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Bremer MF, Garnweidner-Holme L, Nesse L, Molin M. Experiences of living with binge eating disorder and facilitators of recovery processes: a qualitative study. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:201. [PMID: 37964397 PMCID: PMC10647123 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder worldwide. BED is often associated with low quality of life and mental health problems. Given the complexity of the disorder, recovery may be challenging. Since BED was only recently specified as a diagnostic category by the World Health Organization (2021), little is known about how patients experience living with BED in everyday life. This study aimed to explore how patients experience living with BED and to investigate factors perceived as facilitating recovery. METHOD Individual interviews were conducted with six patients in a rehabilitation programme for recovery from BED. Interviews were conducted digitally and verbally transcribed between December 2020 and January 2021. The analysis was based on Malterud's systematic text condensation. RESULTS Being diagnosed with BED could be experienced as a relief. The participants perceived living with BED as a challenging addiction. They struggled with a low self-image and experienced a lack of understanding from others, resulting in shame. Self-compassion and social support from friends and family and through participation in a rehabilitation programme were important facilitators of recovery. CONCLUSION Participants perceived living with BED as a challenging addiction. They struggled with low self-esteem and experienced a lack of understanding from others, resulting in shame. Being diagnosed with BED was perceived as a relief. They appreciated that issues related to mental health were addressed during rehabilitation to better understand the complexity of BED. Knowledge about BED, as well as the difficulties of living with BED among family members and friends might help patients with BED feel less ashamed of their disorder and could thus contribute to increased self-compassion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Fjerdingren Bremer
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433, Ås, Norway
| | - Lisa Garnweidner-Holme
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Linda Nesse
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433, Ås, Norway
- SERAF, Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Molin
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health and Exercise, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
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Greene AK, Norling HN. "Follow to *actually* heal binge eating": A mixed methods textual content analysis of #BEDrecovery on TikTok. Eat Behav 2023; 50:101793. [PMID: 37633221 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) has been relatively overlooked in research on eating disorders and social media. Existing literature suggests that time spent on social media may be associated with increased binge eating. However, more granular details of social media experiences such as the consumption of pro-recovery content have not received sufficient scholarly attention. The present study begins to address this gap through analysis of 1074 captions from public posts on TikTok, a video-based social media platform, tagged with #BEDrecovery between July 2021-2022. We generated six themes by examining word frequencies in the data and engaging in reflexive categorization of commonly used words within the context of different posts. These themes were: (1) diets and eating approaches, (2) help and support, (3) mental health, (4) diet culture critique, (5) body monitoring, and (6) fitness. To understand which videos in the BED recovery community had the broadest reach, we also examined how themes were associated with user engagement - concretely, the number plays (times the post was watched) and shares (times users shared a link to the post with other TikTok users). Notably, we found that the number of shares was significantly lower in posts that included diet culture critique than in those that did not. By contrast plays and shares were higher in posts with body monitoring than in those without. Our findings suggest that highly engaged with #BEDrecovery TikTok content may include the promotion of diet culture and potentially create an unproductive environment for individuals seeking BED recovery support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Greene
- University of Michigan Medical School, Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine (CBSSM), 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America.
| | - Hannah N Norling
- University of Denver, Morgridge College of Education, Department of Counseling Psychology, 1999 East Evans Avenue, Denver, CO 80208-1700, United States of America.
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Greene AK, Norling HN, Brownstone LM, Maloul EK, Roe C, Moody S. Visions of recovery: a cross-diagnostic examination of eating disorder pro-recovery communities on TikTok. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:109. [PMID: 37400909 PMCID: PMC10318659 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals seeking support or inspiration for eating disorder recovery may turn to pro-recovery content on social media sites such as TikTok. While research has thus far treated pro-recovery social media as a fairly homogeneous space, many pro-recovery hashtags single out particular eating disorder diagnoses. This exploratory study used codebook thematic analysis of 241 popular pro-recovery videos on TikTok to compare the presentation of eating disorders and eating disorder recovery across five different diagnosis-specific hashtags: #anarecovery, #arfidrecovery, #bedrecovery, #miarecovery, and #orthorexiarecovery. These hashtags refer to the following eating disorder diagnoses respectively: anorexia nervosa, avoidant restrictive food intake disorder, binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and orthorexia nervosa. Our analysis generated the following qualitative themes across the entire dataset: (1) centrality of food to eating disorders and recovery, (2) what eating disorders look and feel like, (3) recovery as a process, (4) getting and giving help, and (5) negotiating diet culture in recovery. To supplement our qualitative findings and facilitate cross-diagnostic comparisons, we also conducted one-way ANOVAs and chi-square tests to probe for statistically significant differences in audience engagement and code prevalence across the different hashtags. Our results indicate that there are clear differences in how recovery is envisioned on TikTok based on which diagnostic hashtags are employed. Such variations in how different eating disorders are imagined on popular social media demand further investigation and clinical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Greene
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Bldg. 14, G016, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Hannah N. Norling
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver, 1999 East Evans Avenue, Denver, CO 80208-1700 USA
| | - Lisa M. Brownstone
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver, 1999 East Evans Avenue, Denver, CO 80208-1700 USA
| | - Elana K. Maloul
- Department of English Language and Literature, University of Michigan, 435 South State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104 USA
| | - Caity Roe
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver, 1999 East Evans Avenue, Denver, CO 80208-1700 USA
| | - Sarah Moody
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver, 1999 East Evans Avenue, Denver, CO 80208-1700 USA
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Hower H, LaMarre A, Bachner-Melman R, Harrop EN, McGilley B, Kenny TE. Conceptualizing eating disorder recovery research: Current perspectives and future research directions. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:165. [PMID: 36380392 PMCID: PMC9664434 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How we research eating disorder (ED) recovery impacts what we know (perceive as fact) about it. Traditionally, research has focused more on the "what" of recovery (e.g., establishing criteria for recovery, reaching consensus definitions) than the "how" of recovery research (e.g., type of methodologies, triangulation of perspectives). In this paper we aim to provide an overview of the ED field's current perspectives on recovery, discuss how our methodologies shape what is known about recovery, and suggest a broadening of our methodological "toolkits" in order to form a more complete picture of recovery. BODY: This paper examines commonly used methodologies in research, and explores how incorporating different perspectives can add to our understanding of the recovery process. To do this, we (1) provide an overview of commonly used methodologies (quantitative, qualitative), (2) consider their benefits and limitations, (3) explore newer approaches, including mixed-methods, creative methods (e.g., Photovoice, digital storytelling), and multi-methods (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, creative methods, psycho/physiological, behavioral, laboratory, online observations), and (4) suggest that broadening our methodological "toolkits" could spur more nuanced and specific insights about ED recoveries. We propose a potential future research model that would ideally have a multi-methods design, incorporate different perspectives (e.g., expanding recruitment of diverse participants, including supportive others, in study co-creation), and a longitudinal course (e.g., capturing cognitive and emotional recovery, which often comes after physical). In this way, we hope to move the field towards different, more comprehensive, perspectives on ED recovery. CONCLUSION Our current perspectives on studying ED recovery leave critical gaps in our knowledge about the process. The traditional research methodologies impact our conceptualization of recovery definitions, and in turn limit our understanding of the phenomenon. We suggest that we expand our range of methodologies, perspectives, and timeframes in research, in order to form a more complete picture of what is possible in recovery; the multiple aspects of an individual's life that can improve, the greater number of people who can recover than previously believed, and the reaffirmation of hope that, even after decades, individuals can begin, and successfully continue, their ED recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Hower
- Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 4510 Executive Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. .,Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Hassenfeld Child Innovation Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Andrea LaMarre
- School of Psychology, Massey University, North Shore, Private Bag 102-904, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Bachner-Melman
- Clinical Psychology Graduate Program, Ruppin Academic Center, 4025000, Emek-Hefer, Israel.,School of Social Work, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, 9190501, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Erin N Harrop
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S High Street, Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Beth McGilley
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, 1010 N Kansas St, Wichita, KS, 67214, USA
| | - Therese E Kenny
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Au ES, Cosh SM. Social media and eating disorder recovery: An exploration of Instagram recovery community users and their reasons for engagement. Eat Behav 2022; 46:101651. [PMID: 35760017 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Online recovery communities offer support for people with eating disorders who may not otherwise seek professional help. Instagram is a popular platform that is widely used for eating disorder recovery, but little is known about the population that uses it or its potential benefits. METHOD A mixed-methods study surveyed 163 users of the Instagram recovery community to identify their descriptive characteristics, their reasons for using the community, and what they perceived to be helpful or unhelpful about the platform. RESULTS The community included users who were diverse in gender, ethnicity and eating disorder presentation and severity, with cases of potential anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder identified. Reasons for engaging in the community included to see representations of diverse individuals and as an alternative to professional treatment. Results indicate that the community may provide benefits for recovery such as social support and validation, but that its lack of moderation and potential for harmful content can also prevent recovery. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need for better recognition of diverse eating disorder presentations and improved accessibility to professional treatment in the wider community. Moderated use of the platform should be considered in order to minimize risks and increase benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Au
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Cosh
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Negative Mood and Food Craving Strength Among Women with Overweight: Implications for Targeting Mechanisms Using a Mindful Eating Intervention. Mindfulness (N Y) 2021; 12:2997-3010. [PMID: 34584574 PMCID: PMC8460847 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-021-01760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives When experiencing negative mood, people often eat to improve their mood. A learned association between mood and eating may cultivate frequent food cravings, detracting from health goals. Training in mindful eating may target this cycle of emotion-craving-eating by teaching individuals to manage urges when experiencing negative mood. We examined the impact of a mobile mindful eating intervention on the link between negative mood and food cravings among overweight women. Methods In a single-arm trial, participants (n = 64, M age = 46.1 years, M BMI = 31.5 kg/m2) completed ecological momentary assessments of negative mood and food cravings 3 times/day for 3 days pre- and post-intervention, as well as 1-month post-intervention. Using multilevel linear regression, we compared associations between negative mood and food craving strength at pre- vs. post-intervention (model 1) and post-intervention vs. 1-month follow-up (model 2). Results In model 1, negative mood interacted with time point (β = − .20, SE = .09, p = .02, 95% CI [− .38, − .03]) to predict craving strength, indicating that the within-person association between negative mood and craving strength was significantly weaker at post-intervention (β = 0.18) relative to pre-intervention (β = 0.38). In model 2, negative mood did not interact with time point to predict craving strength (β = .13, SE = .09, p = .10, 95% CI − .03, .31]); the association did not significantly differ between post-intervention and 1-month follow-up. Conclusions Training in mindful eating weakened the mood-craving association from pre- to post-intervention. The weakened association remained at follow-up. Our findings highlight the mood-craving link as a target-worthy mechanism of mindful eating that should be assessed in clinical trials. Trial Registration NCT02694731 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12671-021-01760-z.
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eHealth Treatments for Compulsive Overeating: a Narrative Review. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Piot MA, Gueguen J, Michelet D, Orri M, Köenig M, Corcos M, Cadwallader JS, Godart N. Personal recovery of young adults with severe anorexia nervosa during adolescence: a case series. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:867-878. [PMID: 31098986 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the emergence of a growing qualitative literature about the personal recovery process in mental disorders, this topic remains little understood in anorexia nervosa (AN), especially severe AN during adolescence. This cases series is a first step that aims to understand recovery after severe AN among adolescents in France, from a first-person perspective. METHODS This cases series applied the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) method to data collected in semi-structured face-to-face interviews about the recovery process of five young women who had been hospitalized with severe AN 10 years earlier during adolescence. RESULTS A model of recovery in four stages (corseted, vulnerable, plastic, and playful) crossing seven dimensions (struggle and path of initiation; work on oneself; self-determination and help; body; family; connectedness; and timeline) emerged from the analysis. New features of the AN personal recovery process were characterized: bodily well-being and pleasure of body; stigmatization; the role of the group; relation to time; and importance of narratives. We suggest a new shape to model the AN recovery process, one that suggests several tipping points. Recruitment must now be widened to different AN contexts. CONCLUSIONS The personal recovery paradigm may provide a new approach to care, complementary to medical paradigm. REGISTRATION OF CLINICAL TRIAL No. NCT03712384. Our study was purely observational, without assignment of medical intervention. As a consequence, this clinical trial was registered retrospectively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Aude Piot
- Adolescent and Young Adult Psychiatry Department, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris (IMM), 42 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014, Paris, France. .,Medical School, Paris Descartes University, 15 Rue de L'Ecole de Médecine, 75015, Paris, France. .,CESP, INSERM 1178, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France.
| | - Juliette Gueguen
- CESP, INSERM 1178, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Daphné Michelet
- Pediatrics Department, University Hospital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Massimiliano Orri
- CESP, INSERM 1178, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Marie Köenig
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et de Neuropsychologie (LPN EA 2027) Université Paris 8, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Maurice Corcos
- Adolescent and Young Adult Psychiatry Department, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris (IMM), 42 Boulevard Jourdan, 75014, Paris, France.,Medical School, Paris Descartes University, 15 Rue de L'Ecole de Médecine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Cadwallader
- CESP, INSERM 1178, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France.,Department of General Practice, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Godart
- CESP, INSERM 1178, Paris-Sud University, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, France.,Fondation Santé Des Étudiants de France, Paris, France.,UFR Health Sciences Simone Veil, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelynes, Versailles, France
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Yonder: Near misses, cancer communities, binge-eating disorder, and food banks. Br J Gen Pract 2019; 69:30. [DOI: 10.3399/bjgp19x700529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review delineates issues in the conceptualization and operationalization of eating disorder recovery, highlights recent findings about recovery (since 2016), and proposes future directions. RECENT FINDINGS A longstanding problem in the field is that there are almost as many different definitions of recovery in eating disorders as there are studies on the topic. Yet, there has been a general shift to accepting that psychological/cognitive symptoms are important to recovery in addition to physical and behavioral indices. Further, several operationalizations of recovery have been proposed over the past two decades, and some efforts to validate operationalizations exist. However, this work has had limited impact and uptake, such that the field is suffering from "broken record syndrome," where calls are made for universal definitions time and time again. It is critical that proposed operationalizations be compared empirically to help arrive at a consensus definition and that institutional/organizational support help facilitate this. Themes in recent recovery research include identifying predictors, examining biological/neuropsychological factors, and considering severe and enduring anorexia nervosa. From qualitative research, those who have experienced eating disorders highlight recovery as a journey, as well as factors such as hope, self-acceptance, and benefiting from support from others as integral to the process of recovery. The field urgently needs to implement a universal definition of recovery that is backed by evidence, that can parsimoniously be implemented in clinical practice, and that will lead to greater harmonization of scientific findings.
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