1
|
Seok H, Lim S, Kim JY, Park CH, Kim JH, Woo ML, Won H, Kang YM, Oh HS, Song KH, Jung YJ, Kim T, Jo S, Choi WS. Infectivity of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Prospective Cohort Study in the Korean Metropolitan Area. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e106. [PMID: 35411726 PMCID: PMC9001183 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic disease, have been identified, data on the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are limited. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 based on data of all patients diagnosed with COVID-19 confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction test from January to April 2020 in Gyeonggi-do, the largest province in Korea. RESULTS Of the 502 patients, 298 consisting of 106 clusters with 5,909 contacts were included. Of these, 277 (93.0%) were symptomatic, and the most common symptoms were cough, fever, sputum, sore throat, and headache. A total of 94 patients (31.5%) had pneumonia, while 8 (2.7%) died during the follow-up period. The secondary attack rate (SAR) in the study population was 3.5% (204/5,909). In exposure settings, the SAR was higher in religious gathering (13.5% [95% confidence interval, 10.7-16.8%]), workplaces (8.49% [95% CI, 6.08-11.74%]), and schools (6.38% [95% CI, 3.39-11.69%]) than in health care facilities (1.92% [95% CI, 1.45-2.55%]). Sore throat at any period, dyspnea at diagnosis or any period, lower cycle threshold value in the lower respiratory tract samples, leukocytosis, and higher bilirubin levels were associated with higher infectivity of COVID-19. The presence of symptoms was not related to the infectivity. CONCLUSION In establishing the infection control strategies for COVID-19, the variables associated with high infectivity may be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Seok
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Seungkwan Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center, Ansung Hospital, Anseong, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Seongnam Citizens Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chul Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center, Icheon Hospital, Icheon, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center, Uijeongbu Hospital, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Myoung Lyeol Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center, Uijeongbu Hospital, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Hyejin Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center, Pocheon Hospital, Pocheon, Korea
| | - Yu Min Kang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hong Sang Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yun Jung Jung
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tark Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Soonam Jo
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mavaji A, Raju U, Kirubakaran S, Khanderi C, Hiremath M. Patterns Among Healthcare Workers of Bangalore About Face Mask Usage: A Single-Center Observational Study. GLOBAL JOURNAL ON QUALITY AND SAFETY IN HEALTHCARE 2022; 5:18-23. [PMID: 37260557 PMCID: PMC10229022 DOI: 10.36401/jqsh-21-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Face masks prevent acute respiratory infections. Healthcare workers are prone to infections owing to their direct and constant exposure to infected patients. This pioneering study in Bangalore city, analyzed the awareness and attitude of healthcare staff toward using a face mask. Methods This observational study was conducted among 290 subjects (mean age, 33.89 ± 7.88 years; male:female ratio, 1:2.67). The study included all the healthcare workers from various departments. Data on basic demographic characteristics, attitude, awareness, and observations on the use of face mask were collected. Results A large proportion of the sample were from the nursing department (n = 161, 55.51%). Most of the healthcare workers believed that making wearing a mask mandatory in public was very effective (80%) and 79% believed that wearing a mask could prevent the spread of coronavirus. Most of the healthcare workers said they would wear masks even when not mandatory. Most of them used an N95 mask or an N95 mask along with a surgical mask. Almost all were conscious of wearing the mask above the nose, covering the mouth and chin (289, 99.65%). A significantly higher number of doctors (medical postgraduates) (17, 45.95%, p = 0.01) used two masks when compared with others. Significantly fewer doctors (4, 10.81%) and other healthcare staff (8, 22.22%) reused masks (p = 0.002). Most of them used the mask only once, and those who reused it, cleaned it on alternate days (< 0.001). Sun-drying or air-drying, preceded by washing with detergent or soap, were the cleaning methods used, and most used paper or plastic bags to store the masks when not in use. Most of them did not use hand sanitizer before wearing the mask but followed all other precautions and measures to prevent infection. Conclusions Most of the healthcare workers believed the use of masks could prevent virus transmission. A significantly higher number of doctors used two masks when compared with other healthcare staff. Significantly fewer doctors and other healthcare staff reused masks when compared with nurses and technicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Mavaji
- Department of Hospital Administration, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Umashankar Raju
- Department of Quality, Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Kirubakaran
- Department of Quality, Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chinmayee Khanderi
- Department of Quality, Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu Hiremath
- Department of Medical Operations, Ramaiah Memorial Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chan Y, Ng SW, Singh SK, Gulati M, Gupta G, Chaudhary SK, Hing GB, Collet T, MacLoughlin R, Löbenberg R, Oliver BG, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Revolutionizing polymer-based nanoparticle-linked vaccines for targeting respiratory viruses: A perspective. Life Sci 2021; 280:119744. [PMID: 34174324 PMCID: PMC8223024 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections have significantly impacted global health as well as socio-economic growth. Respiratory viruses such as the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the recent SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) typically infect the upper respiratory tract by entry through the respiratory mucosa before reaching the lower respiratory tract, resulting in respiratory disease. Generally, vaccination is the primary method in preventing virus pathogenicity and it has been shown to remarkably reduce the burden of various infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the efficacy of conventional vaccines may be hindered by certain limitations, prompting the need to develop novel vaccine delivery vehicles to immunize against various strains of respiratory viruses and to mitigate the risk of a pandemic. In this review, we provide an insight into how polymer-based nanoparticles can be integrated with the development of vaccines to effectively enhance immune responses for combating viral respiratory tract infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghan Chan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sin Wi Ng
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Chaudhary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Mussoorie-Diversion Road, Makkawala, Dehradun 248 009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Goh Bey Hing
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Trudi Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N8, Canada
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N8, Canada; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ganau M, Netuka D, Broekman M, Zoia C, Tsianaka E, Schwake M, Balak N, Sekhar A, Ridwan S, Clusmann H. Neurosurgeons and the fight with COVID-19: a position statement from the EANS Individual Membership Committee. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:1777-1782. [PMID: 32472377 PMCID: PMC7258601 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ganau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - David Netuka
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-oncology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Central Military Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marike Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, & Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Cesare Zoia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleni Tsianaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dar Al Shifa Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Michael Schwake
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Naci Balak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University Göztepe Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amitendu Sekhar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paras Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Sami Ridwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus-Klinik, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans Clusmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - EANS IM Committee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-oncology, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Central Military Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, & Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dar Al Shifa Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University Göztepe Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paras Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan India
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus-Klinik, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|