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Tian Y, Chen R, Su Z. HMGB1 is a Potential and Challenging Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:47-58. [PMID: 34797463 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common degenerative diseases of the human nervous system and has a wide range of serious impacts on human health and quality of life. Recently, research targeting high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in PD has emerged, and a variety of laboratory methods for inhibiting HMGB1 have achieved good results to a certain extent. However, given that HMGB1 undergoes a variety of intracellular modifications and three different forms of extracellular redox, the possible roles of these forms in PD are likely to be different. General inhibition of all forms of HMGB1 is obviously not ideal and has become one of the biggest obstacles in the clinical application of targeting HMGB1. In this review, pure mechanistic research of HMGB1 and in vivo research targeting HMGB1 were combined, the effects of HMGB1 on neurons and immune cell responses in PD are discussed in detail, and the problems that need to be focused on in the future are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Rong Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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2
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Targeting HMGB1 for the treatment of sepsis and sepsis-induced organ injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:520-528. [PMID: 34040166 PMCID: PMC8888646 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that is present in almost all cells and regulates the activity of innate immune responses in both intracellular and extracellular settings. Current evidence suggests that HMGB1 plays a pivotal role in human pathological and pathophysiological processes such as the inflammatory response, immune reactions, cell migration, aging, and cell death. Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that occurs in hosts in response to microbial infections with a proven or suspected infectious etiology and is the leading cause of death in intensive care units worldwide, particularly in the aging population. Dysregulated systemic inflammation is a classic characteristic of sepsis, and suppression of HMGB1 may ameliorate inflammation and improve patient outcomes. Here, we focus on the latest breakthroughs regarding the roles of HMGB1 in sepsis and sepsis-related organ injury, the ways by which HMGB1 are released, and the signaling pathways and therapeutics associated with HMGB1. This review highlights recent advances related to HMGB1: the regulation of HMBG1 might be helpful for both basic research and drug development for the treatment of sepsis and sepsis-related organ injury.
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Gonzalez-Chapa JA, Peña-Martinez VM, Vílchez-Cavazos JF, Salinas-Carmona MC, Rosas-Taraco AG. Systemic and Local Cytokines Profile Determine Severity and Prognosis in Human Septic Arthritis: A Pilot Study. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:170-178. [PMID: 34702588 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic arthritis (SA) is a medical emergency. The most common etiological agents are bacteria, which activate the local immune response coordinated by cytokines; however, little is known about the cytokine profile in human SA. AIM To determine the association of local and systemic cytokine profiles with the severity and prognosis of patients with SA. METHODS Patients with clinical and laboratory diagnosed SA were enrolled as well as a control group. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) samples were obtained for determining cytokines and glucose levels; SF samples were used for histological analysis. Osteochondral damage and general health status and quality of life (SF-36) were evaluated during recruitment day. WOMAC osteoarthritis index score and SF-36 questionnaire were used a year after recruitment day as a follow up. RESULTS A systemic and local proinflammatory cytokine profile was found in patients compared to the control group (p <0.05). IL-6 was 28 and 525 times higher than controls in sera and SF, respectively (p <0.0001). Systemic IL-6 correlated negatively with general mental health score (p = 0.0184) and was associated with a higher osteoarthritis index after one year follow-up in the patients (p = 0.0352). HMGB1 in SF was found higher in patients with SA (p <0.0001), and it was associated with osteochondral damage (p = 0.0042). TNF-α in SF correlated negatively with SF-36 questionnaire one year after patients' recruitment in role limitation score (p = 0.0318), body pain score (p = 0.0315), and general mental health score (p = 0.0197). CONCLUSION Serum and SF cytokine signatures are associated with disease severity and prognosis in patients with SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Gonzalez-Chapa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Victor M Peña-Martinez
- Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, Dr. José Eleuterio González, Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - José F Vílchez-Cavazos
- Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario, Dr. José Eleuterio González, Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Mario C Salinas-Carmona
- Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Adrian G Rosas-Taraco
- Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Nuevo León, Monterrey, México.
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HΜGB1/sRAGE levels differ significantly between transudates and exudates. Cytokine 2021; 141:155469. [PMID: 33607399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1(HMGB1) protein operates as an alarmin with multiple roles in immunity and cell homeostasis. It is highly expressed in epithelial barrier sites and acts via the binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Production of HMGB1 and soluble RAGE (sRAGE), a decoy receptor for HMGB1, has been implicated in several pulmonary diseases, but both have been scarcely investigated in pleural diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of HMGB1 and sRAGE in transudative, malignant and parapneumonic pleural effusions (PEs) and to investigate the effect of low and high HMGB1 pleural fluid levels on MeT-5A cell adhesion, migration and spheroid formation, in each group. HMGB1 and sRAGE levels were significantly lower and higher in transudative PEs compared to malignant and parapneumonic PEs, respectively. Patients above 65 years of age had significantly lower HMGB1 and higher sRAGE levels compared to patients below 65 years old. Furthermore, incubation of MeT-5A cells with malignant or parapneumonic PEs bearing low or high levels of HMGB1 yielded significant differential effects on MeT-5A cell adhesion, migration and spheroid formation. In all types of effusions, high HMGB1 levels correlated with more adherence compared to low HMGB1 levels. In transudative and malignant PEs high HMGB1 levels correlated with decreased migration of MeT-5A cells while in parapneumonic ones the effect was the opposite. Only samples from parapneumonic PEs high in HMGB1 achieved uniform spheroid formation. These results reveal a clinical context-dependent effect of the HMGB1/sRAGE axis in PEs.
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Min HJ, Park JS, Kim KS, Kang M, Seo JH, Yoon JH, Kim CH, Cho HJ. Serum high-mobility group box 1 protein level correlates with the lowest SaO 2 in patients with sleep apnea: a preliminary study. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 88:875-881. [PMID: 33461910 PMCID: PMC9615530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Serum level of high-mobility group box 1 protein is reportedly correlated with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. Objective We tried to evaluate the possibility of using the serum high-mobility group box 1 protein level as a biologic marker in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Methods We generated a chronic intermittent hypoxia murine model that reflected human obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea patients who underwent polysomnography were prospectively enrolled. Serum samples were obtained from mice and obstructive sleep apnea patients, and the serum high-mobility group box1 protein level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Serum high-mobility group box 1 protein level was 56.16 ± 30.33 ng/mL in chronic intermittent hypoxia and 18.63 ± 6.20 ng/mL in control mice (p < 0.05). The mean apnea-hypopnea index and respiratory disturbance index values of enrolled obstructive sleep apnea patients were 50.35 ± 27.96 and 51.56 ± 28.53, respectively, and the mean serum high-mobility group box 1 protein level was 30.13 ± 19.97 ng/mL. The apnea–hypopnea index and respiratory disturbance index were not significantly correlated with the serum high-mobility group box 1 protein level (p > 0.05). Instead, this protein level was significantly correlated with lowest arterial oxygen concentration (SaO2) (p < 0.05). Conclusion High-mobility group box 1 protein may be involved in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea, and the possibility of this protein being a useful biologic marker in obstructive sleep apnea should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Min
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Chung-Ang University Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Soon Park
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Kang
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Seo
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei University College of Medicine, The Airway Mucus Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei University College of Medicine, The Airway Mucus Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei University College of Medicine, The Airway Mucus Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chen L, Zhu H, Su S, Harshfield G, Sullivan J, Webb C, Blumenthal JA, Wang X, Huang Y, Treiber FA, Kapuku G, Li W, Dong Y. High-Mobility Group Box-1 Is Associated With Obesity, Inflammation, and Subclinical Cardiovascular Risk Among Young Adults: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2776-2784. [PMID: 32814439 PMCID: PMC7578115 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize circulating HMGB1 (high-mobility group box-1) levels, one of the better-characterized damage-associated molecular patterns, with respect to age, sex, and race in the general population, and investigate the longitudinal associations of HMGB1 with inflammatory markers, obesity, and preclinical markers of cardiovascular disease. Approach and Results: The analyses included 489 participants (50% Blacks, aged 24.6±3.3 years at the first visit) with up to 4 follow-up visits (1149 samples) over a maximum of 8.5 years. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and carotid intima-media thickness together with plasma HMGB1, hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), IFN-γ (interferon-γ), IL-6 (interleukin-6), IL-10 (interleukin-10), and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured at each visit. At baseline, plasma HMGB1 concentrations were higher in Blacks compared with Whites (3.86 versus 3.20 ng/mL, P<0.001), and in females compared with males (3.75 versus 3.30 ng/mL, P=0.005). HMGB1 concentrations increased with age (P=0.007), and higher levels of obesity measures (P<0.001). Without adjustment for age, sex, race, and body mass index, HMGB1 concentrations were positively associated with hs-CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (P<0.05) but not IL-10, IFN-γ or carotid intima-media thickness. After covariate adjustments, the associations of HMGB1 with hs-CRP, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity remained statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the age, sex, and race differences in circulating HMGB1. The increasing circulating concentrations of HMGB1 with age suggest a potential role of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of chronic low-grade inflammation, obesity, and subclinical cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Haidong Zhu
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shaoyong Su
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Harshfield
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - James A. Blumenthal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Frank A. Treiber
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gaston Kapuku
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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The soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 as a potential early diagnostic and prognostic markers in intensive care unit patients with severe infections. Cent Eur J Immunol 2020; 45:160-169. [PMID: 33456326 PMCID: PMC7792439 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.97903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Substantial causes of high mortality (30-50%) of people with severe infections treated in intensive care units (ICUs) are still inadequately known in terms of mechanisms and insufficient diagnostic tools for immune responses in sepsis. Material and methods The aim of this study was to establish a practical value of determining the concentration of chosen proteins (by ELISA) in peripheral blood as potential in early diagnostics of severe infections, paying special attention to their prognostic values. Results In 163 patients treated in ICUs, changes were assessed in the concentration of chosen proteins relating to the TLR4 receptor signalling pathway, including its effectors of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1Ra, TNF-α, sTNFR1, IL-6, IL-10, sTLR4, MyD88, TNFAIP3/A20, HSP70, and HMGB1). In the analysis of changes in the process of immune response in severely ill patients with and without infections, a significantly higher concentration of sTNFR1 was observed in patients with infections than those who deceased. In the ROC curves tests, it was noted that an assessment of the concentration of sTNFR1 proteins (AUC = 0.686 and cut-off point = 24.841 pg/ml) was a particularly efficient tool, with prognostic significance in patients with infections. Conclusions In other patients treated in an ICU, the efficiency of determining IL-6 (AUC = 0.736) was confirmed and at the same time, the effectiveness of this cytokine in predicting death in cases with infections was excluded. The results of the present study are encouraging, suggesting the benefits of undertaking multi-center clinical trials, which consider monitoring sTNFR1 in different groups of patients with infections treated in intensive care units.
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Increased plasma levels of high mobility group box 1 protein in patients with bipolar disorder: A pilot study. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 334:576993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hill AV, Menon R, Perez-Patron M, Carrillo G, Xu X, Taylor BD. High-mobility group box 1 at the time of parturition in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13175. [PMID: 31353785 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a danger-associated molecular pattern marker, may indicate sterile inflammation through innate immune pathways. HMGB1 is implicated in hyperglycemia and excess glucose in trophoblast. Metabolic dysfunction and dyslipidemia are associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but few studies examined associations between HMGB1 and GDM. We determined HMGB1 levels, and the ratio of HMGB1 to innate immune markers, in women with GDM at parturition. METHOD OF STUDY This case-control study of 50 GDM pregnancies and 100 healthy controls utilized data and plasma samples from PeriBank. HMGB1, pentraxin-3, and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured by ELISA. Logistic regression calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusting for age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and type of labor. RESULTS There were no significant associations between HMGB1 and GDM. The ratio of HMGB1 to pentraxin-3 and IL-6 did not alter the odds of GDM. There was a significant statistical interaction between HMGB1 and maternal age (P = .02). When associations were examined by age groups, HMGB1 was associated with reduced odds of HMGB1 among women ≤25 (AOR = 0.007 CI 95% <0.001-0.3). Odds ratios increased as age increased (AOR range 1.2-3.8) but results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION High-mobility group box 1 was not associated with GDM. However, we found evidence that maternal age was a potential effect modifier of the relationship between HMGB1 and GDM. As there is growing evidence that HMGB1 may play important roles in reproduction, future studies should explore maternal factors that may alter HMGB1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Hill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Perez-Patron
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Genny Carrillo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brandie D Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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A. Richard S, Min W, Su Z, Xu HX. Epochal neuroinflammatory role of high mobility group box 1 in central nervous system diseases. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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