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Coop A, Clark A, Morgan J, Reid F, Lacey JH. The use and misuse of the SCOFF screening measure over two decades: a systematic literature review. Eat Weight Disord 2024; 29:29. [PMID: 38652332 PMCID: PMC11039549 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-024-01656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The SCOFF questionnaire was designed as a simple, memorable screening tool to raise suspicion that a person might have an eating disorder. It is over 20 years since the creation of the SCOFF, during which time it has been widely used. Considering this, we wish to review the use of the SCOFF in peer-reviewed scientific journals, and to assess whether it is being used appropriately in the manner in which it was originally devised and tested. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and all search strategies and methods were determined before the onset of the study. PubMed and Wiley Online Library were searched using the terms SCOFF and eating. Two reviewers were involved in the reviewing process. Criteria for appropriate use of the SCOFF were formalised with the tool's original authors. RESULTS 180 articles were included in the final review. 48 articles had used the SCOFF appropriately, 117 articles inappropriately and 15 articles had been mixed in the appropriateness of their use. CONCLUSION This systematic review highlights the inappropriate use of the SCOFF in diverse languages and settings. When used correctly the SCOFF has made a significant contribution to the understanding of eating disorders and its simplicity has been applauded and led to widespread use. However in over two-thirds of studies, the use of the SCOFF was inappropriate and the paper highlights how and in what way it was misused, Guidelines for the appropriate use of the SCOFF are stated. Future validation and avenues of research are suggested. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Coop
- Schoen Clinic Newbridge, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - John Morgan
- St George's, University of London, London, UK
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Christensen RE, Lewis M. The Development of Disgust and Its Relationship to Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1309-1318. [PMID: 34164758 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experiences of excessive disgust have been implicated in several psychopathologies. Research, however, has rarely examined disgust and its role in psychosocial functioning from a developmental standpoint. This study examines the relationship between disgust expression in early life and subsequent adolescent psychosocial functioning. Data from 165 children were collected as part of a longitudinal study. Disgust propensity in infancy and childhood was assessed using a facial expressivity task and food aversion task, respectively. Adolescent psychosocial functioning was measured through several self-report measures. Results suggest that there exists a degree of consistency in disgust expression within the first year of life, and that childhood disgust propensity may be related to impairment in early adolescent psychosocial functioning. These findings highlight the potential importance of identifying early disgust expression as a marker for later psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lewis
- Institute for the Study of Child Development, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Alfalahi M, Mahadevan S, Balushi RA, Chan MF, Saadon MA, Al-Adawi S, Qoronfleh MW. Prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating in Western Asia: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Eat Disord 2022; 30:556-585. [PMID: 34486495 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2021.1969495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically synthesize and appraise existing literature on the prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating in Western Asia. A systematic literature search of major English and Arabic databases, i.e., PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, PsychInfo, Web of Science and Scopus (English), Al-Manhal (Arabic) and grey literature was done to obtain the prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorders in Western Asia. The literature search was conducted on June 12th, 2020, and included papers from 1990-2020. Out of the 249 unduplicated original studies reviewed, 27 were included in the final meta-analysis. Data were then categorized according to the tools used to identify the presence of disordered eating or eating disorders. The pooled prevalence of disordered eating as solicited by both the Eating Attitudes Scale 26 and the Eating Attitudes Scale 40 (N = 11841) was 22.07%, the Sick, Control, One stone, Fat, Food Questionnaire (n = 3160) was 22.28% and the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (n = 425) was 7.95%. The pooled prevalence obtained from those studies using semi-structured interviews for anorexia nervosa (n = 118190) was 1.59%, bulimia nervosa (n = 118513) was 2.41% and the estimated prevalence of Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) (n = 118087) was 3.51%. Although the prevalence rate of eating disorders solicited using semi-structured interviews appeared to parallel the international range, the overall prevalence rate of disordered eating appeared to be slightly higher than the global rates of prevalence. A significant number of the suspected/detected cases of disordered eating appear to fulfill the criteria for EDNOS. This study is classified as evidence obtained from systematic reviews and meta-analyses (i.e. Level 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alfalahi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sangeetha Mahadevan
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Rola Al Balushi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Moon Fai Chan
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, SultanQaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muna Al Saadon
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - M Walid Qoronfleh
- Research & Policy Department, Q3CG Research Institute (QRI) Research & Policy Division, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA
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Manasse SM, Lampe EW, Abber SR, Butler R, Gillikin L, Trainor C. Exposure-enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with binge eating: An initial case series. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1124-1136. [PMID: 34237236 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211028963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating (BE) often develops during adolescence and is associated with deleterious psychological and physical consequences. Current treatments for adolescents achieve suboptimal results, likely due to failure to adequately address fear of weight gain (FOWG) which maintains BE. Thus, exposure treatment (the most powerful intervention for fear) may be a promising approach. However, exposure treatment has only minimally tested in adults with BE and never tested in adolescents. Thus, the current study is the first to evaluate a 4-session exposure module within a 12-session standard cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with BE. We recruited adolescents with BE (N = 5) and examined treatment feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects on FOWG and eating pathology. Overall, the 4-session exposure module was feasible and acceptable and showed preliminary evidence that it could reduce FOWG. However, several participants did not endorse significant fears of weight gain; rather, these participants reported that fears of deprivation or social judgment were more related to their BE. Future research should test higher doses of exposure and further examine the role of fear of deprivation/social judgment. Finally, future iterations of this treatment could include more parent involvement or test exposure in combination with treatments other than cognitive behavioral therapy, such as family-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Manasse
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Lampe
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sophie R Abber
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Butler
- Department of Psychology, 6558Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay Gillikin
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire Trainor
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Oliveira J, Oskinis S, Santos ACD, Cordás TA. Existe uma relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais? JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamento alimentar disfuncional. Métodos: Mulheres de um grupo de apoio completaram as escalas de compulsão alimentar, restrição cognitiva, autocompaixão, Escala de Adição à Comida de Yale versão modificada 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) e questionário de Hay para práticas compensatórias. Foram identificados a prevalência de adição à comida e sintomas segundo a YFAS. Para serem incluídas, as participantes deveriam atingir pontuação para compulsão alimentar e, para análises, foram divididas em função da presença de práticas compensatórias. O grupo foi analisado por meio de testes de correlação de Pearson entre variáveis de interesse, e os grupos bulímico e compulsivo foram comparados com teste t de Student (p < 0,05; software JASP). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 190 mulheres. De acordo com a YFAS, 95,3% (n = 181) tinham adição à comida, e os escores da escala apresentaram correlação negativa com a autocompaixão e com a compulsão alimentar (p = 0,014 em ambas). Os níveis de autocompaixão apresentaram correlação negativa com as questões #3, #5, #6, #8 e #9 da YFAS (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Este estudo traz dados para a discussão da necessidade de analisar como a autocrítica atrelada ao sofrimento de quem apresenta comportamento alimentar disfuncional afeta o preenchimento da escala, trazendo identificação com a noção de vício, já que esta é culturalmente aceita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samira Oskinis
- Complexo Hospitalar Municipal de São Bernardo do Campo, Brasil
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Schaumberg K, Reilly EE, Gorrell S, Levinson CA, Farrell NR, Brown TA, Smith KM, Schaefer LM, Essayli JH, Haynos AF, Anderson LM. Conceptualizing eating disorder psychopathology using an anxiety disorders framework: Evidence and implications for exposure-based clinical research. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 83:101952. [PMID: 33221621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) and anxiety disorders (ADs) evidence shared risk and significant comorbidity. Recent advances in understanding of anxiety-based disorders may have direct application to research and treatment efforts for EDs. The current review presents an up-to-date, behavioral conceptualization of the overlap between anxiety-based disorders and EDs. We identify ways in which anxiety presents in EDs, consider differences between EDs and ADs relevant to treatment adaptions, discuss how exposure-based strategies may be adapted for use in ED treatment, and outline directions for future mechanistic, translational, and clinical ED research from this perspective. Important research directions include: simultaneous examination of the extent to which EDs are characterized by aberrant avoidance-, reward-, and/or habit-based neurobiological and behavioral processes; improvement in understanding of how nutritional status interacts with neurobiological characteristics of EDs; incorporation of a growing knowledge of biobehavioral signatures in ED treatment planning; development of more comprehensive exposure-based treatment approaches for EDs; testing whether certain exposure interventions for AD are appropriate for EDs; and improvement in clinician self-efficacy and ability to use exposure therapy for EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sasha Gorrell
- University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Cheri A Levinson
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States of America
| | | | - Tiffany A Brown
- University of California, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M Smith
- Sanford Health, United States of America; University of Southern California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Ann F Haynos
- University of Minnesota, United States of America
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