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Allahvirdie Rezaieh S, Ghorbani N, Farahani H. Mediating role of splitting in relation to attachment styles and shopping addiction. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1249591. [PMID: 37854143 PMCID: PMC10581345 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1249591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Shopping can provide a sense of satisfaction and pleasure; however, if a person's excessive involvement in this behavior starts to negatively impact other aspects of their life, similar to other addictive behaviors like excessive internet use, gaming, and gambling, it may be classified as pathological. Given the lack of agreement regarding the classification of excessive shopping tendencies as a separate mental health condition or addictive behavior, taking a socio-emotional approach to explore the psychological factors that precede this behavior, may offer a better comprehension of it. Methods The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between attachment styles and excessive shopping behavior, as well as to investigate the potential mediating effect of defense mechanisms like splitting on this relationship. Using convenience sampling, a group of 457 stock market employees (116 female, 341 male) between the ages of 24 and 60 were recruited. The researchers utilized a set of validated psychological questionnaires to assess the employees attachment styles, shopping addiction, and splitting tendencies. Results The results obtained from both the mediation model and path analysis suggest that attachment styles do not have a direct relationship with shopping addiction. Nonetheless, the study supports the impact of insecure anxious and avoidan attachment styles on splitting. Furthermore, the findings confirm that splitting has a mediating effect on the relationship between attachment styles and splitting. Discussion The present study enhanced our comprehension of the subconscious mechanisms underlying shopping tendencies. Specifically, the findings suggest that excessive tendencies towards shopping can be considered a maladaptive response resulting from insecure attachment styles and the unconscious utilization of the splitting defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nima Ghorbani
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Glued to your phone? Generation Z's smartphone addiction and online compulsive buying. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Nori R, Zucchelli MM, Piccardi L, Palmiero M, Bocchi A, Guariglia P. The Contribution of Cognitive Factors to Compulsive Buying Behaviour: Insights from Shopping Habit Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:260. [PMID: 36004831 PMCID: PMC9405148 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen an increase in compulsive behaviours among young adults worldwide, particularly in 2020, during restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, even if shopping is an ordinary activity in everyday life, it can become a compulsive behaviour for certain individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of working memory and decision-making style in compulsive behaviour. A total of 105 participants (65 F, 40 M) were recruited online from May 2020 to December 2020. They completed a series of questionnaires to measure shopping compulsive behaviour, decision-making styles, deficits in working memory and online shopping habits. The results show that during the COVID-19 pandemic, people spent much more time shopping online, made more purchases and spent more money than prior to the pandemic. Moreover, both higher working memory deficits and spontaneous decision-making style predicted a greater tendency to engage in compulsive buying. These results suggest the need to develop specific training programs to improve cognitive aspects related to compulsive shopping behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Nori
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | | | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.)
- IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Palmiero
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L’Aquila University, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Alessia Bocchi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Paola Guariglia
- Department of Human and Society Sciences, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
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4
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Ferreira C, Lam J, Pitt L, Caruana A, Brown T. Contrasting compulsive behaviour: Computerized text analysis of compulsion narratives. J Health Psychol 2022; 27:1942-1958. [PMID: 35801352 DOI: 10.1177/13591053211017207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Those who gamble compulsively, and those who shop or buy in a compulsive manner share a number of common characteristics, stemming from similar impulse-control issues. As such, it is predicted that a lexical analysis of personal narratives of compulsion would share similarities. Using secondary data from an online mental health forum, Psychforums, the research analyzed narratives of compulsive gambling (n = 199) and compulsive buying (n = 196) using the automated text analysis tool, LIWC. The results indicated that compulsive buying narratives rated significantly higher in clout and emotional tone and significantly lower in authenticity, with no significant differences noted in analytical thinking between the two compulsion narratives. Recommendations for future research include that demographic variables be incorporated and that narratives sourced from different online platforms should be contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Ferreira
- University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
| | | | - Leyland Pitt
- Simon Fraser University, Canada.,Hanken School of Economics, Finland
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5
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Gomez R, Stavropoulos V, Brown T, Griffiths MD. Factor structure of ten psychoactive substance addictions and behavioural addictions. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114605. [PMID: 35544983 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many problematic/excessive behaviours have increasingly been conceptualized as addictions due to their similarity with more traditional psychoactive substance addictions. The primary aim of the present study was to simultaneously examine the factor structure of three psychoactive substance addictions (alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and substance use) and seven behavioural addictions (sex, social media use, shopping, exercise, online gambling, internet gaming, and internet use), using exploratory factor analysis (EFA; N = 481) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; N = 487). A total of 968 participants completed an online survey including ten psychometric scales assessing the ten different potentially addictive behaviours. EFA supported a two-factor solution, with different factors for the psychoactive substance and behavioural addictions (excluding exercise addiction). CFA supported the two-factor model in a separate sample. There was good support for the concurrent and discriminant validities of the CFA latent factors and the reliability of the behavioural latent factor in the two-factor CFA model. While there was support for the concurrent and discriminant validities of the psychoactive substance latent factor, there was insufficient support for its reliability. The taxonomic, theoretical, and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Ünübol B, Ünsalver BÖ, Ünübol H, Sayar GH. The prevalence and psychological relation of problem shopping: data from a large-scale sample from Turkey. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:1. [PMID: 34980253 PMCID: PMC8722422 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively examine the measurement aspects, the prevalence, and the psychological correlates of problem shopping among a large-scale national sample of Turkish adults. RESULT Participants (N = 24,380, 50% men, M age = 31.79 years, age range = 18-81 years) completed a questionnaire that comprised the Shopping Addiction Risk Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised. Results showed that 1.8% of the participants had probable shopping addiction. Being female, being younger, psychiatric distress, positive affect, negative affect, anxious attachment, and avoidant attachment were positive correlates of problem shopping. CONCLUSION The results of this large sample size study suggest that shopping addiction is not a rare condition in Turkey. Further research is needed to understand different motives that underlie the problematic shopping behavior in the young and female population in comparison to older and male populations. Preventive programs or any interventions for people with PSB needs to address regulation difficulties and development of healthy strategies to cope with psychiatric distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Ünübol
- Department of Psychiatry, Erenköy Mental Health and Neurological Diseases Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Barış Önen Ünsalver
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Ünübol
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökben Hızlı Sayar
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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González-Bueso V, Santamaría JJ, Caro-Pérez O, Fernández D, Baño-Alcazar M, Jiménez-Murcia S, Håkansson A, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Ribas J. Compulsive Sexual Behavior Online and Non-online in Adult Male Patients and Healthy Controls: Comparison in Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Personality Variables. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:839788. [PMID: 35592380 PMCID: PMC9110760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.839788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is characterized by a persistent pattern of failure to control sexual impulses, resulting in repetitive sexual behavior over a prolonged period that causes marked discomfort in personal, family, social, school, work or in other functional areas. The evolution of the worldwide incidence of this disorder warrants further studies focused on examining the characteristics of the affected people. The purpose of this study was to compare online compulsive sexual behavior (when the problematic sexual practices were online) and non-online compulsive sexual behavior (when the problematic sexual practices were in-person) patients (OCSB and non-OCSB, respectively), and healthy controls in terms of sexual behavior, sociodemographic variables and psychopathology and personality characteristics. METHOD A sample of 80 CSB male patients consecutively admitted to our Behavioral Addictions Unit and 25 healthy male controls, participated in the study. The CSB group was comprised by 36 online CSB patients (mean age 42.25, SD: 10.0) and 44 non-online CSB patients (mean age 43.5, SD: 11.9). Scores on the Sexual Compulsivity Scale, Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, Symptom CheckList-90 Items-Revised, State-Trait Anxiety Index, and additional demographic, clinical, and social/family variables related to sexual behaviors between the three groups were compared. RESULTS When compared with healthy controls, both clinical groups showed higher psychopathology in all measures as well as higher harm avoidance and self-transcendence and lower self-directness and cooperativeness. When comparing OCSB and non-OCSB patients, results showed that non-OCSB patients exhibited higher prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, higher percentage of homosexual and bisexual orientation and higher scores in anxiety and in sexual impulse control failure. CONCLUSION Both online and non-online CSB patients may experience a variety of comorbid psychological and medical problems. Patients with non-OCSB may suffer more consequences that are negative. Therefore, these results should be considered when designing the most convenient therapeutic approach. Whether sexual orientation plays a role in treatment needs and treatment response in CSB, should be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vega González-Bueso
- Atención e Investigación en Socioadicciones (AIS), Mental Health and Addictions Network, Generalitat de Catalunya, Sistema Sanitari Integral d'Utilització Pública de Catalunya (SISCAT), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Santamaría
- Atención e Investigación en Socioadicciones (AIS), Mental Health and Addictions Network, Generalitat de Catalunya, Sistema Sanitari Integral d'Utilització Pública de Catalunya (SISCAT), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Caro-Pérez
- CELBIOTECH_Paper Engineering Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research (DEIO), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya BarcelonaTec (UPC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Mathematics of UPC - BarcelonaTech (IMTech), Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Baño-Alcazar
- Atención e Investigación en Socioadicciones (AIS), Mental Health and Addictions Network, Generalitat de Catalunya, Sistema Sanitari Integral d'Utilització Pública de Catalunya (SISCAT), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Malmö Addiction Center, Competence Center Addiction, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Nursing School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Ribas
- Atención e Investigación en Socioadicciones (AIS), Mental Health and Addictions Network, Generalitat de Catalunya, Sistema Sanitari Integral d'Utilització Pública de Catalunya (SISCAT), Barcelona, Spain
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Griffin KR, Way BM, Kraus SW. Controversies and Clinical Recommendations for the Treatment of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Uzarska A, Czerwiński SK, Atroszko PA. Measurement of shopping addiction and its relationship with personality traits and well-being among Polish undergraduate students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThere is still a scarcity of studies showing the relative contribution of different personality characteristics differentiating various behavioral addictions within an integrated model. In comparison to other addictions, fairly little is known about the role of specific personality traits in compulsive shopping. In addition, few studies have investigated the unique contribution of shopping addiction in terms of explaining different facets of well-being above and beyond personality characteristics previously shown to be related to psychosocial functioning. The present study shows validation of the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) and a tentative integrated model of potential shopping addiction personality risk factors. BSAS was administered to 1156 Polish students. In addition, demographic variables, and personality traits (Big Five), self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived narcissism, loneliness, social anxiety, and well-being indicators were measured. BSAS had acceptable fit with the data and demonstrated good reliability. The investigated model showed that shopping addiction was related to higher extraversion, perceived narcissism, and social anxiety, and lower agreeableness and general self-efficacy. Woman and older participants scored higher on BSAS. Shopping addiction was further related to all facets of impaired well-being and explained worse general health, and decreased sleep quality above and beyond other variables in the model. The results support the notion that shopping addiction may have specific personality risk factors with low agreeableness as an outstanding characteristic. This has implications for the development of early prevention and intervention programs.
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11
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De Jong DC, Cook C. Roles of Religiosity, Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms, Scrupulosity, and Shame in Self-Perceived Pornography Addiction: A Preregistered Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:695-709. [PMID: 33403534 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the roles of religiosity, shame, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and scrupulosity in perceived pornography addiction. We theorized that religiosity causes pornography users to feel shame regarding their use, and in turn, self-identify as addicted to pornography, especially for individuals high on one of several proposed moderators. Participants were 645-646 pornography users who believe in a theistic God. Confirmatory analyses indicated that religious primes did not have indirect or moderated indirect effects on perceived addiction. However, exploratory analyses revealed that religious primes were associated with higher shame, and in turn, perceived addiction among individuals high on both organizational religiosity and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder compulsivity subscales. Additionally, self-reported religiosity had indirect effects on perceived addiction via shame, especially among individuals high on scrupulosity or moral disapproval of pornography.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C De Jong
- Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University, 91 Killian Building Lane, Cullowhee, NC, 28723, USA.
| | - Casey Cook
- Department of Psychology, Western Carolina University, 91 Killian Building Lane, Cullowhee, NC, 28723, USA
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12
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Ince C, Yücel M, Albertella L, Fontenelle LF. Exploring the clinical profile of problematic pornography use. CNS Spectr 2020; 26:1-10. [PMID: 32690117 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852920001686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although problematic pornography use (PPU) will soon be diagnosable through the International Classification for Diseases, 11th revision, its clinical profile remains contentious. The current study assessed whether PPU may be characterized by various symptoms sometimes observed among online recovery forums that currently lack empirical assessment, such as heightened cognitive-affective issues following pornography use and sexual dysfunction with partners as a result of escalating use. METHOD Cross-sectional surveys were completed by male PPUs (N = 138, mean age = 31.75 years, standard deviation = 10.72) recruited via online recovery communities and Amazon Mechanical Turk. Multiple regression analysis was performed using the Problematic Pornography Use Scale as the dependent variable and variables of interest (Arizona Sexual Experiences Scales modified for partnered sex and pornography use, Brunel Mood Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and the Tolerance subscale from the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale) and potential confounders (eg, comorbid psychopathology) as independent variables. RESULTS Current levels of pornography use, indicators of tolerance and escalation, greater sexual functioning with pornography, and psychological distress were uniquely associated with PPU severity, while cognitive-affective issues after pornography use, impulsivity and compulsivity were not. Although sexual dysfunction did not predict PPU severity, nearly half the sample indicated sexual dysfunction with intimate partners. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that PPU may be characterized by tolerance and escalation (as per substance addiction models), greater sexual responsivity toward pornography, and psychological distress. Meanwhile, the high rate of partnered sexual dysfunction observed suggests that PPU might be somewhat separable from other forms of compulsive sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Ince
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy Albertella
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Obsessive, Compulsive and Anxiety Spectrum Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Challet-Bouju G, Mariez J, Perrot B, Grall-Bronnec M, Chauchard E. A Typology of Buyers Grounded in Psychological Risk Factors for Compulsive Buying (Impulsivity, Self-Esteem, and Buying Motives): Latent Class Analysis Approach ina Community Sample. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:277. [PMID: 32372984 PMCID: PMC7186342 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to identify meaningful subgroups of buyers based on psychological risk factors for compulsive buying. A community sample of 242 adult women fulfilled an online survey exploring buying habits and motives, impulsivity, self-esteem, and severity of compulsive buying. A latent class cluster analysis was performed. A nonproblematic cluster (28%) was characterized by low levels of impulsivity and buying motives. An intermediary cluster (51%) was characterized by higher levels of positive and negative reinforcement-related buying motives. Both clusters were characterized by a low frequency of compulsive buying (2 and 8%, respectively), but the severity of compulsive buying was higher for the intermediary cluster. A third cluster (21%) was characterized by a higher frequency of compulsive buying (43%), a higher severity of compulsive buying, a stronger feeling of losing control, and higher levels of negative urgency and coping motive. These results present similarities with the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of addiction and the negative reinforcement model of drug addiction, which both postulate that negative feelings play a central role in motivating and maintaining addiction. These results also echo other typologies performed in problem gamblers and problematic videogame users. These similarities of psychological profiles with other addictive behaviors, and with common symptoms and clinical expressions, are supplementary arguments to consider conceptualizing compulsive buying as an addictive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, INSERM, SPHERE U1246 "methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch", Nantes, France
| | - Julie Mariez
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Bastien Perrot
- Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, INSERM, SPHERE U1246 "methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch", Nantes, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, INSERM, SPHERE U1246 "methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch", Nantes, France
| | - Emeline Chauchard
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
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Shopping Addiction Is Driven by Personal Focus Rather than Social Focus Values but to the Exclusion of Achievement and Self-Direction. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Fernández-Aranda F, Granero R, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Müller A, Brand M, Mena-Moreno T, Vintró-Alcaraz C, del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Moragas L, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Lozano-Madrid M, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Spanish validation of the pathological buying screener in patients with eating disorder and gambling disorder. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:123-134. [PMID: 30932708 PMCID: PMC7044599 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pathological buying (PB) is a behavioral addiction that presents comorbidity with several psychiatric disorders. Despite the increase in the prevalence estimates of PB, relatively few PB instruments have been developed. Our aim was to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the pathological buying screener (PBS) and to explore the associations between PB, psychopathology, and personality traits. METHODS A total of 511 participants, including gambling disorder (GD) and eating disorder (ED) patients diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria, as well as healthy controls (HCs), took part in the study. RESULTS Higher PB prevalence was obtained in ED patients than in the other two study groups (ED 12.5% vs. 1.3% HC and 2.7% GD). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) verified the 13-item structure of the PBS, and indexes of convergent and discriminant capacity were estimated. CFA confirmed the structure in two factors (excessive buying behavior and loss of control) with excellent internal consistency (α = .92 and .86, respectively). Good convergent capacity was obtained with external psychopathology and personality measures (positive correlations with novelty seeking and negative associations with self-directedness and harm avoidance were found). Good discriminative capacity to differentiate between the study groups was obtained. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for the reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the PBS. Female sex, higher impulsivity, and higher psychopathology were associated with PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding authors: Susana Jiménez-Murcia, PhD; Head of Gambling Disorder Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 79 88; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail: ; Fernando Fernández-Aranda, PhD; Head of ED Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 72 27; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail:
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Teresa Mena-Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Maternoinfantil, Escola Universitària d’Infermeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding authors: Susana Jiménez-Murcia, PhD; Head of Gambling Disorder Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 79 88; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail: ; Fernando Fernández-Aranda, PhD; Head of ED Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 72 27; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail:
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Same Same but Different: A Clinical Characterization of Men with Hypersexual Disorder in the Sex@Brain Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020157. [PMID: 30704084 PMCID: PMC6406591 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems arising from hypersexual behavior are often seen in clinical settings. We aimed to extend the knowledge about the clinical characteristics of individuals with hypersexual disorder (HD). A group of people who fulfilled the proposed diagnostic criteria for HD (men with HD, n = 50) was compared to a group of healthy controls (n = 40). We investigated differences in sociodemographic, neurodevelopmental, and family factors based on self-report questionnaires and clinical interviews. Men with HD reported elevated rates of sexual activity, paraphilias, consumption of child abusive images, and sexual coercive behavior compared to healthy controls. Moreover, rates of affective disorders, attachment difficulties, impulsivity, and dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies were higher in men with HD. Men with HD seem to have experienced various forms of adverse childhood experiences, but there were no further differences in sociodemographic, neurodevelopmental factors, and family factors. Regression analyses indicated that attachment-related avoidance and early onset of masturbation differentiated between men with HD and healthy controls. In conclusion, men with HD appear to have the same neurodevelopment, intelligence levels, sociodemographic background, and family factors compared to healthy controls, but they report different and adverse experiences in childhood, problematic sexual behavior, and psychological difficulties.
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18
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Underlying Mechanism of the Comorbid Presence of Buying Disorder with Gambling Disorder: A Pathways Analysis. J Gambl Stud 2018; 35:261-273. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Griffiths MD, Torsheim T, Sinha R. The Development and Validation of the Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale With a Large National Sample. Front Psychol 2018; 9:144. [PMID: 29568277 PMCID: PMC5852108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The view that problematic excessive sexual behavior ("sex addiction") is a form of behavioral addiction has gained more credence in recent years, but there is still considerable controversy regarding operationalization of the concept. Furthermore, most previous studies have relied on small clinical samples. The present study presents a new method for assessing sex addiction-the Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS)-based on established addiction components (i.e., salience/craving, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict/problems, and relapse/loss of control). Using a cross-sectional survey, the BYSAS was administered to a broad national sample of 23,533 Norwegian adults [aged 16-88 years; mean (± SD) age = 35.8 ± 13.3 years], together with validated measures of the Big Five personality traits, narcissism, self-esteem, and a measure of sexual addictive behavior. Both an exploratory and a confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.046, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.996) supported a one-factor solution, although a local dependence between two items (Items 1 and 2) was detected. Furthermore, the scale had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.83). The BYSAS correlated significantly with the reference scale (r = 0.52), and demonstrated similar patterns of convergent and discriminant validity. The BYSAS was positively related to extroversion, neuroticism, intellect/imagination, and narcissism, and negatively related to conscientiousness, agreeableness, and self-esteem. High scores on the BYSAS were more prevalent among those who were men, single, of younger age, and with higher education. The BYSAS is a brief, and psychometrically reliable and valid measure for assessing sex addiction. However, further validation of the BYSAS is needed in other countries and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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20
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Grubbs JB, Exline JJ, Pargament KI, Volk F, Lindberg MJ. Internet Pornography Use, Perceived Addiction, and Religious/Spiritual Struggles. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1733-1745. [PMID: 27351579 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Prior work has demonstrated that religious beliefs and moral attitudes are often related to sexual functioning. The present work sought to examine another possibility: Do sexual attitudes and behaviors have a relationship with religious and spiritual functioning? More specifically, do pornography use and perceived addiction to Internet pornography predict the experience of religious and spiritual struggle? It was expected that feelings of perceived addiction to Internet pornography would indeed predict such struggles, both cross-sectionally and over time, but that actual pornography use would not. To test these ideas, two studies were conducted using a sample of undergraduate students (N = 1519) and a sample of adult Internet users in the U.S. (N = 713). Cross-sectional analyses in both samples found that elements of perceived addiction were related to the experience of religious and spiritual struggle. Additionally, longitudinal analyses over a 1-year time span with a subset of undergraduates (N = 156) and a subset of adult web users (N = 366) revealed that perceived addiction to Internet pornography predicted unique variance in struggle over time, even when baseline levels of struggle and other related variables were held constant. Collectively, these findings identify perceived addiction to Internet pornography as a reliable predictor of religious and spiritual struggle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Julie J Exline
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth I Pargament
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Fred Volk
- Department of Counselor Education and Family Studies, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew J Lindberg
- Department of Psychology, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA
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21
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Chatzittofis A, Savard J, Arver S, Öberg KG, Hallberg J, Nordström P, Jokinen J. Interpersonal violence, early life adversity, and suicidal behavior in hypersexual men. J Behav Addict 2017; 6:187-193. [PMID: 28467102 PMCID: PMC5520124 DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims There are significant gaps in knowledge regarding the role of childhood adversity, interpersonal violence, and suicidal behavior in hypersexual disorder (HD). The aim of this study was to investigate interpersonal violence in hypersexual men compared with healthy volunteers and the experience of violence in relation to suicidal behavior. Methods This case-control study includes 67 male patients with HD and 40 healthy male volunteers. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF) and the Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale (KIVS) were used for assessing early life adversity and interpersonal violence in childhood and in adult life. Suicidal behavior (attempts and ideation) was assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (version 6.0) and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale - Self-rating. Results Hypersexual men reported more exposure to violence in childhood and more violent behavior as adults compared with healthy volunteers. Suicide attempters (n = 8, 12%) reported higher KIVS total score, more used violence as a child, more exposure to violence as an adult as well as higher score on CTQ-SF subscale measuring sexual abuse (SA) compared with hypersexual men without suicide attempt. Discussion Hypersexuality was associated with interpersonal violence with higher total scores in patients with a history of suicide attempt. The KIVS subscale exposure to interpersonal violence as a child was validated using the CTQ-SF but can be complemented with questions focusing on SA for full assessment of early life adversity. Conclusion Childhood adversity is an important factor in HD and interpersonal violence might be related to suicidal behavior in hypersexual men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Chatzittofis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus,Corresponding author: Andreas Chatzittofis; Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Phone: +46 7 00289786; Fax: +46 8 303706; E-mail:
| | - Josephine Savard
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Arver
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Görts Öberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hallberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jussi Jokinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience/Psychiatry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Clinical Sciences/Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Kraus SW, Voon V, Potenza MN. Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction? Addiction 2016; 111:2097-2106. [PMID: 26893127 PMCID: PMC4990495 DOI: 10.1111/add.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To review the evidence base for classifying compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) as a non-substance or 'behavioral' addiction. METHODS Data from multiple domains (e.g. epidemiological, phenomenological, clinical, biological) are reviewed and considered with respect to data from substance and gambling addictions. RESULTS Overlapping features exist between CSB and substance use disorders. Common neurotransmitter systems may contribute to CSB and substance use disorders, and recent neuroimaging studies highlight similarities relating to craving and attentional biases. Similar pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments may be applicable to CSB and substance addictions, although considerable gaps in knowledge currently exist. CONCLUSIONS Despite the growing body of research linking compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) to substance addictions, significant gaps in understanding continue to complicate classification of CSB as an addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W. Kraus
- VISN 1 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centers, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Valerie Voon
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Child Study Center and CASAColumbia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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23
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Mestre-Bach G, Granero R, Steward T, Fernández-Aranda F, Baño M, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Agüera Z, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Moragas L, del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Soriano-Mas C, Navas JF, Perales JC, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Reward and punishment sensitivity in women with gambling disorder or compulsive buying: Implications in treatment outcome. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:658-665. [PMID: 27826998 PMCID: PMC5370371 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory has been widely applied to different clinical populations, but few studies have reported empirical evidence based on this theory for treatment outcomes in patients with gambling disorder (GD) and compulsive buying (CB). The aims of this study were to explore the association between clinical variables and personality traits with reward and punishment sensitivity (RPS) levels in women (n = 88) who met diagnostic criteria for GD (n = 61) and CB (n = 27), and to determine the predictive capacity of RPS for primary short-term outcomes in a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention. Methods The CBT intervention consisted of 12 weekly sessions. Data on patients' personality traits, RPS levels, psychopathology, sociodemographic factors, GD, and CB behavior were used in our analysis. Results High RPS levels were associated with higher psychopathology in both CB and GD, and were a risk factor for dropout in the CB group. In the GD group, higher reward sensitivity scores increased the risk of dropout. Discussion and conclusions Our findings suggest that both sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment independently condition patients' response to treatment for behavioral addictions. The authors uphold that CBT interventions for such addictions could potentially be enhanced by taking RPS into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Baño
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Nursing Department of Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Navas
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José C. Perales
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding author: Susana Jiménez-Murcia; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain, and CIBERObn, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 79 88; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail:
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24
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Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Baño M, Agüera Z, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Sancho M, Sánchez I, Menchón JM, Martín-Romera V, Jiménez-Murcia S. Cognitive behavioral therapy for compulsive buying behavior: Predictors of treatment outcome. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 39:57-65. [PMID: 27810618 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compulsive buying behavior (CBB) is receiving increasing consideration in both consumer and psychiatric-epidemiological research, yet empirical evidence on treatment interventions is scarce and mostly from small homogeneous clinical samples. OBJECTIVES To estimate the short-term effectiveness of a standardized, individual cognitive behavioral therapy intervention (CBT) in a sample of n=97 treatment-seeking patients diagnosed with CBB, and to identify the most relevant predictors of therapy outcome. METHOD The intervention consisted of 12 individual CBT weekly sessions, lasting approximately 45minutes each. Data on patients' personality traits, psychopathology, sociodemographic factors, and compulsive buying behavior were used in our analysis. RESULTS The risk (cumulative incidence) of poor adherence to the CBT program was 27.8%. The presence of relapses during the CBT program was 47.4% and the dropout rate was 46.4%. Significant predictors of poor therapy adherence were being male, high levels of depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, low anxiety levels, high persistence, high harm avoidance and low self-transcendence. CONCLUSION Cognitive behavioral models show promise in treating CBB, however future interventions for CBB should be designed via a multidimensional approach in which patients' sex, comorbid symptom levels and the personality-trait profiles play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Granero
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, C/Fortuna Edificio B, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Fernández-Aranda
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Campus de Bellvitge Pavelló de Govern, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Mestre-Bach
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Steward
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Baño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Z Agüera
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Mallorquí-Bagué
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Aymamí
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gómez-Peña
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Sancho
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Sánchez
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Menchón
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Campus de Bellvitge Pavelló de Govern, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - V Martín-Romera
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Psicologia Clinica, C/Fortuna Edificio B, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Jiménez-Murcia
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), C/Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Psychiatry, Pathological Gambling Unit, C/Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Campus de Bellvitge Pavelló de Govern, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Feixa Llarga s/n, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Nicolai J, Darancó S, Moshagen M. Effects of mood state on impulsivity in pathological buying. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244:351-6. [PMID: 27521976 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathological buying is characterized by irrepressible buying behaviour and its negative consequences. A possible mechanism contributing to its development and maintenance is that buying episodes act as a maladaptive strategy to cope with negative emotions. Accordingly, pathological buying has been repeatedly associated with impulsivity, in particular with the tendency to experience strong reactions under negative affect. Relying on an experimental mood induction procedure, the present study tested in a sample of 100 individuals (a) whether individuals with pathological buying symptoms respond more impulsively in the Go/No-Go Task (as a measure of the behavioural inhibition aspect of impulsivity) and (b) whether this association is more pronounced in a negative mood. While controlling for comorbidities, the results show that pathological buying is associated with faster responses and a larger number of commission errors. Moreover, a significant interaction indicated that the association between pathological buying and performance the Go/No-Go Task was stronger in the negative mood condition. The present study thus shows that pathological buying is associated with deficits in the behavioural inhibition component of impulsivity. These deficits are most pronounced when mood is negative; in turn, this provides an explanation for the occurrence of excessive buying episodes following negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nicolai
- Cognition and Individual Differences, University of Mannheim, Schloss, EO 254, 68133 Mannheim, Germany.
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Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Baño M, Steward T, Mestre-Bach G, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Moragas L, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Aymamí N, Goméz-Peña M, Tárrega S, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Compulsive buying disorder clustering based on sex, age, onset and personality traits. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 68:1-10. [PMID: 27234176 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In spite of the revived interest in compulsive buying disorder (CBD), its classification into the contemporary nosologic systems continues to be debated, and scarce studies have addressed heterogeneity in the clinical phenotype through methodologies based on a person-centered approach. OBJECTIVES To identify empirical clusters of CBD employing personality traits, as well as patients' sex, age and the age of CBD onset as indicators. METHODS An agglomerative hierarchical clustering method defining a combination of the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion and log-likelihood was used. RESULTS Three clusters were identified in a sample of n=110 patients attending a specialized CBD unit a) "male compulsive buyers" reported the highest prevalence of comorbid gambling disorder and the lowest levels of reward dependence; b) "female low-dysfunctional" mainly included employed women, with the highest level of education, the oldest age of onset, the lowest scores in harm avoidance and the highest levels of persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness; and c) "female highly-dysfunctional" with the youngest age of onset, the highest levels of comorbid psychopathology and harm avoidance, and the lowest score in self-directedness. CONCLUSION Sociodemographic characteristics and personality traits can be used to determine CBD clusters which represent different clinical subtypes. These subtypes should be considered when developing assessment instruments, preventive programs and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ Fortuna Edificio B, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Baño
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Nursing Department of Mental Health, Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, Nursing School, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Goméz-Peña
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salomé Tárrega
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ Fortuna Edificio B, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Baño M, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Moragas L, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Tárrega S, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Compulsive Buying Behavior: Clinical Comparison with Other Behavioral Addictions. Front Psychol 2016; 7:914. [PMID: 27378999 PMCID: PMC4908125 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsive buying behavior (CBB) has been recognized as a prevalent mental health disorder, yet its categorization into classification systems remains unsettled. The objective of this study was to assess the sociodemographic and clinic variables related to the CBB phenotype compared to other behavioral addictions. Three thousand three hundred and twenty four treatment-seeking patients were classified in five groups: CBB, sexual addiction, Internet gaming disorder, Internet addiction, and gambling disorder. CBB was characterized by a higher proportion of women, higher levels of psychopathology, and higher levels in the personality traits of novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, and cooperativeness compared to other behavioral addictions. Results outline the heterogeneity in the clinical profiles of patients diagnosed with different behavioral addiction subtypes and shed new light on the primary mechanisms of CBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Baño
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Nursing Department of Mental Health, Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, Nursing School, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salomé Tárrega
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBarcelona, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELLBarcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Kraus SW, Martino S, Potenza MN. Clinical Characteristics of Men Interested in Seeking Treatment for Use of Pornography. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:169-78. [PMID: 27348557 PMCID: PMC5387768 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims This study examined the prevalence of, and factors associated with, men's interest in seeking treatment for use of pornography. Methods Using an Internet-based data-collection procedure, we recruited 1,298 male pornography users to complete questionnaires assessing demographic and sexual behaviors, hypersexuality, pornography-use characteristics, and current interest in seeking treatment for use of pornography. Results Approximately 14% of men reported an interest in seeking treatment for use of pornography, whereas only 6.4% of men had previously sought treatment for use of pornography. Treatment-interested men were 9.5 times more likely to report clinically significant levels of hypersexuality compared with treatment-disinterested men (OR = 9.52, 95% CI = 6.72-13.49). Bivariate analyses indicated that interest-in-seeking-treatment status was associated with being single/unmarried, viewing more pornography per week, engaging in more solitary masturbation in the past month, having had less dyadic oral sex in the past month, reporting a history of seeking treatment for use of pornography, and having had more past attempts to either "cut back" or quit using pornography completely. Results from a binary logistic regression analysis indicated that more frequent cut back/quit attempts with pornography and scores on the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory - Control subscale were significant predictors of interest-in-seeking-treatment status. Discussion and conclusions Study findings could be used to inform current screening practices aimed at identifying specific aspects of sexual self-control, impulsivity, and/or compulsivity associated with problematic use of pornography among treatment-seeking individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W. Kraus
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
- VISN 1 New England MIRECC, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steve Martino
- VISN 1 New England MIRECC, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Child Study Center, CASAColumbia and Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Piquet-Pessôa M, Fontenelle LF. Opioid antagonists in broadly defined behavioral addictions: a narrative review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:835-44. [PMID: 26798982 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1145660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Naltrexone (NTX), a mu-opioid receptor antagonist, has been approved for the treatment of alcoholism and opioid dependence. More recently, however, NTX and a related drug, nalmefene (NMF), have also shown positive results for the treatment of gambling disorders. AREAS COVERED In this study, we reviewed the trials testing the effect of opioid antagonists (OA) in gambling disorders and in other broadly defined behavioral addictions, including selected DSM-5 disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, eating disorders, and other conditions not currently recognized by official classification schemes. We found six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of OA in gambling disorder, two RCTs of OA in trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), two RCTs of OA in binge eating disorder, and one RCT of OA for kleptomania. We also reviewed case reports on hypersexual disorder, compulsive buying and skin picking disorders. EXPERT OPINION The reviewed data supported the use of OA, namely NTX and NMF, in gambling disorder (both) and kleptomania (NTX). We did not find enough evidence to support the use of NTX or NMF in trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), excoriation (skin-picking) disorder, compulsive buying disorder, hypersexual disorder, or binge eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Piquet-Pessôa
- a Obsessive, Compulsive, and Anxiety Spectrum Disorders Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- a Obsessive, Compulsive, and Anxiety Spectrum Disorders Research Program, Institute of Psychiatry , Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil.,b D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) , Rio de Janeiro , Brasil.,c Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), School of Psychological Sciences & Monash Biomedical Imaging (MBI) Facility , Monash University , Victoria , Australia
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30
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Andreassen CS, Griffiths MD, Pallesen S, Bilder RM, Torsheim T, Aboujaoude E. The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: reliability and validity of a brief screening test. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1374. [PMID: 26441749 PMCID: PMC4584995 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although excessive and compulsive shopping has been increasingly placed within the behavioral addiction paradigm in recent years, items in existing screens arguably do not assess the core criteria and components of addiction. To date, assessment screens for shopping disorders have primarily been rooted within the impulse-control or obsessive-compulsive disorder paradigms. Furthermore, existing screens use the terms ‘shopping,’ ‘buying,’ and ‘spending’ interchangeably, and do not necessarily reflect contemporary shopping habits. Consequently, a new screening tool for assessing shopping addiction was developed. Initially, 28 items, four for each of seven addiction criteria (salience, mood modification, conflict, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse, and problems), were constructed. These items and validated scales (i.e., Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale, Mini-International Personality Item Pool, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) were then administered to 23,537 participants (Mage = 35.8 years, SDage = 13.3). The highest loading item from each set of four pooled items reflecting the seven addiction criteria were retained in the final scale, The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS). The factor structure of the BSAS was good (RMSEA = 0.064, CFI = 0.983, TLI = 0.973) and coefficient alpha was 0.87. The scores on the BSAS converged with scores on the Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale (CBMS; 0.80), and were positively correlated with extroversion and neuroticism, and negatively with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and intellect/imagination. The scores of the BSAS were positively associated with anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem and inversely related to age. Females scored higher than males on the BSAS. The BSAS is the first scale to fully embed shopping addiction within an addiction paradigm. A recommended cutoff score for the new scale and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie S Andreassen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway ; The Competence Centre, Bergen Clinics Foundation , Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham, UK
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway ; Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders , Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert M Bilder
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles , CA, USA
| | - Torbjørn Torsheim
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | - Elias Aboujaoude
- OCD Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford , CA, USA
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