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Mushtaq A, Azam U, Mehreen S, Naseer MM. Synthetic α-glucosidase inhibitors as promising anti-diabetic agents: Recent developments and future challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115119. [PMID: 36680985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the biggest challenges for the scientific community in the 21st century. It is a well-recognized multifactorial health problem contributes significantly to high mortality rates by causing serious health complications mainly related to cardiovascular diseases, kidney damage and neuropathy. The inhibition of α-glucosidase (enzyme that catalyses starch hydrolysis in the intestine) is an effective therapeutic approach for controlling hyperglycemia associated with type-2 diabetes. However, the presently approved drugs/inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose have several undesirable gastrointestinal side effects impeding their applications. Therefore, search for novel and more effective inhibitors with reduced side effects and less cost remains a fascinating area of research. In this context, a large variety of α-glucosidase inhibitors have been identified in recent years that demands attention from drug development community. This review is therefore an effort to summarize and highlight the promising α-glucosidase inhibitors especially those which are primarily based on aromatic heterocyclic scaffolds such as coumarin, imidazole, isatin, pyrimidine, quinazoline, triazine, thiazole etc, having improved safety and pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saba Mehreen
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Hu CM, Zheng YY, Lin AT, Zhang X, Wu XZ, Lin J, Xu XT, Xiong Z. Design, synthesis and evaluation of indole-based bisacylhydrazone derivatives as α-glucosidase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kumar H, Aggarwal N, Marwaha MG, Deep A, Chopra H, Matin MM, Roy A, Emran TB, Mohanta YK, Ahmed R, Mohanta TK, Saravanan M, Marwaha RK, Al-Harrasi A. Thiazolidin-2,4-Dione Scaffold: An Insight into Recent Advances as Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Hypoglycemic Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:6763. [PMID: 36235304 PMCID: PMC9572748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur, especially those in the thiazole family, have generated special interest in terms of their synthetic chemistry, which is attributable to their ubiquitous existence in pharmacologically dynamic natural products and also as overwhelmingly powerful agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. The thiazolidin-2,4-dione (TZD) moiety plays a central role in the biological functioning of several essential molecules. The availability of substitutions at the third and fifth positions of the Thiazolidin-2,4-dione (TZD) scaffold makes it a highly utilized and versatile moiety that exhibits a wide range of biological activities. TZD analogues exhibit their hypoglycemic activity by improving insulin resistance through PPAR-γ receptor activation, their antimicrobial action by inhibiting cytoplasmic Mur ligases, and their antioxidant action by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this manuscript, an effort has been made to review the research on TZD derivatives as potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihyperglycemic agents from the period from 2010 to the present date, along with their molecular mechanisms and the information on patents granted to TZD analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Navidha Aggarwal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, India
| | - Minakshi Gupta Marwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sat Priya College of Pharmacy, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani 127021, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Mohammed M. Matin
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India
| | - Ramzan Ahmed
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Marwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
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Design, synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and docking studies on ibuprofen derived 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives as dual α-glucosidase and urease inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kaur R, Kumar R, Dogra N, Kumar A, Yadav AK, Kumar M. Synthesis and studies of thiazolidinedione-isatin hybrids as α-glucosidase inhibitors for management of diabetes. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:457-485. [PMID: 33506699 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Keeping in view the side effects associated with clinically used α-glucosidase inhibitors, novel thiazolidinedione-isatin hybrids were synthesized and evaluated by in vitro, in vivo and in silico procedures. Materials & methods: Biological evaluation, cytotoxicity assessment, molecular docking, binding free energy calculations and molecular dynamics studies were performed for hybrids. Results: The most potent inhibitor A-10 (IC50 = 24.73 ± 0.93 μM) was competitive in manner and observed as non-cytotoxic. A-10 possessed higher efficacy than the standard drug (acarbose) during in vivo biological testing. Conclusion: The enzyme inhibitory potential and safety profile of synthetic molecules was recognized after in vitro, in vivo, in silico and cytotoxicity studies. Further structural optimization of A-10 can offer potential hit molecules suitable for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nilambra Dogra
- Centre for Systems Biology & Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Centre for Systems Biology & Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and structure-activity relationship of recently discovered enzyme antagonist azoles. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03656. [PMID: 32274429 PMCID: PMC7132078 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Global people are suffering from the legion of diseases. Cytotoxic property of the chemical compound would not solely influence effective drug properties and reduce unnecessary side effects. Proteins/enzymes responsible for microbe proliferation or survival are specifically targeted and inhibited successfully making the cells to undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, isoforms of essential enzymes have distinct physiological functions; thereby inhibition of essential enzyme isoforms is an apt way to the clinical approach of disease neutralization. Drugs are designed so as to play significant roles such as signaling pathways in the oncogenic process including cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. The present review comprises collective information of the recent synthesis of various organic drug compounds in brief, which could inhibit particular enzyme. The review also covers the correlation of the structure of a drug molecule designed and its inhibitory activity. Also, the most significant enzyme inhibitors are highlighted and structural moieties/core units responsible for remarkable inhibitory values are emphasized.
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Hemanth Kumar P, Jyothish Kumar L, Pavithrra G, Rajasekaran R, Vijayakumar V, Karan R, Sarveswari S. Design, synthesis and exploration of in silico α-amylase and α-glucosidase binding studies of pyrrolidine-appended quinoline-constrained compounds. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-019-04068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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