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Hunter LD, Boer T, Saltzman LY. The Intersectionality of Sex and Race in the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scoping Review. Public Health Rev 2023; 44:1605302. [PMID: 37441026 PMCID: PMC10333493 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2023.1605302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked with cardiovascular disease (CVD), suggesting a risk for negative health outcomes among individuals with PTSD. This review synthesizes the temporal relationship between PTSD and CVD and highlights the intersection of sex and race. Methods: Covidence was used to systematically review the literature published between 1980 and 2020. Results: 176 studies were extracted. 68 (38.64%) of the studies were a predominantly male sample. 31 studies (17.61%) were a predominantly female sample. Most reported participants of both sexes (n = 72; 40.91%) and only 5 (2.84%) did not report respondent sex. No studies reported transgender participants. 110 (62.5%) studies reported racial and ethnic diversity in their study population, 18 (10.22%) described a completely or predominantly white sample, and 48 (27.27%) did not report race or ethnicity of their study population. Conclusion: A compelling number of studies did not identify sex differences in the link between PTSD and CVD or failed to report race and ethnicity. Investigating sex, race, ethnicity, and the temporal relationship between PTSD and CVD are promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Hunter
- Tulane Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Tara Boer
- Tulane School of Social Work, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Leia Y. Saltzman
- Tulane School of Social Work, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Baiden D, Parry M, Nerenberg K, Hillan EM, Dogba MJ. Connecting the Dots: Structural Racism, Intersectionality, and Cardiovascular Health Outcomes for African, Caribbean, and Black Mothers. Health Equity 2022; 6:402-405. [PMID: 35801154 PMCID: PMC9257546 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African, Caribbean, and Black (ACB) women globally experience health inequities that impact on their cardiovascular health outcomes during the perinatal period, and for years after. Aside from being at a high risk of having and dying from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, ACB women who survive face a lifelong risk of cardiovascular disease years after the diagnosis. Racism as a determinant of health intersects with gender, societal structures, and immigration status to contribute to cardiovascular health and access to quality health care services for ACB women. Equitable policies and culturally appropriate programs are needed to improve the cardiovascular health of ACB women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Baiden
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Monica Parry
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Department of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Edith M. Hillan
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maman Joyce Dogba
- Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Jones AL, Rafferty J, Cochran SD, Abelson J, Hanna MR, Mays VM. Prevalence, Severity and Burden of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Black Men and Women Across the Adult Life span. J Aging Health 2022; 34:401-412. [PMID: 35510479 PMCID: PMC9175561 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221086071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To examine post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Black adults in younger, middle, and older ages. Methods: Using nationally representative data from the National Survey of American Life, we estimated lifetime and 12-month prevalence of PTSD in Black men and women ages 18-34, 35-49, and 50+. We determined PTSD persistence and severity by age group, then associations of PTSD with socio-economic status, chronic stress, and racial discrimination in middle age. Results: The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was higher in Black women/men ages 18-34 (prevalence=14.0%/6.3%) and 35-49 (12.8%/4.6%) versus 50 and older (8.7%/5.1%). Those ages 35-49 were more likely than younger/older Black adults to have severe interference in work, relationships, and activities domains. In middle age, PTSD was associated with unemployment, lower education, poverty, and stress in Black men, and unemployment, divorce, poverty, stress, and discrimination in Black women. Discussion: Black women experience a disproportionate burden of PTSD in middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Jones
- Informatics, Decision-Enhancement and Analytic Sciences Center, 20122Veteran Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jane Rafferty
- Program for Research on Black Americans, 51331Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Social Work, 143265University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan D Cochran
- Departments of Epidemiology and Statistics, Fielding School of Public Health, 25808University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA BRITE Center for Science, Research & Policy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Abelson
- Program for Research on Black Americans, 51331Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Social Work, 143265University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew R Hanna
- Department of Psychology, 5926The New School for Social Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vickie M Mays
- UCLA BRITE Center for Science, Research & Policy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Psychology and Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, 8783University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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