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Hess C, Hall M. Daily Diversity Flows: Racial and Ethnic Context Between Home and Work. Demography 2024; 61:1483-1508. [PMID: 39301999 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11567098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The racial and ethnic diversification of the U.S. population has transformed the demographic makeup of communities and rapidly increased exposure to diversity in American neighborhoods. Although diversity exposure occurs throughout people's daily lives, the conventional approach to describing diversity only at places of residence potentially understates the full extent of this phenomenon. In this study, we explore short-term, within-day changes in the diversity of different neighborhoods by considering U.S. workers' work and residential locations. Using estimates for daytime and nighttime populations among metropolitan census tracts, our empirical analyses investigate the extent to which the process of daytime mobility for work relates to changes in the racial and ethnic diversity of different spaces. Our results indicate widespread daily shifts toward diversity for most neighborhood types, especially those with residential (nighttime) populations that are predominantly Black, Latino, or Asian. We find that patterns of intraday diversification experienced minor declines across recent decades but are present in most metropolitan areas. Our findings also show that intraday changes in racial and ethnic diversity overlap with nonracial forms of daily diversity change. Further, average within-day changes in diversity are more pronounced in areas with greater residential segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hess
- Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Matt Hall
- Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Trabilsy M, Ortiz K, Camacho-Rivera M. COVID-19-Associated Food Insecurity and Mental Health Symptoms Among Latinx Adults in the United States. HISPANIC HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL 2024; 22:35-45. [PMID: 37853740 DOI: 10.1177/15404153231208136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: U.S. Latinx adults were disproportionately burdened by COVID-19 infection, as well as food insecurity compared to their non- Hispanic white adults. It is less clear if within-group variations among U.S. Latinx adults exist in food insecurity and mental health outcomes. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of repeated cross-sectional survey waves from the Understanding America Study (UAS) study (N = 182,865). We computed multivariable generalized linear regression models to examine associations between food insecurity, demographic characteristics, and depressive symptoms. Results: Participants with a history of food insecurity had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms compared to those without a history of food insecurity (21.1% compared to 5.23%, p < .0001). Mexican participants reported a significantly higher prevalence of depression compared to Latino participants of Puerto Rican, Central American, or another Latino ethnicity (8.94% compared to 2.84%, 1.76%, and 2.91%, respectively, p < .0001). Associations of self-reported food insecurity among men and women varied by asthma status. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that participants with a history of food insecurity had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms compared to those without a history of food insecurity. Our findings also illuminate the importance of disaggregating U.S. Latinx adults when examining associations between food insecurity and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maissa Trabilsy
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Kasim Ortiz
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marlene Camacho-Rivera
- Department of Community Health Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Siegel M, Rieders M, Rieders H, Dergham L, Iyer R. Association Between Changes in Racial Residential Segregation and Trends in Racial Disparities in Early Mortality in 220 Metropolitan Areas, 2001-2018. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01830-z. [PMID: 37855998 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial residential segregation has been shown to affect the absolute levels of racial disparities in a wide variety of health outcomes in the USA but it is not known whether changes in segregation also influence these racial health disparities. This study examines the relationship between changes in racial residential segregation over four decades (1980-2020) and trends in racial disparities in early mortality (under age 65) rates among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White persons across a wide range of health outcomes in 220 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) during the period 2001-2018. METHODS Using the CDC WONDER Underlying Cause of Death database, we derived annual estimates of race-specific death rates and rate ratios for each MSA. We used latent trajectory analysis to examine the relationship between the level of segregation and changes in segregation over time in an MSA and trends in death rate disparities in that MSA. RESULTS The trajectory analysis resulted in a linear, three group model in which trajectory Groups 1 and 2 had decreasing trends in the ratios of Black to White death rates over time while in Group 3, the disparity remained almost constant over time. Increases in the level of segregation in an MSA from 1980 to 2000 were significantly associated with the likelihood that the MSA was in Group 3 and experienced no improvement in racial health disparities in mortality over time. CONCLUSION This paper provides new evidence that changes in segregation are related to trends in racial health disparities in mortality rates over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Siegel
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Madeline Rieders
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Hannah Rieders
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Leighla Dergham
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Rohan Iyer
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Lee E, Piñeros J, Williams LD, Mackesy-Amiti ME, Molina Y, Boodram B. Network ethnic homophily and injection equipment sharing among Latinx and White non-Latinx people who inject drugs. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-20. [PMID: 36853193 PMCID: PMC10460831 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2181259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Latinx people who inject drugs (PWID) are less likely to engage in injection equipment sharing, but are more vulnerable to injection drug use (IDU)-related morbidity and mortality than Whites. Identifying subgroups of Latinx PWID who do engage in equipment sharing and likely bear the brunt of this health burden is a priority. Ethnic disparities may reflect contextual drivers, including injection networks. Latinx PWID with low ethnic homophily (the proportion of individuals with the same ethnic background) may be more likely to share equipment due to forced distancing from health-protective ethnocultural resources and power imbalances within injection networks. The current study offers a framework and examines how associations between network ethnic homophily and injection equipment sharing differ among 74 Latinx and 170 non-Latinx White PWID in the Chicagoland area (N = 244). Latinx had less homophilous than non-Latinx Whites (p <.001). Ethnic homophily was protective for equipment sharing among Latinx (OR = 0.17, 95%CI [0.77, 0.04], p = .02), but not non-Latinx Whites (OR = 1.66, 95%CI [0.40, 6.93], p = .49). Our findings implicate the need for targeted cultured interventions that focus on Latinx PWID who are more vulnerable to morbidity and mortality, potentially due to less access to ethnic peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Lee
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Juliet Piñeros
- Division of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Leslie D. Williams
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mary-Ellen Mackesy-Amiti
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yamilé Molina
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Basmattee Boodram
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, United States
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Mehdipanah R, Briceño EM, Heeringa SG, Gonzales XF, Levine DA, Langa KM, Garcia N, Longoria R, Chang W, Morgenstern LB. Neighborhood SES and Cognitive Function Among Hispanic/Latinx Residents: Why Where You Live Matters. Am J Prev Med 2022; 63:574-581. [PMID: 35691843 PMCID: PMC10662479 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have examined the impacts of neighborhood SES and individual ethnicity and SES characteristics on cognitive function in aging populations. Hispanics/Latinx are more likely to have cognitive impairment and be community dwellers than non-Hispanic Whites. Neighborhood factors can have greater impacts on the relationship between Hispanics/Latinx and cognitive function. This study examines these relationships in Nueces County, Texas. METHODS A mixed-effects regression analysis of data from 1,140 older adults participating in the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi - Cognitive project from 2018 to 2020 was completed. Cognitive function was measured with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, a cognitive screening measure. Participant addresses were geocoded to obtain census tracts, which were proxies for neighborhoods. Neighborhood SES was measured by household median income, percentage of Hispanic/Latinx residents, and percentage of residents aged ≥65 years with Medicaid, all from the American Community Survey. Interactions were used to examine the impact of neighborhood SES on ethnicity and cognitive function. RESULTS The sample consisted of 62.5% Hispanic/Latinx and 37.5% non-Hispanic White participants. Results from the F-statistics, test of effects, indicate that being older (F4,1138=45.04; p<0.001), being a man (F1,1130=4.35; p<0.050), having low education (F3,1121=40.83; p<0.001), completing the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test in Spanish (F1,1140=15.35; p<0.001), and being Hispanic/Latinx (F1,962=20.84; p<0.001) were all associated with lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Neighborhood income was positively associated (F1,69.6=6.95; p<0.050) with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Neighborhood income (β=0.32; p<0.050) and percentage with Medicaid (β=0.06; p<0.050) independently moderated the associations between ethnicity and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that neighborhood SES could further impact cognitive function independent of individual characteristics. This could be attributed to minimal resources in communities with lower SES, impacting policies and programs for older individuals, particularly those with worse cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Mehdipanah
- Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Emily M Briceño
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven G Heeringa
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xavier F Gonzales
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas
| | - Deborah A Levine
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Ann Arbor VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nelda Garcia
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ruth Longoria
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wen Chang
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lewis B Morgenstern
- Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Schroeder K, Dumenci L, Sarwer DB, Noll JG, Henry KA, Suglia SF, Forke CM, Wheeler DC. The Intersection of Neighborhood Environment and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Methods for Creation of a Neighborhood ACEs Index. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137819. [PMID: 35805478 PMCID: PMC9265402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated methods for creating a neighborhood adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) index, a composite measure that captures the association between neighborhood environment characteristics (e.g., crime, healthcare access) and individual-level ACEs exposure, for a particular population. A neighborhood ACEs index can help understand and address neighborhood-level influences on health among individuals affected by ACEs. Methods entailed cross-sectional secondary analysis connecting individual-level ACEs data from the Philadelphia ACE Survey (n = 1677) with 25 spatial datasets capturing neighborhood characteristics. Four methods were tested for index creation (three methods of principal components analysis, Bayesian index regression). Resulting indexes were compared using Akaike Information Criteria for accuracy in explaining ACEs exposure. Exploratory linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between ACEs, the neighborhood ACEs index, and a health outcome—in this case body mass index (BMI). Results demonstrated that Bayesian index regression was the best method for index creation. The neighborhood ACEs index was associated with higher BMI, both independently and after controlling for ACEs exposure. The neighborhood ACEs index attenuated the association between BMI and ACEs. Future research can employ a neighborhood ACEs index to inform upstream, place-based interventions and policies to promote health among individuals affected by ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Schroeder
- Department of Nursing, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Levent Dumenci
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - David B. Sarwer
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Jennie G. Noll
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Kevin A. Henry
- Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University College of Liberal Arts, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Shakira F. Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Christine M. Forke
- Master of Public Health Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Center for Violence Prevention, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - David C. Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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Timberlake JM, Howell AJ. Trends in the “Ecological Distance” of Ethnoracial Group Suburbanization in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1970–2019. SPATIAL DEMOGRAPHY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40980-022-00106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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