1
|
Souza AS, Bezerra MA, Cerqueira UMFM, Rodrigues CJO, Santos BC, Novaes CG, Almeida ERV. An introductory review on the application of principal component analysis in the data exploration of the chemical analysis of food samples. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1323-1336. [PMID: 38585573 PMCID: PMC10991959 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA) is currently one of the most used multivariate data analysis techniques for evaluating information from food analysis. In this review, a brief introduction to the theoretical principles that underlie PCA will be given, in addition to presenting the most commonly used computer programs. An example from the literature was discussed to illustrate the use of this chemometric tool and interpretation of graphs and parameters obtained. A list of recently published articles will also be presented, in order to show the applicability and potential of the technique in the food analysis field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Santos Souza
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente - INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115 Brazil
| | - Marcos Almeida Bezerra
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus de Jequié, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190 Brazil
| | | | - Caiene Jesus Oliveira Rodrigues
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094 Brazil
| | - Bianca Cotrim Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094 Brazil
| | - Cleber Galvão Novaes
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus de Jequié, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190 Brazil
| | - Erica Raina Venâncio Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus de Jequié, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan E, Binti Julmohammad N, Koh WY, Abdullah Sani MS, Rasti B. Application of ATR-FTIR Incorporated with Multivariate Data Analysis for Discrimination and Quantification of Urea as an Adulterant in UHT Milk. Foods 2023; 12:2855. [PMID: 37569123 PMCID: PMC10417858 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urea is naturally present in milk, yet urea is added intentionally to increase milk's nitrogen content and shelf life. In this study, a total of 50 Ultra heat treatment (UHT) milk samples were spiked with known urea concentrations (0-5 w/v%). Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy with principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA), and multiple linear regression (MLR) were used for the discrimination and quantification of urea. The PCA was built using 387 variables with higher FL > 0.75 from the first PCA with cumulative variability (90.036%). Subsequently, the DA model was built using the same variables from PCA and demonstrated the good distinction between unadulterated and adulterated milk, with a correct classification rate of 98% for cross-validation. The MLR model used 48 variables with p-value < 0.05 from the DA model and gave R2 values greater than 0.90, with RMSE and MSE below 1 for cross-validation and prediction. The DA and MLR models were then validated externally using a test dataset, which shows 100% correct classification, and the t-test result (p > 0.05) indicated that the MLR could determine the percentage of urea in UHT milk within the permission limit (70 mg/mL). In short, the wavenumbers 1626.63, 1601.98, and 1585.5534 cm-1 are suitable as fingerprint regions for detecting urea in UHT milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Tan
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (E.T.); (W.Y.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Norliza Binti Julmohammad
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (E.T.); (W.Y.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Wee Yin Koh
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (E.T.); (W.Y.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah Sani
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, Level 3, KICT Building, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Babak Rasti
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (E.T.); (W.Y.K.); (B.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nurani LH, Riswanto FDO, Windarsih A, Edityaningrum CA, Guntarti A, Rohman A. Use of chromatographic-based techniques and chemometrics for halal authentication of food products: A review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2082468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laela Hayu Nurani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Florentinus Dika Octa Riswanto
- Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus III Paingan, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anjar Windarsih
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Any Guntarti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Rohman
- Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen C, Mokhtar RAM, Sani MSA, Noor NQIM. The Effect of Maturity and Extraction Solvents on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Mulberry ( Morus alba) Fruits and Leaves. Molecules 2022; 27:2406. [PMID: 35458604 PMCID: PMC9029729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultivation location, maturity levels, and extraction solvents could affect the bioactive compounds and biological activities of mulberry (Morus alba Linnaeus). The lack of study on Malaysia-grown mulberry causes its underutilization. This study investigated the bioactive compound content and the antioxidant activity of Sabah-grown mulberry at two different maturity stages (fruits: red mature and black fully ripe; leaves: young and mature) extracted using 70% (v/v) methanol, 60% (v/v) ethanol, and 65% (v/v) acetone. Analyses showed that mulberry fruits demonstrated maturity-dependent increment (except UHPLC-DAD quantification), while the leaves revealed maturity-dependent reduction. Principal component analysis (PCA) displayed 65% (v/v) acetone black fully ripe fruits as the best phenolics and antioxidant sources. However, the 60% (v/v) ethanol black fully ripe fruits contained 20.08-68.43% higher total anthocyanins. Meanwhile, the 65% (v/v) acetone and 70% (v/v) methanol red mature fruits were higher in chlorogenic acid (27.53-47.12%) and rutin (31.42-35.92%) than other fruit extracts, respectively. For leaves, 65% (v/v) acetone young leaves were the best phenolics and antioxidant sources. However, the 60% (v/v) ethanol young leaves possessed greater chlorogenic acid (19.56-74.11%) than other leaf extracts. Overall, Malaysia-grown mulberry is rich in phenolics and antioxidants, suggesting its potential application in food and pharmaceutical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Centhyea Chen
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
| | | | - Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah Sani
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training, Level 3, KICT Building, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
- Konsortium Institut Halal IPT Malaysia, Ministry of Higher Education, Block E8, Complex E, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62604, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee LC, Jemain AA. On overview of PCA application strategy in processing high dimensionality forensic data. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|