Mesenchymal stem cells-originated exosomal microRNA-152 impairs proliferation, invasion and migration of thyroid carcinoma cells by interacting with DPP4

Navigating thyroid cancer complexity: the emerging role of EV-derived non-coding RNAs

Thyroid cancer (TC), which arises from the epithelial cells of the thyroid gland, is experiencing a significant increase in incidence globally. TC encompasses various subtypes, including papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancers, each with distinct pathological and clinical features. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), are naturally occurring and nanosized lipid bilayers, and can be secreted by almost all cell types. EVs, comprising microvesicles and exosomes, are pivotal in mediating intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment. Notably, EVs possess unique properties such as stability in circulation and the ability to traverse biological barriers, enhancing their role as carriers of molecular information. EVs carry non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, which are crucial regulators of gene expression. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of EV-derived ncRNAs in influencing thyroid cancer progression, metastasis, and immune modulation by mediating intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment. The expression of EV-derived ncRNAs varies across different stages of thyroid cancer, reflecting potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and targets for therapy. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of EV-ncRNAs in thyroid cancer, emphasizing their impact on tumor growth, metastatic potential, and immune interactions, while also exploring their promising applications in early diagnosis and targeted treatment strategies. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing innovative interventions to improve patient outcomes in thyroid cancer.

DPP4, a potential tumor biomarker, and tumor therapeutic target: review

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a serine protease widely distributed in membrane-bound and soluble forms in various tissues and organs throughout the body. DPP4 plays a role in inflammation, immune regulation, cell growth, migration and differentiation. The role of DPP4 in tumors has garnered increasing attention. Previous research has demonstrated that DPP4 contributes to the promotion of cancer in most cancers, and it may play a specific biological function through the variation in tumor cell types and expression forms. However, the expression of DDP4 in different tumor types and its specific mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we describe the structure of DPP4, summarize the recent research progress of its expression and potential mechanisms in common tumors, and discuss the development prospects of DPP4 inhibitors in tumor therapy. Although current research emphasizes the potential of DPP4 as a drug target, the incomplete understanding of its regulatory mechanisms impedes the discovery and development of new therapies against it. Further research on DPP4-related tumors is anticipated to promote its clinical application as a potential therapeutic target.

Exploring exosomes: novel diagnostic and therapeutic frontiers in thyroid cancer

In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has surged globally, posing significant challenges in its diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Exosomes, as a class of extracellular vesicles, are secreted by nearly all cell types and encapsulate a variety of nucleic acids and proteins reflective of their cell of origin, thereby facilitating critical intercellular communication. Recent advancements in understanding these exosomes have catalyzed their application in oncology, particularly through uncovering their roles in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of cancers. Notably, the latest literature highlights the integral role of exosomes in refining diagnostic techniques, enhancing targeted therapies, optimizing radiotherapy outcomes, and advancing immunotherapeutic approaches in thyroid cancer management. This review provides a current synthesis of the implications of exosomes in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and progression, as well as their emerging applications in diagnosis and treatment strategies. Furthermore, we discuss the profound clinical potential of exosome-based interventions in managing thyroid cancer, serving as a foundational reference for future therapeutic developments.

Exosomal noncoding RNAs: decoding their role in thyroid cancer progression

Exosomes, as pivotal entities within the tumor microenvironment, orchestrate intercellular communication through the transfer of diverse molecules, among which non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs play a crucial role. These ncRNAs, endowed with regulatory functions, are selectively incorporated into exosomes. Emerging evidence underscores the significance of exosomal ncRNAs in modulating key oncogenic processes in thyroid cancer (TC), including proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and immunoediting. The unique composition of exosomes shields their cargo from enzymatic and chemical degradation, ensuring their integrity and facilitating their specific expression in plasma. This positions exosomal ncRNAs as promising candidates for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in TC. Moreover, the potential of exosomes in the therapeutic landscape of TC is increasingly recognized. This review aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between exosomal ncRNAs and TC, fostering a deeper comprehension of their mechanistic involvement. By doing so, it endeavors to propel forward the exploration of exosomal ncRNAs in TC, ultimately paving the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies predicated on exosomes and their ncRNA content.

Decreased Serum Levels of the Insulin Resistance-Related microRNA miR-320a in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is often associated with metabolic abnormalities in the affected patients such as obesity or a dysregulated glucose metabolism/insulin resistance (IR). IR affects the serum levels of several circulating microRNAs; however, studies on the association between IR-related microRNAs and PCOS are scarce. Therefore, we quantified the serum levels of the IR-associated microRNAs miR-93, miR-148a, miR-216a, miR-224 and miR-320a via qPCR in a cohort of 358 infertility patients, of whom 136 were diagnosed with PCOS. In bivariate correlation analyses, the serum levels of miR-93 and miR-216a were inversely associated with dipeptidyl peptidase 4 serum concentrations, and the miR-320a serum levels were significantly downregulated in PCOS patients (p = 0.02, Mann-Whitney U test). Interestingly, in all patients who achieved pregnancy after Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) cycles, the serum levels of the five IR-associated microRNAs were significantly elevated compared to those of non-pregnant patients. In cell culture experiments, we detected a significant upregulation of miR-320a expression following testosterone stimulation over 24 and 48 h in KGN and COV434 granulosa carcinoma cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated a significantly reduced serum level of the IR-associated miR-320a in our patient cohort. This result once again demonstrates the close relationship between metabolic disorders and the dysregulation of microRNA expression patterns in PCOS.

The potential applications of artificially modified exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in tumor therapy

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have tumor-homing ability and play critical roles in tumor treatment, but their dual influences on tumor progression limit their therapeutic applications. Exosomes derived from MSCs (MSC-exosomes) exhibit great potential in targeted tumor treatment due to their advantages of high stability, low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, long circulation time and homing characteristics. Furthermore, the artificial modification of MSC-exosomes could amplify their advantages and their inhibitory effect on tumors and could overcome the limit of tumor-promoting effect. In this review, we summarize the latest therapeutic strategies involving artificially modified MSC-exosomes in tumor treatment, including employing these exosomes as nanomaterials to carry noncoding RNAs or their inhibitors and anticancer drugs, and genetic engineering modification of MSC-exosomes. We also discuss the feasibility of utilizing artificially modified MSC-exosomes as an emerging cell-free method for tumor treatment and related challenges.

Extracellular vesicle-carried GTF2I from mesenchymal stem cells promotes the expression of tumor-suppressive FAT1 and inhibits stemness maintenance in thyroid carcinoma

Through bioinformatics predictions, we identified that GTF2I and FAT1 were downregulated in thyroid carcinoma (TC). Further, Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed a positive correlation between GTF2I expression and FAT1 expression. Therefore, we selected them for this present study, where the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (BMSDs-EVs) enriched with GTF2I were evaluated on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness maintenance in TC. The under-expression of GTF2I and FAT1 was validated in TC cell lines. Ectopically expressed GTF2I and FAT1 were found to augment malignant phenotypes of TC cells, EMT, and stemness maintenance. Mechanistic studies revealed that GTF2I bound to the promoter region of FAT1 and consequently upregulated its expression. MSC-EVs could shuttle GTF2I into TPC-1 cells, where GTF2I inhibited TC malignant phenotypes, EMT, and stemness maintenance by increasing the expression of FAT1 and facilitating the FAT1-mediated CDK4/FOXM1 downregulation. In vivo experiments confirmed that silencing of GTF2I accelerated tumor growth in nude mice. Taken together, our work suggests that GTF2I transferred by MSC-EVs confer antioncogenic effects through the FAT1/CDK4/FOXM1 axis and may be used as a promising biomarker for TC treatment.

Expression analysis of miRNA hsa-let7b-5p in naso-oropharyngeal swabs of COVID-19 patients supports its role in regulating ACE2 and DPP4 receptors

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the novel coronavirus responsible for worldwide coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We previously observed that Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) are significantly overexpressed in naso-oropharyngeal swabs (NPS) of COVID-19 patients, suggesting their putative functional role in the disease progression. ACE2 and DPP4 overexpression in COVID-19 patients may be associated to epigenetic mechanism, such as miRNA differential expression. We investigated if hsa-let7b-5p, reported to target both ACE2 and DPP4 transcripts, could be involved in the regulation of these genes. We verified that the inhibition and overexpression of hsa-let7b-5p matched to a modulation of both ACE2 and DPP4 levels. Then, we observed a statistically significant downregulation (FC = -1.5; p < 0.05) of hsa-let7b-5p in the same COVID-19 and control samples of our previous study. This is the first study that shows hsa-let7b-5p low expression in naso-oropharyngeal swabs of COVID-19 patients and demonstrates a functional role of this miR in regulating ACE2 and DPP4 levels. These data suggest the involvement of hsa-let7b-5p in the regulation of genes necessary for SARS-CoV-2 infections and its putative role as a therapeutic target for COVID-19.

Stem cells therapy for thyroid diseases: progress and challenges

Background

Thyroid hormones are indispensable for organ development and maintaining homeostasis. Thyroid diseases, including thyroiditis and thyroid cancer, affect the normal secretion of hormones and result in thyroid dysfunction.

Objective

This review focuses on therapeutic applications of stem cells for thyroid diseases.

Methods

A literature search of Medline and PubMed was conducted (January 2000–July 2021) to identify recent reports on stem cell therapy for thyroid diseases.

Results

Stem cells are partially developed cell types. They have the capacity to form specialized cells. Besides embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, organ resident stem cells and cancer stem cells are recently reported to have important roles in forming organ specific cells and cancers. Stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells, have anti-inflammatory and anticancer functions as well.

Conclusions

This review outlines the therapeutic potency of embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, thyroid resident stem cells, and thyroid cancer stem cells in thyroid cells’ regeneration, thyroid function modulation, thyroiditis suppression, and antithyroid cancers. Stem cells represent a promising form of treatment for thyroid disorders.

Evaluation of plasma exosomal miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma

PURPOSE

The early diagnosis of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is clinically important, as it can aid in treatment decision-making and improve prognosis. In the present study, we aimed to identify whether plasma exosomal miRNAs could be potential diagnostic markers of LNM in PTC.

METHODS

Profiles of plasma exosomal miRNAs were screened using miRNA microarrays. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed in the validation and diagnostic sets to select candidate exosomal miRNAs. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate the efficiency of target exosomal miRNAs in distinguishing PTC-N1 patients from PTC-N0 patients.

RESULTS

In total, 197 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in the testing set. Based on the qRT-PCR results, the expression of miR-6774-3p (p < 0.001) and miR-6879-5p (p < 0.001) in the PTC-N1 patients was significantly higher than that in the controls. The AUC values of plasma exosomal miR-6774-3p (0.802; 95% CI, 0.724-0.879) and miR-6879-5p (0.787; 95% CI, 0.706-0.867) and their combination (0.914; 95% CI, 0.865-0.962) were higher than those of the total miRNAs directly isolated from plasma. Moreover, the expression of exosomal miRNAs was stable after treatment with RNase A, prolonged incubation, or repeated freezing and thawing.

CONCLUSIONS

The two plasma exosomal miRNAs (miR-6774-3p and miR-6879-5p) and their combination could serve as new promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of LNM in PTC patients.

Identification of DPP4/CTNNB1/MET as a Theranostic Signature of Thyroid Cancer and Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Sitagliptin

Simple Summary

In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing globally, with papillary thyroid cancer (PTCa) being the most prevalent pathological type. Although PTCa has been regarded to be slow growing and has a good prognosis, in some cases, PTCa can be aggressive and progress despite surgery and radioactive iodine treatment. Therefore, searching for new targets and therapies is required. We utilized bioinformatics analyses to identify critical theranostic markers for PTCa. We found that DPP4/CTNNB1/MET is an oncogenic signature that is overexpressed in PTCa and associated with disease progression, distant metastasis, treatment resistance, immuno-evasive phenotypes, and poor clinical outcomes. Interestingly, our in silico molecular docking results revealed that sitagliptin, an antidiabetic drug, has strong affinities and potential for targeting DPP4/CTNNB1/MET signatures, even higher than standard inhibitors of these genes. Collectively, our findings suggest that sitagliptin could be repurposed for treating PTCa.

Abstract

In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing globally, with papillary thyroid cancer (PTCa) being the most prevalent pathological type, accounting for approximately 80% of all cases. Although PTCa has been regarded to be slow growing and has a good prognosis, in some cases, PTCa can be aggressive and progress despite surgery and radioactive iodine treatment. In addition, most cancer treatment drugs have been shown to be cytotoxic and nonspecific to cancer cells, as they also affect normal cells and consequently cause harm to the body. Therefore, searching for new targets and therapies is required. Herein, we explored a bioinformatics analysis to identify important theranostic markers for THCA. Interestingly, we identified that the DPP4/CTNNB1/MET gene signature was overexpressed in PTCa, which, according to our analysis, is associated with immuno-invasive phenotypes, cancer progression, metastasis, resistance, and unfavorable clinical outcomes of thyroid cancer cohorts. Since most cancer drugs were shown to exhibit cytotoxicity and to be nonspecific, herein, we evaluated the anticancer effects of the antidiabetic drug sitagliptin, which was recently shown to possess anticancer activities, and is well tolerated and effective. Interestingly, our in silico molecular docking results exhibited putative binding affinities of sitagliptin with DPP4/CTNNB1/MET signatures, even higher than standard inhibitors of these genes. This suggests that sitagliptin is a potential THCA therapeutic, worthy of further investigation both in vitro and in vivo and in clinical settings.

DPP4 Is a Potential Prognostic Marker of Thyroid Carcinoma and a Target for Immunotherapy

DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) is expressed in many cancers, but the relationship between DPP4 and thyroid carcinoma (THCA) is incompletely understood. We aim to explore the expression of DPP4 in THCA and the correlation between DPP4 expression with the prognosis of THCA and antitumor immunity. We systematically analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases and explored DPP4 expression, its impact on prognosis, and its relationship with antitumor immunity in THCA. Next, we collected 18 pairs of fresh THCA and adjacent paracancerous tissues and performed RT-qPCR to validate the DPP4 mRNA level. Concurrently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed on 12 pairs of paraffin-embedded tissues of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and paracancerous tissues to validate the DPP4 protein level. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DPP4 mRNA expression in THCA was significantly higher than that in paracancerous tissues (p < 0.01). DPP4 was expressed at the highest levels in MTC than in other pathological types. The DPP4 expression level was different between groups with different clinical characteristics. The higher the DPP4 expressed in THCA, the lower the disease-free survival (DFS) was (HR = 1.8, p=0.048). DPP4 was significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration and immune response and was positively associated with 21 immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) in THCA (p < 0.05). The results of RT-qPCR showed that the relative mRNA expression of DPP4 was significantly upregulated in 18 THCA tissues compared to that in paracancerous tissues (p=0.011). IHC results showed that the DPP4 protein level was higher in 12 MTC tissues than in paracancerous tissues (p=0.011). In conclusion, DPP4 is a potential prognostic marker of THCA and may become an effective target for immunotherapy.

CircRNA: A novel potential strategy to treat thyroid cancer (Review)

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common type of endocrine cancer. Over the last 50 years, the global incidence of TC has been increasing. The survival rate of TC is higher than that of most other types of cancer, but it depends on numerous factors, including the specific type of TC and stage of the disease. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new class of long noncoding RNA with a closed loop structure that have a critical role in the complex gene regulatory network that controls the emergence of TC. The most important function of circRNAs is their ability to specifically bind to microRNAs. In addition, the biological functions of circRNAs also include interactions with proteins, regulation of the transcription of genes and acting as translation templates. Based on the characteristics of circRNAs, they have been identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of tumors. In the present review, the function and significance of circRNAs and their potential clinical implications for TC were summarized. Furthermore, possible treatment approaches involving the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and exosomes derived from MSCs as carriers to load and transport circRNAs were discussed.

The Role of Exosomes in Thyroid Cancer and Their Potential Clinical Application

The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) is rapidly increasing worldwide. The diagnostic accuracy and dynamics of TC need to be improved, and traditional treatments are not effective enough for patients with poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. Exosomes are membrane vesicles secreted specifically by various cells and are involved in intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that exosomes secreted by TC cells contribute to tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis. Exosomes in liquid biopsies can reflect the overall molecular information of tumors, and have natural advantages in diagnosing TC. Exosomes also play an important role in tumor therapy due to their special physicochemical properties. TC patients will benefit as more exosome patterns are discovered. In this review, we discuss the role of TC-derived exosomes in tumorigenesis and development, and describe the application of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of TC.