameter was larger postexercise regardless of race distance, only the 50-km race reduced FMD, whereas a short-duration higher-intensity race (25 km) and longer-duration lower-intensity races (160 km) did not. Therefore, a 50-km ultramarathon may represent the intersection between higher-intensity exercise over a prolonged duration, causing reduced endothelial function not seen in shorter or longer distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J King
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Alexandra M Coates
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | - Joshua T Slysz
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Heather L Petrick
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Philip J Millar
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
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15
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Aengevaeren VL, Froeling M, van den Berg‐Faay S, Hooijmans MT, Monte JR, Strijkers GJ, Nederveen AJ, Eijsvogels TM, Bakermans AJ. Marathon running transiently depletes the myocardial lipid pool. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14543. [PMID: 32869950 PMCID: PMC7460059 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids, stored as intracellular triacylglycerol droplets within the myocardium, serve as an important source of energy, particularly in times of prolonged increased energy expenditure. In only a few studies, the acute effects of exercise on such ectopic myocardial lipid storage were investigated. We studied the dynamic behavior of the myocardial lipid pool in response to completing the 2017 Amsterdam Marathon using proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy (1 H-MRS). We hypothesized that the prolonged increased myocardial energy demand of running a marathon could shift the balance of myocardial triacylglycerol turnover from triacylglycerol synthesis toward lipolysis and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and decrease the myocardial lipid pool. We employed two 3 Tesla MR systems in parallel to noninvasively examine endurance-trained healthy men (n = 8; age 50.7 [50.1-52.7] y) at 1 week prior (baseline), <6 hr after finishing the marathon (post-marathon), and 2 weeks thereafter (recovery). Exercise intensity was 89 ± 6% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate, with a finish time of 3:56 [3:37-4:42] h:min. Myocardial lipid content was 0.66 [0.58-0.87]% of the total myocardial water signal at baseline, was lower post-marathon (0.47 [0.41-0.63]% of the total myocardial water signal), and had restored to 0.55 [0.49-0.83]% of the total myocardial water signal at recovery, representing a transient marathon running-induced depletion of 29 ± 24% (p = .04). The magnitude of this myocardial lipid pool depletion did not correlate with exercise intensity (r = -0.39; p = .39), nor with marathon finishing time (ρ = 0.57; p = .15). Our data show that prolonged high-intensity exercise can induce a transient depletion of the myocardial lipid pool, reinforcing the dynamic nature of ectopic triacylglycerol storage under real-life conditions of extreme endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent L. Aengevaeren
- Radboud Institute for Health Science, Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of CardiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Froeling
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra van den Berg‐Faay
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Melissa T. Hooijmans
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jithsa R. Monte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gustav J. Strijkers
- Biomedical Engineering and PhysicsAmsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aart J. Nederveen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Science, Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Adrianus J. Bakermans
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Urdampilleta A, Arribalzaga S, Viribay A, Castañeda-Babarro A, Seco-Calvo J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Effects of 120 vs. 60 and 90 g/h Carbohydrate Intake during a Trail Marathon on Neuromuscular Function and High Intensity Run Capacity Recovery. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2094. [PMID: 32679728 PMCID: PMC7400827 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current carbohydrate (CHO) intake recommendations for ultra-trail activities lasting more than 2.5 h is 90 g/h. However, the benefits of ingesting 120 g/h during a mountain marathon in terms of post-exercise muscle damage have been recently demonstrated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of 120 g/h CHO intake with the recommendations (90 g/h) and the usual intake for ultra-endurance athletes (60 g/h) during a mountain marathon on internal exercise load, and post-exercise neuromuscular function and recovery of high intensity run capacity. METHODS Twenty-six elite trail-runners were randomly distributed into three groups: LOW (60 g/h), MED (90 g/h) and HIGH (120 g/h), according to CHO intake during a 4000-m cumulative slope mountain marathon. Runners were measured using the Abalakov Jump test, a maximum a half-squat test and an aerobic power-capacity test at baseline (T1) and 24 h after completing the race (T2). RESULTS Changes in Abalakov jump time (ABKJT), Abalakov jump height (ABKH), half-squat test 1 repetition maximum (HST1RM) between T1 and T2 showed significant differences by Wilcoxon signed rank test only in LOW and MED (p < 0.05), but not in the HIGH group (p > 0.05). Internal load was significantly lower in the HIGH group (p = 0.017) regarding LOW and MED by Mann Whitney u test. A significantly lower change during the study in ABKJT (p = 0.038), ABKH (p = 0.038) HST1RM (p = 0.041) and in terms of fatigue (p = 0.018) and lactate (p = 0.012) within the aerobic power-capacity test was presented in HIGH relative to LOW and MED. CONCLUSIONS 120 g/h CHO intake during a mountain marathon might limit neuromuscular fatigue and improve recovery of high intensity run capacity 24 h after a physiologically challenging event when compared to 90 g/h and 60 g/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritz Urdampilleta
- Centro Investigación y Formación ElikaSport, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Soledad Arribalzaga
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Physiotherapy Department, University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| | - Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro
- Health, Physical Activity and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, 48007 Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Physiotherapy Department, University of Leon, Researcher at the Basque Country University, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
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