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Tang Y, Fakhari S, Huntemann ED, Feng Z, Wu P, Feng WY, Lei J, Yuan F, Excoffon KJ, Wang K, Limberis MP, Kolbeck R, Yan Z, Engelhardt JF. Immunosuppression reduces rAAV2.5T neutralizing antibodies that limit efficacy following repeat dosing to ferret lungs. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:70-80. [PMID: 36950451 PMCID: PMC10025970 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of redosing the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector rAAV2.5T to ferret lung is limited by AAV neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. While immunosuppression strategies have allowed for systemic rAAV repeat dosing, their utility for rAAV lung-directed gene therapy is largely unexplored. To this end, we evaluated two immunosuppression (IS) strategies to improve repeat dosing of rAAV2.5T to ferret lungs: (1) a combination of three IS drugs (Tri-IS) with broad coverage against cellular and humoral responses (methylprednisolone [MP], azathioprine, and cyclosporine) and (2) MP alone, which is typically used in systemic rAAV applications. Repeat dosing utilized AAV2.5T-SP183-fCFTRΔR (recombinant ferret CFTR transgene), followed 28 days later by AAV2.5T-SP183-gLuc (for quantification of transgene expression). Both the Tri-IS and MP strategies significantly improved transgene expression following repeat dosing and reduced AAV2.5T NAb responses in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma, while AAV2.5T binding antibody subtypes and cellular immune responses by ELISpot were largely unchanged by IS. One exception was the reduction in plasma AAV2.5T binding immunoglobulin G (IgG) in both IS groups. Only the Tri-IS strategy significantly suppressed splenocyte expression of IFNA (interferon α [IFN-α]) and IL4. Our studies suggest that IS strategies may be useful in clinical application of rAAV targeting lung genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Tang
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shahab Fakhari
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eric D. Huntemann
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zehua Feng
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Peipei Wu
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - William Y. Feng
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Junying Lei
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | - Ziying Yan
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Schmucki K, Hofmann P, Fehr T, Inci I, Kohler M, Schuurmans MM. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors and Kidney Function After Thoracic Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Recommendations for Management of Lung Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2023; 107:53-73. [PMID: 36508646 PMCID: PMC9746343 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) after lung transplantation is common and limits the survival of transplant recipients. The calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), cyclosporine A, and tacrolimus being the cornerstone of immunosuppression are key mediators of nephrotoxicity. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, sirolimus and everolimus, are increasingly used in combination with reduced CNI dosage after lung transplantation. METHODS This systematic review examined the efficacy and safety of mTOR inhibitors after lung transplantation and explored their effect on kidney function. RESULTS mTOR inhibitors are often introduced to preserve kidney function. Several clinical trials have demonstrated improved kidney function and efficacy of mTOR inhibitors. The potential for kidney function improvement and preservation increases with early initiation of mTOR inhibitors and low target levels for both mTOR inhibitors and CNI. No defined stage of CKD for mTOR inhibitor initiation exists, nor does severe CKD preclude the improvement of kidney function under mTOR inhibitors. Baseline proteinuria may negatively predict the preservation and improvement of kidney function. Discontinuation rates of mTOR inhibitors due to adverse effects increase with higher target levels. CONCLUSIONS More evidence is needed to define the optimal immunosuppressive regimen incorporating mTOR inhibitors after lung transplantation. Not only the indication criteria for the introduction of mTOR inhibitors are needed, but also the best timing, target levels, and possibly discontinuation criteria must be defined more clearly. Current evidence supports the notion of nephroprotective potential under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmucki
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hofmann
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fehr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilhan Inci
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Macé M. Schuurmans
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sharma D, Krishnan GS, Sharma N, Chandrashekhar A. Current perspective of immunomodulators for lung transplant. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 38:497-505. [PMID: 36050971 PMCID: PMC9424406 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-022-01388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation is an effective treatment option for selected patients suffering from end-stage lung disease. More intensive immunosuppression is enforced after lung transplants owing to a greater risk of rejection than after any other solid organ transplants. The commencing of lung transplantation in the modern era was in 1983 when the Toronto Lung Transplant Group executed the first successful lung transplant. A total of 43,785 lung transplants and 1365 heart-lung transplants have been performed from 1 Jan 1988 until 31 Jan 2021. The aim of this review article is to discuss the existing immunosuppressive strategies and emerging agents to prevent acute and chronic rejection in lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Sharma
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals, J L N Marg, Jaipur, 302001 Rajasthan India
| | - Ganapathy Subramaniam Krishnan
- Institute of Heart and Lung Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support, MGM Healthcare, No. 72, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikarai, Chennai, 600029 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals, J L N Marg, Jaipur, 302001 Rajasthan India
| | - Anitha Chandrashekhar
- Institute of Heart and Lung Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support, MGM Healthcare, No. 72, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikarai, Chennai, 600029 Tamil Nadu India
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Rosenheck J, Keller B, Fehringer G, Demko Z, Bohrade S, Ross D. Why Cell-Free DNA Can Be a “Game Changer” for Lung Allograft Monitoring for Rejection and Infection. CURRENT PULMONOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 11:75-85. [PMID: 35910533 PMCID: PMC9315332 DOI: 10.1007/s13665-022-00292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Although there has been improvement in short-term clinical outcomes for patients following lung transplant (LT), advances have not translated into longer-term allograft survival. Furthermore, invasive biopsies are still standard of practice for monitoring LT recipients for allograft injury. We review the relevant literature supporting the role of using plasma donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) as a non-invasive biomarker for LT allograft injury surveillance and discuss future research directions. Recent Findings Accumulating data has demonstrated that dd-cfDNA is associated with molecular and cellular injury due to acute (cellular and antibody-mediated) rejection, chronic lung allograft dysfunction, and relevant infectious pathogens. Strong performance in distinguishing rejection and allograft injury from stable patients has set the stage for clinical trials to assess dd-cfDNA utility for surveillance of LT patients. Research investigating the potential role of dd-cfDNA methylation signatures to map injured tissue and cell-free DNA in detecting allograft injury-related pathogens is ongoing. Summary There is an amassed breadth of clinical data to support a role for dd-cfDNA in monitoring rejection and other forms of allograft injury. Rigorously designed, robust clinical trials that encompass the diversity in patient demographics are paramount to furthering our understanding and adoption of plasma dd-cfDNA for surveillance of lung allograft health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.P. Rosenheck
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - B.C. Keller
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - G. Fehringer
- Medical Affairs in Organ Health, Natera, Inc., San Carlos, USA
| | - Z.P. Demko
- Medical Affairs in Organ Health, Natera, Inc., San Carlos, USA
| | - S.M. Bohrade
- Medical Affairs in Organ Health, Natera, Inc., San Carlos, USA
| | - D.J. Ross
- Medical Affairs in Organ Health, Natera, Inc., San Carlos, USA
- Lung Transplant & Molecular Diagnostics, Natera, Inc, San Carlos, CA USA
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Durability of Antibody Response after Primary Pneumococcal Double-Dose Prime-Boost Vaccination in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients and Candidates: 18-Month Follow-Up in a Non-Blinded, Randomised Clinical Trial. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071091. [PMID: 35891255 PMCID: PMC9323946 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pneumococcal prime-boost vaccination is recommended for solid organ transplant recipients and candidates. The long-term durability of the antibody (AB) response is unknown. The same applies to a dose-dependent immune response. Methods: We studied the durability of the vaccine response after 18 months in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and patients on the kidney transplant waiting list (WLPs). Both groups received either a normal dose (ND) or a double dose (DD) of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The average pneumococcal AB geometric mean concentration (GMC) was evaluated. A level ≥ 1 mg/L was considered protective against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Results: Sixty WLPs and 70 KTRs were included. The proportion of participants protected declined from 52% to 33% in WLPs and from 29% to 16% in KTRs, with the previously significant dose-effect in WLPs no longer present (40% DD vs. 27% ND; p = 0.273). Average pneumococcal AB GMCs remained significantly above baseline levels (all groups p ≤ 0.001). Drug-induced immunosuppression diminished the vaccine dose-effect. Conclusions: At follow-up, the pneumococcal prime-boost vaccination still provided significantly elevated average pneumococcal AB GMCs in both populations. Though the proportion of participants protected against IPD in WLP-DD and WLP-ND were statistically comparable, a DD may still be recommended for WLPs (EudraCT: 2016-004123-23).
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6
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Wiseman AC. CKD in Recipients of Nonkidney Solid Organ Transplants: A Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2021; 80:108-118. [PMID: 34979161 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) after solid organ transplant is a common clinical presentation, affecting 10% to 20% of liver, heart and lung transplant recipients and accounting for approximately 5% of the kidney transplant waiting list. The causes of CKD are different for different types of transplants and are not all, or even predominantly, due to calcineurin inhibitor toxicity, with significant heterogeneity particularly in liver transplant recipients. Many solid organ transplant recipients with advanced CKD benefit from kidney transplantation, but have a higher rate of death while waitlisted and higher mortality following transplant than the general kidney failure population. Recent organ allocation policies and proposals have attempted to address the appropriate identification and prioritization of candidates in need of a kidney transplant, either simultaneous with or following non-kidney transplant. Future research should focus on predictive factors for individuals identified at high risk for progression to kidney failure and death, and strategies to preserve kidney function and minimize the CKD burden in this unique patient population.
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7
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Ju C, Lian Q, Xu X, Cao Q, Lan C, Chen R, He J. Epidemiology and Prognosis of Invasive Fungal Disease in Chinese Lung Transplant Recipients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:718747. [PMID: 34778284 PMCID: PMC8578561 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.718747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis of invasive fungal disease (IFD) in Chinese lung transplant recipients (LTRs). This retrospective cohort study included patients who received lung transplants at four hospitals in South China between January 2015 and June 2019. The participants were divided into IFD and non-IFD (NIFD) groups. The final analysis included 226 LTRs (83.2% males) aged 55.0 ± 14.2 years old. Eighty-two LTRs (36.3%) developed IFD (proven or probable diagnosis). The most common pathogens were Aspergillus (57.3%), Candida (19.5%), and Pneumocystis jiroveci (13.4%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that anastomotic disease [odds ratio (OR): 11.86; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 4.76–29.54; P < 0.001], cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia (OR: 3.85; 95%CI: 1.88–7.91; P = 0.018), and pre-transplantation IFD (OR: 7.65; 95%CI: 2.55–22.96; P < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of IFD, while double-lung transplantation (OR: 0.40; 95%CI: 0.19–0.79; P = 0.009) was associated with lower odds of IFD. Logistic regression analysis showed that anastomotic disease was associated with higher odds of death (OR: 5.01; 95%CI: 1.24–20.20; P = 0.02) and that PJP prophylaxis was associated with lower odds of death (OR: 0.01; 95%CI: 0.001–0.11; P < 0.001). Invasive fungal disease is prevalent among LTRs in southern China, with Aspergillus the most common pathogen. Prophylaxis should be optimized based on likely pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoyan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingdong Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Cong Lan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Gaozhou, China
| | - Rongchang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Shostak Y, Shafran N, Heching M, Rosengarten D, Shtraichman O, Shitenberg D, Amor SM, Yahav D, Ben Zvi H, Pertzov B, Kramer MR. Early humoral response among lung transplant recipients vaccinated with BNT162b2 vaccine. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2021; 9:e52-e53. [PMID: 33964244 PMCID: PMC8099313 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Shostak
- Department of Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Pulmonary Division, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Noa Shafran
- Department of Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Heching
- Pulmonary Division, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dror Rosengarten
- Pulmonary Division, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Osnat Shtraichman
- Pulmonary Division, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dorit Shitenberg
- Pulmonary Division, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai M Amor
- Pulmonary Division, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dafna Yahav
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Infectious Disease Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Haim Ben Zvi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Microbiology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Barak Pertzov
- Pulmonary Division, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mordechai R Kramer
- Pulmonary Division, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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9
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Bos S, De Sadeleer LJ, Yserbyt J, Dupont LJ, Godinas L, Verleden GM, Ceulemans LJ, Vanaudenaerde BM, Vos R. Real life experience with mTOR-inhibitors after lung transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107501. [PMID: 33647822 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) are increasingly used after lung transplantation as part of a calcineurin inhibitor sparing regimen, aiming to preserve renal function. The aim of our study was to determine whether immunosuppressive therapy using mTORi in lung transplant recipients (LTR) is feasible in practice, or limited by intolerance and adverse events. Data were retrospectively assessed for all LTR transplanted between July 1991 and January 2020. Patients ever receiving mTORi (monotherapy or in combination with calcineurin inhibitor) as treatment of physicians' choice were included. 149/1184 (13%) of the LTR ever received mTORi. Main reasons to start were renal insufficiency (67%) and malignancy (21%). In 52% of the patients, mTORi was stopped due to side effects or drug toxicity after a median time of 159 days. Apart from death, main reasons for discontinuation were infection (19%) and edema (14%). Early discontinuation (<90 days) was mainly due to edema or gastrointestinal intolerance. As mTORi was stopped due to adverse events or drug intolerance in 52% of LTR, cautious consideration of advantages and disadvantages when starting mTORi is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - L J De Sadeleer
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Yserbyt
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L J Dupont
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Godinas
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G M Verleden
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L J Ceulemans
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B M Vanaudenaerde
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Vos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Gardiner BJ, Lee SJ, Cristiano Y, Levvey BJ, Sullivan LC, Snell GI, Peleg AY, Westall GP. Evaluation of Quantiferon®-Monitor as a biomarker of immunosuppression and predictor of infection in lung transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13550. [PMID: 33351991 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimizing immunosuppression in lung transplant recipients (LTR) is crucially important in minimizing the risk of infection and rejection. Quantiferon®-Monitor (QFM) is a candidate immune function biomarker which has not yet been rigorously evaluated in the lung transplant setting. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to explore relationships between QFM results, immunosuppression, and infection/rejection in LTR. METHODS QFM, which measures interferon-γ after stimulation with innate and adaptive immune antigens, was tested before and at 2, 6, 12, 24 and 52 weeks post-transplant. Immunosuppression relationships were assessed with linear mixed effects models. Clinical outcomes were analyzed based on the preceding QFM result. RESULTS Eighty LTR were included. Median pre-transplant QFM levels were 171 IU/mL (IQR 45-461), decreasing to 3 IU/mL (IQR 1-8) at 2 weeks post-transplant then progressively recovering toward baseline with time from transplant. Prednisolone was strongly inversely associated with QFM level (0.1 mg/kg dose increase correlating with 88 IU/mL QFM decrease, 95% CI 61-114, P < .001). Patients with QFM values <10 and <60 IU/mL were more likely to develop a serious opportunistic infection between 3 and 6 months (HR 6.38, 95% CI 1.37-29.66, P = .02) and 6-12 months (HR 3.25, 95% CI 1.11-9.49, P = .03) post-transplant, respectively. CONCLUSIONS QFM values declined significantly post-transplant, with patients recovering at different rates. Prednisolone dose significantly impacted QFM results. Low levels were associated with infection beyond 3 months post-transplant, suggesting that QFM may be able to identify overly immunosuppressed patients who could be targeted for dose reduction. Larger prospective studies are needed to further evaluate this promising assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Gardiner
- Department of Infectious Disease, Alfred Health and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue J Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, Alfred Health and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvonne Cristiano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bronwyn J Levvey
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne and Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory I Snell
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Department of Infectious Disease, Alfred Health and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Lung Transplantation, Alfred Health and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Xiu MX, Liu ZT, Tang J. Screening and identification of key regulatory connections and immune cell infiltration characteristics for lung transplant rejection using mucosal biopsies. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106827. [PMID: 32791489 PMCID: PMC7417178 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore key regulatory connections underlying lung transplant rejection. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between rejection and stable lung transplantation (LTx) samples were screened using R package limma, followed by functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network construction. Subsequently, a global triple network, including miRNAs, mRNAs, and transcription factors (TFs), was constructed. Furthermore, immune cell infiltration characteristics were analyzed to investigate the molecular immunology of lung transplant rejection. Finally, potential drug-target interactions were generated. In brief, 739 DEGs were found between rejection and stable LTx samples. PTPRC, IL-6, ITGAM, CD86, TLR8, TYROBP, CXCL10, ITGB2, and CCR5 were defined as hub genes. Eight TFs, including STAT1, SPIB, NFKB1, SPI1, STAT5A, RUNX1, VENTX, and BATF, and five miRNAs, including miR-335-5p, miR-26b-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-1-3p, and miR-155-5p, were involved in regulating hub genes. The immune cell infiltration analysis revealed higher proportions of activated memory CD4 T cells, follicular helper T cells, γδ T cells, monocytes, M1 and M2 macrophages, and eosinophils in rejection samples, besides lower proportions of resting memory CD4 T cells, regulatory T cells, activated NK cells, M0 macrophages, and resting mast cells. This study provided a comprehensive perspective of the molecular co-regulatory network underlying lung transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xi Xiu
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zu-Ting Liu
- Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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