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Yan H, Wei C, Wang Z, Liu L, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhang W. Electromechanical Performances of Polyvinyl Chloride Gels Using (Polyvinyl Chloride-Co-Vinyl Acetate) (P(VC-VA)) Synergistic Plasticization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1904. [PMID: 39000759 PMCID: PMC11244539 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The current polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel flexible actuators are facing challenges of high input voltage and an insufficient elastic modulus. In this study, we conducted a detailed study on the properties of PVC gel prepared by introducing the modifier polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate (P(VC-VA)). We compared a modified PVC gel with the traditional one in terms of the relative dielectric constant, mechanical modulus, and electromechanical actuation performance. Experimental results demonstrated that the introduction of P(VC-VA) enhanced the dielectric constant and reduced the driving electric field strength of PVC gels. The dielectric constant increased from 4.77 to 7.3. The electromechanical actuation performance increased by 150%. We employed the Gent model to fit the experimental results, and the actual experimental data aligned well with the expectations of the Gent model. The research results show that this type of plasticizing method effectively balanced the mechanical and electrical performance of PVC gels. This study summarizes the experimental results and performance analysis of PVC gels prepared using innovative plasticization methods, revealing the potential engineering applications of polymeric gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chang Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zexing Wang
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518063, China
| | - Zicai Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junshi Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518063, China
| | - Jihong Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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2
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Kwon DA, Lee S, Kim CY, Kang I, Park S, Jeong JW. Body-temperature softening electronic ink for additive manufacturing of transformative bioelectronics via direct writing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn1186. [PMID: 38416839 PMCID: PMC10901467 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Mechanically transformative electronic systems (TESs) built using gallium have emerged as an innovative class of electronics due to their ability to switch between rigid and flexible states, thus expanding the versatility of electronics. However, the challenges posed by gallium's high surface tension and low viscosity have substantially hindered manufacturability, limiting high-resolution patterning of TESs. To address this challenge, we introduce a stiffness-tunable gallium-copper composite ink capable of direct ink write printing of intricate TES circuits, offering high-resolution (~50 micrometers) patterning, high conductivity, and bidirectional soft-rigid convertibility. These features enable transformative bioelectronics with design complexity akin to traditional printed circuit boards. These TESs maintain rigidity at room temperature for easy handling but soften and conform to curvilinear tissue surfaces at body temperature, adapting to dynamic tissue deformations. The proposed ink with direct ink write printing makes TES manufacturing simple and versatile, opening possibilities in wearables, implantables, consumer electronics, and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do A Kwon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Simok Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Kang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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Mahanthappa M, Ko HU, Kim SY. Transparent and Flexible Actuator Based on a Hybrid Dielectric Layer of Wavy Polymer and Dielectric Fluid Mixture. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:188. [PMID: 38256987 PMCID: PMC10819412 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Transparent and flexible vibrotactile actuators play an essential role in human-machine interaction applications by providing mechanical stimulations that can effectively convey haptic sensations. In the present study, we fabricated an electroactive, flexible, and transparent vibrotactile actuator with a dielectric layer including a dielectric elastomer and dielectric fluid mixture. The dielectric fluid mixture of propylene carbonate (PC) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) was injected to obtain a transparent dielectric layer. To further improve the haptic performance, different weight ratios of dielectric fluid (PC: ATBC) were injected. The fabricated vibrotactile actuators based on a transparent dielectric layer were investigated for their electrical and electromechanical behavior. The proposed actuators generate a large vibrational intensity (~2.5 g) in the range of 200-250 Hz. Hence, the proposed actuators open up a new class of vibrotactile actuators for possible use in various domains, including robotics, smart textiles, teleoperation, and the metaverse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Advanced Research Technology Center, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600, Chungjeol-ro, Byeongcheon-myeon, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si 31253, Chungchungnam-do, Republic of Korea; (M.M.); (H.-U.K.)
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5
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André AD, Martins P. Exo Supportive Devices: Summary of Technical Aspects. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1328. [PMID: 38002452 PMCID: PMC10669745 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human societies have been trying to mitigate the suffering of individuals with physical impairments, with a special effort in the last century. In the 1950s, a new concept arose, finding similarities between animal exoskeletons, and with the goal of medically aiding human movement (for rehabilitation applications). There have been several studies on using exosuits with this purpose in mind. So, the current review offers a critical perspective and a detailed analysis of the steps and key decisions involved in the conception of an exoskeleton. Choices such as design aspects, base materials (structure), actuators (force and motion), energy sources (actuation), and control systems will be discussed, pointing out their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, examples of exosuits (full-body, upper-body, and lower-body devices) will be presented and described, including their use cases and outcomes. The future of exoskeletons as possible assisted movement solutions will be discussed-pointing to the best options for rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Diogo André
- Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), Biomechanic and Health Unity (UBS), Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Martins
- Associated Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), Biomechanic and Health Unity (UBS), Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (i3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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6
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Noh Y, Son E, Cha C. Exploring stimuli-responsive elastin-like polypeptide for biomedicine and beyond: potential application as programmable soft actuators. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1284226. [PMID: 37965051 PMCID: PMC10642932 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1284226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of soft robotics, there is a growing need to develop actuator systems that are lightweight, mechanically compliant, stimuli-responsive, and readily programmable for precise and intelligent operation. Therefore, "smart" polymeric materials that can precisely change their physicomechanical properties in response to various external stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, electromagnetic force) are increasingly investigated. Many different types of polymers demonstrating stimuli-responsiveness and shape memory effect have been developed over the years, but their focus has been mostly placed on controlling their mechanical properties. In order to impart complexity in actuation systems, there is a concerted effort to implement additional desired functionalities. For this purpose, elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), a class of genetically-engineered thermoresponsive polypeptides that have been mostly utilized for biomedical applications, is being increasingly investigated for stimuli-responsive actuation. Herein, unique characteristics and biomedical applications of ELP, and recent progress on utilizing ELP for programmable actuation are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chaenyung Cha
- Center for Multidimensional Programmable Matter, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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7
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Razzaq MY, Balk M, Mazurek-Budzyńska M, Schadewald A. From Nature to Technology: Exploring Bioinspired Polymer Actuators via Electrospinning. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4029. [PMID: 37836078 PMCID: PMC10574948 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has always been a source of inspiration for the development of novel materials and devices. In particular, polymer actuators that mimic the movements and functions of natural organisms have been of great interest due to their potential applications in various fields, such as biomedical engineering, soft robotics, and energy harvesting. During recent years, the development and actuation performance of electrospun fibrous meshes with the advantages of high permeability, surface area, and easy functional modification, has received extensive attention from researchers. This review covers the recent progress in the state-of-the-art electrospun actuators based on commonly used polymers such as stimuli-sensitive hydrogels, shape-memory polymers (SMPs), and electroactive polymers. The design strategies inspired by nature such as hierarchical systems, layered structures, and responsive interfaces to enhance the performance and functionality of these actuators, including the role of biomimicry to create devices that mimic the behavior of natural organisms, are discussed. Finally, the challenges and future directions in the field, with a focus on the development of more efficient and versatile electrospun polymer actuators which can be used in a wide range of applications, are addressed. The insights gained from this review can contribute to the development of advanced and multifunctional actuators with improved performance and expanded application possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasar Razzaq
- Institut für Kunststofftechnologie und Recycling e. V., Gewerbepark 3, D-6369 Südliches Anhalt, Germany
| | - Maria Balk
- Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstraße 55, D-14513 Teltow, Germany
| | | | - Anke Schadewald
- Institut für Kunststofftechnologie und Recycling e. V., Gewerbepark 3, D-6369 Südliches Anhalt, Germany
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8
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Ghazaryan G, Khmelnitskaia A, Bezsudnov I, Kalinina A, Agina E, Ponomarenko S. A Concise Guide to Silicone-Based Spring-Roll Actuator Assembly. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3908. [PMID: 37835958 PMCID: PMC10574830 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A spring-roll actuator is a multilayer configuration of dielectric elastomer actuators that deforms in response to an electric field. To date, all spring-roll actuators are based on acrylate dielectric elastomers (DEs), and a few can reach deformations on a par with strains observed in natural muscles. Sensitivity to temperature and humidity, as well as the slow response times of acrylates, limit the commercialisation of these actuators. In this work, we developed a spring-roll actuator using commercial silicone DEs because they allow for a broader range of processing temperature and rapid response. Electrodes were deposited on a pre-strained DE film, coated with functional organosilicone polymer composite, and rolled around a metal spring. The coating enhanced the interfacial adhesion between DE and compliant electrodes, preserving the integrity and electro-mechanical properties of the fabricated spring-roll actuator. As to performance, the silicone-based spring-roll actuator could bear 200 times its own weight and displace it by 6% at the applied electric field of 90 V/μm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sergey Ponomarenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia; (G.G.); (A.K.); (A.K.); (E.A.)
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9
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Ye Y, Yu L, Lizundia E, Zhu Y, Chen C, Jiang F. Cellulose-Based Ionic Conductor: An Emerging Material toward Sustainable Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9204-9264. [PMID: 37419504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionic conductors (ICs) find widespread applications across different fields, such as smart electronic, ionotronic, sensor, biomedical, and energy harvesting/storage devices, and largely determine the function and performance of these devices. In the pursuit of developing ICs required for better performing and sustainable devices, cellulose appears as an attractive and promising building block due to its high abundance, renewability, striking mechanical strength, and other functional features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary regarding ICs fabricated from cellulose and cellulose-derived materials in terms of fundamental structural features of cellulose, the materials design and fabrication techniques for engineering, main properties and characterization, and diverse applications. Next, the potential of cellulose-based ICs to relieve the increasing concern about electronic waste within the frame of circularity and environmental sustainability and the future directions to be explored for advancing this field are discussed. Overall, we hope this review can provide a comprehensive summary and unique perspectives on the design and application of advanced cellulose-based ICs and thereby encourage the utilization of cellulosic materials toward sustainable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Ye
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Le Yu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials Lab, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Yeling Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chaoji Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Catry C, Lourdin D, Roelens G, Nguyen GT, Vidal F, Plesse C, Leroy E. Electroactive trilayer actuators taking advantage of the ionic conductivity and self-adhesion of ionic liquid plasticized starch. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
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11
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A Proposal of Bioinspired Soft Active Hand Prosthesis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010029. [PMID: 36648815 PMCID: PMC9844288 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft robotics have broken the rigid wall of interaction between humans and robots due to their own definition and manufacturing principles, allowing robotic systems to adapt to humans and enhance or restore their capabilities. In this research we propose a dexterous bioinspired soft active hand prosthesis based in the skeletal architecture of the human hand. The design includes the imitation of the musculoskeletal components and morphology of the human hand, allowing the prosthesis to emulate the biomechanical properties of the hand, which results in better grips and a natural design. CAD models for each of the bones were developed and 3D printing was used to manufacture the skeletal structure of the prosthesis, also soft materials were used for the musculoskeletal components. A myoelectric control system was developed using a recurrent neural network (RNN) to classify the hand gestures using electromyography signals; the RNN model achieved an accuracy of 87% during real time testing. Objects with different size, texture and shape were tested to validate the grasping performance of the prosthesis, showing good adaptability, soft grasping and mechanical compliance to object of the daily life.
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12
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Zhou H, Cao S, Zhang S, Li F, Ma N. Design of a Fuel Explosion-Based Chameleon-Like Soft Robot Aided by the Comprehensive Dynamic Model. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0010. [PMID: 36939437 PMCID: PMC10014331 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft robotics have advantages over the traditional rigid ones to achieve the bending motion but face with challenges to realize the rapid and long-distance linear motion due to the lack of a suitable actuation system. In this paper, a new explosion-based soft robot is proposed to generate the axial fast extension by the explosion pressure. To support and predict the performance of this explosion-based soft robot, a novel dynamic model is developed by considering the change of working fluid (molecular numbers) and some unavoidable and influential factors in the combustion process. Then, based on the physical prototype, a set of experiments is conducted to test the performance of the explosion-based soft robot in performing the axial extensions, as well as to validate the model proposed in this article. It is found that the novel explosion-based soft robot can achieve rapid axial extension by the developed explosion-based actuation system. The explosion-based soft robot can achieve 41-mm displacement at a fuel mass of 180 mg. In addition, the proposed dynamic model can be validated with an average error of 1.5%. The proposed approach in this study provides a promising solution for future high-power density explosion-based soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shunze Cao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fenggang Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Engineering of Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
- Address correspondence to:
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13
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Banitaba SN, Ebadi SV, Salimi P, Bagheri A, Gupta A, Arifeen WU, Chaudhary V, Mishra YK, Kaushik A, Mostafavi E. Biopolymer-based electrospun fibers in electrochemical devices: versatile platform for energy, environment, and health monitoring. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2914-2948. [PMID: 36226580 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00879c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical power tools are regarded as essential keys in a world that is becoming increasingly reliant on fossil fuels in order to meet the challenges of rapidly depleting fossil fuel supplies. Additionally, due to the industrialization of societies and the growth of diseases, the need for sensitive, reliable, inexpensive, and portable sensors and biosensors for noninvasive monitoring of human health and environmental pollution is felt more than ever before. In recent decades, electrospun fibers have emerged as promising candidates for the fabrication of highly efficient electrochemical devices, such as actuators, batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and biosensors. Meanwhile, the use of synthetic polymers in the fabrication of versatile electrochemical devices has raised environmental concerns, leading to an increase in the quest for natural polymers. Natural polymers are primarily derived from microorganisms and plants. Despite the challenges of processing bio-based electrospun fibers, employing natural nanofibers in the fabrication of electrochemical devices has garnered tremendous attention in recent years. Here, various natural polymers and the strategies employed to fabricate various electrospun biopolymers are briefly covered. The recent advances and research strategies used to apply the bio-based electrospun membranes in different electrochemical devices are carefully summarized, along with the scopes in various advanced technologies. A comprehensive and critical discussion about the use of biopolymer-based electrospun fibers as the potential alternative to non-renewable ones in future technologies is briefly highlighted. This review will serve as a field opening platform for using different biopolymer-based electrospun fibers to advance the electrochemical device-based renewable and sustainable technologies, which will be of high interest to a large community. Accordingly, future studies should focus on feasible and cost-effective extraction of biopolymers from natural resources as well as fabrication of high-performance nanofibrous biopolymer-based components applicable in various electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Nooshin Banitaba
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 159163-4311, Iran.
| | - Seyed Vahid Ebadi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Pejman Salimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, I-16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Ahmad Bagheri
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universitate Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Waqas Ul Arifeen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, South Korea
| | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Research Cell & Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110043, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, Smart Materials, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Chen Q, Qin Y, Li G. QPSO-MPC based tracking algorithm for cable-driven continuum robots. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:1014163. [PMCID: PMC9614062 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.1014163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cable-driven continuum robots (CDCRs) can flexibly travel through narrow space for complex workspace tasks. However, it is challenging to design the trajectory tracking algorithm for CDCRs due to their nonlinear dynamic behaviors and cable hysteresis characteristics. In this contribution, a model predictive control (MPC) tracking algorithm based on quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) is designed for CDCRs to realize effective trajectory tracking under constraints. In order to make kinematic analysis of a CDCR, the forward and inverse mapping among actuation space, joint space and work space is analyzed by using the piecewise constant curvature method and the homogeneous coordinate transformation. To improve the performance of conventional MPC for complex tracking tasks, QPSO is adopted in the rolling optimization of MPC for its global optimization performance, robustness and fast convergence. Both simulation and operational experiment results demonstrate that the designed QPSO-MPC presents high control stability and trajectory tracking precision. Compared with MPC and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based MPC, the tracking error of QPSO-MPC is reduced by at least 43 and 24%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Chen
| | - Yanan Qin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Gelun Li
- Robotics State Key Laboratory, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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15
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Bowen S, Hallinan DT. Modeling dynamic swelling of polymer-based artificial muscles. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7131-7147. [PMID: 36082950 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-based artificial muscles are lightweight, are flexible, can have variable stiffness, and provide actuation in applications in which heavy actuators are not feasible. Achieving device requirements, such as strain, strain rate, lifetime, achievable work, and efficiency, requires material and muscle geometry design. This study is motivated by the possibility of significant actuation from twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) fibers that rely on radial swelling to produce reversible work. Modeling the actuation of advanced polymers is essential for defining design metrics. An analytical thermodynamic expression based on Flory-Rehner Theory was combined with a numerical transport model in order to simulate transient swelling of a polymeric network driven by diffusion and migration. Radial swelling of polymer fibers was modeled, including parametric studies and comparison to experimental data. By increasing the transport distance, swelling is shown to increase the time to equilibrium, but this can be more than compensated by applying voltage to take advantage of ion migration/electroosmotic drag. This work indicates that, in addition to migration, dimensions smaller than 100 micrometers here are needed to achieve the sub-second response times of natural muscles. The impact of polymer swelling on transport in polymers is directly evaluated by locally accounting for the length increase of discrete elements due to solvent presence, which cannot be done analytically. Furthermore, strain and work done by swelling a TCP is modelled, and the benefit of anisotropic swelling and constant modulus is quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefik Bowen
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering and Aero-propulsion, Mechatronics, and Energy Center, Florida A&M University-Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
| | - Daniel T Hallinan
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering and Aero-propulsion, Mechatronics, and Energy Center, Florida A&M University-Florida State University (FAMU-FSU) College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA.
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16
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Coelho Rezende G, O'Flynn B, O'Mahony C. Smart Compression Therapy Devices for Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers: A Review. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200710. [PMID: 35734815 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Venous leg ulcers can have significant social and economic impacts, and are generally treated by applying compression to the lower limb, which aids in promoting blood return to the heart. Compression therapies commonly involve the use of passive bandages that suffer from issues associated with incorrect application, and although automated solutions have begun to appear; these are often bulky and hinder mobility. Emerging microtechnologies and new materials enable the development of "smart" compression therapy devices, which are defined as systems that use miniaturized and lightweight actuators and electronics to control the applied pressure. This paper reviews the state of the art in smart compression therapy research. A total of seventeen different devices has been identified, categorized as using one of three actuation mechanisms: pneumatic compression, motor-driven mechanisms, and smart materials (including shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers, and electroactive polymers). The field is still in its relative infancy and further refinements are required to create mass manufacturable compression dressing systems that meet medical, ergonomic, and economic standards. The use of miniaturized actuators has immense potential for the development of smart compression dressings, which will ultimately lead to higher compliance, increased patient comfort, enhanced mobility, and better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan O'Flynn
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Conor O'Mahony
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland.,SWaT Research Network Member, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
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17
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Park SW, Kim SJ, Park SH, Lee J, Kim H, Kim MK. Recent Progress in Development and Applications of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1290. [PMID: 36014211 PMCID: PMC9415080 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive polymer (EAP) is a polymer that reacts to electrical stimuli, such as voltage, and can be divided into electronic and ionic EAP by an electrical energy transfer mechanism within the polymer. The mechanism of ionic EAP is the movement of the positive ions inducing voltage change in the polymer membrane. Among the ionic EAPs, an ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is composed of a metal electrode on the surface of the polymer membrane. A common material for the polymer membrane of IPMC is Nafion containing hydrogen ions, and platinum, gold, and silver are commonly used for the electrode. As a result, IPMC has advantages, such as low voltage requirements, large bending displacement, and bidirectional actuation. Manufacturing of IPMC is composed of preparing the polymer membrane and plating electrode. Preparation methods for the membrane include solution casting, hot pressing, and 3D printing. Meanwhile, electrode formation methods include electroless plating, electroplating, direct assembly process, and sputtering deposition. The manufactured IPMC is widely demonstrated in applications such as grippers, micro-pumps, biomedical, biomimetics, bending sensors, flow sensors, energy harvesters, biosensors, and humidity sensors. This paper will review the overall field of IPMC by demonstrating the categorization, principle, materials, and manufacturing method of IPMC and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Won Park
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Min Ku Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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18
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Maksimkin AV, Dayyoub T, Telyshev DV, Gerasimenko AY. Electroactive Polymer-Based Composites for Artificial Muscle-like Actuators: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132272. [PMID: 35808110 PMCID: PMC9268644 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Unlike traditional actuators, such as piezoelectric ceramic or metallic actuators, polymer actuators are currently attracting more interest in biomedicine due to their unique properties, such as light weight, easy processing, biodegradability, fast response, large active strains, and good mechanical properties. They can be actuated under external stimuli, such as chemical (pH changes), electric, humidity, light, temperature, and magnetic field. Electroactive polymers (EAPs), called ‘artificial muscles’, can be activated by an electric stimulus, and fixed into a temporary shape. Restoring their permanent shape after the release of an electrical field, electroactive polymer is considered the most attractive actuator type because of its high suitability for prosthetics and soft robotics applications. However, robust control, modeling non-linear behavior, and scalable fabrication are considered the most critical challenges for applying the soft robotic systems in real conditions. Researchers from around the world investigate the scientific and engineering foundations of polymer actuators, especially the principles of their work, for the purpose of a better control of their capability and durability. The activation method of actuators and the realization of required mechanical properties are the main restrictions on using actuators in real applications. The latest highlights, operating principles, perspectives, and challenges of electroactive materials (EAPs) such as dielectric EAPs, ferroelectric polymers, electrostrictive graft elastomers, liquid crystal elastomers, ionic gels, and ionic polymer–metal composites are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V. Maksimkin
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.T.); (A.Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Tarek Dayyoub
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.T.); (A.Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Dmitry V. Telyshev
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.T.); (A.Y.G.)
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Gerasimenko
- Institute for Bionic Technologies and Engineering, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street 2-4, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.T.); (A.Y.G.)
- Institute of Biomedical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology, 124498 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Preparation and Modification Technology Analysis of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073522. [PMID: 35408883 PMCID: PMC8998928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As a new type of flexible smart material, ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) has the advantages of being lightweight and having fast responses, good flexibility, and large deformation ranges. However, IPMC has the disadvantages of a small driving force and short lifespan. Based on this, this paper firstly analyzes the driving mechanism of IPMC. Then, it focuses on the current preparation technology of IPMC from the aspects of electroless plating and mechanical plating. The advantages and disadvantages of various preparation methods are analyzed. Due to the special driving mechanism of IPMC, there is a problem of short non-aqueous working time. Therefore, the modification research of IPMC is reviewed from the aspects of the basement membrane, working medium, and electrode materials. Finally, the current challenges and future development prospects of IPMC are discussed.
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20
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Engel KE, Kilmartin PA, Diegel O. Recent advances in the 3D printing of ionic electroactive polymers and core ionomeric materials. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in the 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, of ionic electroactive polymers (EAP) and their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Edward Engel
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul A. Kilmartin
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Olaf Diegel
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Creative Design and Additive Manufacturing Lab, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MedTech CoRE, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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21
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A Novel 3D Ring-Based Flapper Valve for Soft Robotic Applications. ROBOTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/robotics11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the design and testing of a novel valve for the intuitive spatial control of soft or continuum manipulators are presented. The design of the valve is based on the style of a hydraulic flapper valve, but with simultaneous control of three pressure feed points, which can be used to drive three antagonistically arranged hydraulic actuators for positioning soft robots. The variable control orifices are arranged in a rotationally symmetric radial pattern to allow for an inline mounting configuration of the valve within the body of a manipulator. Positioning the valve ring at various 3D configurations results in different pressurizations of the actuators and corresponding spatial configurations of the manipulator. The design of the valve is suitable for miniaturization and use in applications with size constraints such as small soft manipulators and surgical robotics. Experimental validation showed that the performance of the valve can be reasonably modeled and can effectively drive an antagonistic arrangement of three actuators for soft manipulator control.
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22
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Fimbel A, Abensur T, Le MQ, Capsal JF, Cottinet PJ. Accurate Electroadhesion Force Measurements of Electrostrictive Polymers: The Case of High Performance Plasticized Terpolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:24. [PMID: 35012051 PMCID: PMC8747691 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroadhesion is a phenomenon ruled by many characteristic intrinsic parameters. To achieve a good adhesion, efficient and durable, a particular attention must be provided to the adhesion forces between the involved parts. In addition to the size and geometry of electrodes, parameters of materials such as dielectric constant, breakdown electric field, and Young's modulus are key factors in the evaluation of electroadhesion efficiency for electrostrictive polymers and electroactive devices. By analyzing these material parameters, a method is proposed to justify the choice of polymer matrices that are fit to specific electroadhesion applications. Another purpose of this work aims to demonstrate a possibility of accurately measuring the electroadhesion force. This physical parameter has been usually estimated through equations instead, because of the complexity in setup implementation to achieve highly precise measure. Comparisons based on the parameters criterion reveal that besides the intrinsic properties of material, some other parameters relating to its physical phenomena (e.g., saturation of dipolar orientation under high electric field leads to decrease dielectric constant), or physical behavior of the system (i.e., surface roughness reduces the active electrode area) must be thoroughly considered. Experimental results pointed out that plasticized terpolymer leads boosted electroadhesion performance compared to the other counterparts, up to 100 times higher than conventional polymers. The developed materials show high potential in applications of active displacement control for electrostrictive actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Fimbel
- Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (A.F.); (M.-Q.L.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Thierry Abensur
- ArianeGroup SAS, 66 Route de Verneuil, 78130 Les Mureaux, France;
| | - Minh-Quyen Le
- Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (A.F.); (M.-Q.L.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Jean-Fabien Capsal
- Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (A.F.); (M.-Q.L.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Pierre-Jean Cottinet
- Electrical Department, Ladoua Campus, University Lyon, INSA-Lyon, LGEF, EA682, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (A.F.); (M.-Q.L.); (J.-F.C.)
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23
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The Soft and High Actuation Response of Graphene Oxide/Gelatin Soft Gel. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247553. [PMID: 34947149 PMCID: PMC8709113 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The high actuation response of soft gel from a graphene oxide/gelatin composite was prepared as an alternative material in soft robotics applications. Graphene oxide (GO) was selected as the electroresponsive (ER) particle. GO was synthesized by modifying Hummer's method at various ratios of graphite (GP) to potassium permanganate (KMnO4). To study the effect of ER particles on electromechanical properties, GO was blended with gelatin hydrogel (GEL) at various concentrations. The electrical properties of the ER particles (GO and GP) and matrix (GEL) were measured. The capacitance (C), resistance (R), and dielectric constant of the GO/GEL composite were lower than those of the GO particles but higher than those of the GEL and GP/GEL composite at the given number of particles. The effects of external electric field strength and the distance between electrodes on the degree of bending and the dielectrophoresis force (Fd) were investigated. When the external electric field was applied, the composite bent toward electrode, because the electric field polarized the functional group of polymer molecules. Under applied 400 V/mm, the GO/GEL composite (5% w/w) showed the highest deflection angle (θ = 82.88°) and dielectrophoresis force (7.36 N). From the results, we conclude that the GO/GEL composite can be an alternative candidate material for electromechanical actuator applications.
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24
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Gong D, Yang F, Lin D, Qian W, Li R, Li C, Chen H, Jia S. Shape-programmable magneto-active elastomer composites for curve and biomimetic behavior imitation. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10730-10735. [PMID: 34787153 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A programming methodology, which can be applied to soft-magnetic-material-based magneto-active elastomers (MAEs), to catch the predefined specific objective curves is proposed in this study. The objective curves have been equally separated into a couple of segments, which will be filled by the designed MAE elements. Furthermore, the designed MAE segments with different chain angles, in which the deformation orientation of each element under applied homogeneous magnetic fields has been investigated based on the designed experimental setup, are arrayed based on the proposed programming methodology to constitute the MAE composite to catch the orientation of the objective curve. The experimental results show that based on the proposed programming methodology, the MAE composites can describe different curves, which include harmonic, tangential and arc tangential functions under applied homogeneous magnetic fields with good agreement. Furthermore, on the basis of the proposed programming methodology, the MAE composites are utilized to mimic the typical biomimetic behavior (the peeking-up behavior of snakes and the flapping behavior of birds) with smooth curvature properties, in which the dynamic procedures present continuous curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Gong
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Dezhao Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Wenbo Qian
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Ruihong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Chenghong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Jia
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
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25
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Huang YJ, Chen YF, Hsiao PH, Lam TN, Ko WC, Luo MY, Chuang WT, Su CJ, Chang JH, Chung CF, Huang EW. In-Situ Synchrotron SAXS and WAXS Investigation on the Deformation of Single and Coaxial Electrospun P(VDF-TrFE)-Based Nanofibers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12669. [PMID: 34884475 PMCID: PMC8657938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coaxial core/shell electrospun nanofibers consisting of ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) and relaxor ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) are tailor-made with hierarchical structures to modulate their mechanical properties with respect to their constituents. Compared with two single and the other coaxial membranes prepared in the research, the core/shell-TrFE/CTFE membrane shows a more prominent mechanical anisotropy between revolving direction (RD) and cross direction (CD) associated with improved resistance to tensile stress for the crystallite phase stability and good strength-ductility balance. This is due to the better degree of core/shell-TrFE-CTFE nanofiber alignment and the crystalline/amorphous ratio. The coupling between terpolymer P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) and copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) is responsible for phase stabilization, comparing the core/shell-TrFE/CTFE with the pristine terpolymer. Moreover, an impressive collective deformation mechanism of a two-length scale in the core/shell composite structure is found. We apply in-situ synchrotron X-ray to resolve the two-length scale simultaneously by using the small-angle X-ray scattering to characterize the nanofibers and the wide-angle X-ray diffraction to identify the phase transformations. Our findings may serve as guidelines for the fabrication of the electrospun nanofibers used as membranes-based electroactive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Huang
- Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (P.-H.H.); (M.-Y.L.); (E.-W.H.)
| | - Tu-Ngoc Lam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (P.-H.H.); (M.-Y.L.); (E.-W.H.)
- Department of Physics, College of Education, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 900000, Vietnam
| | - Wen-Ching Ko
- Central Region Campus, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Nantou 54041, Taiwan;
| | - Mao-Yuan Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (P.-H.H.); (M.-Y.L.); (E.-W.H.)
| | - Wei-Tsung Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan; (W.-T.C.); (C.-J.S.)
| | - Chun-Jen Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan; (W.-T.C.); (C.-J.S.)
| | - Jen-Hao Chang
- Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan;
| | - Cho Fan Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - E-Wen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (P.-H.H.); (M.-Y.L.); (E.-W.H.)
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26
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Zhang S, Wang J, Hayashi K, Sassa F. Monolithic processing of a layered flexible robotic actuator film for kinetic electronics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20015. [PMID: 34625622 PMCID: PMC8501038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-invasive soft robotic techniques can potentially be used for developing next-generation body-machine interfaces. Most soft robots require complicated fabrication processes involving 3D printing and bonding/assembling. In this letter, we describe a monolithic soft microrobot fabrication process for the mass production of soft film robots with a complex structure by simple 2D processing of a robotic actuator film. The 45 µg/mm2 lightweight film robot can be driven at a voltage of CMOS compatible 5 V with 0.15 mm-1 large curvature changes; it can generate a force 5.7 times greater than its self-weight. In a durability test, actuation could be carried out over 8000 times without degradation. To further demonstrate this technique, three types of film robots with multiple degrees of freedom and a moving illuminator robot were fabricated. This technique can easily integrate various electrical circuits developed in the past to robotic systems and can be used for developing advanced wearable sensing devices; it can be called "Kinetic electronics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhang
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Joseph Wang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Nanoengineering, Center of Wearable Sensors, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sassa
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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27
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Pinho TS, Cunha CB, Lanceros-Méndez S, Salgado AJ. Electroactive Smart Materials for Neural Tissue Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6604-6618. [PMID: 35006964 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Repair in the human nervous system is a complex and intertwined process that offers significant challenges to its study and comprehension. Taking advantage of the progress in fields such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, the scientific community has witnessed a strong increase of biomaterial-based approaches for neural tissue regenerative therapies. Electroactive materials, increasingly being used as sensors and actuators, also find application in neurosciences due to their ability to deliver electrical signals to the cells and tissues. The use of electrical signals for repairing impaired neural tissue therefore presents an interesting and innovative approach to bridge the gap between fundamental research and clinical applications in the next few years. In this review, first a general overview of electroactive materials, their historical origin, and characteristics are presented. Then a comprehensive view of the applications of electroactive smart materials for neural tissue regeneration is presented, with particular focus on the context of spinal cord injury and brain repair. Finally, the major challenges of the field are discussed and the main challenges for the near future presented. Overall, it is concluded that electroactive smart materials play an ever-increasing role in neural tissue regeneration, appearing as potentially valuable biomaterials for regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Pinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristiana B Cunha
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- Center of Physics, University of Minho, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal.,BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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28
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Sahu D, Sahu RK, Patra K. In‐plane actuation performance of graphene oxide filled VHB 4910 dielectric elastomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Sahu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Raipur India
| | - Raj Kumar Sahu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering National Institute of Technology Raipur India
| | - Karali Patra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Patna India
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29
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Lu H, Yun G, Cole T, Ouyang Y, Ren H, Shu J, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Dickey MD, Li W, Tang SY. Reversible Underwater Adhesion for Soft Robotic Feet by Leveraging Electrochemically Tunable Liquid Metal Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37904-37914. [PMID: 34319083 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft crawling robots have potential applications for surveillance, rescue, and detection in complex environments. Despite this, most existing soft crawling robots either use nonadjustable feet to passively induce asymmetry in friction to actuate or are only capable of moving on surfaces with specific designs. Thus, robots often lack the ability to move along arbitrary directions in a two-dimensional (2D) plane or in unpredictable environments such as wet surfaces. Here, leveraging the electrochemically tunable interfaces of liquid metal, we report the development of liquid metal smart feet (LMSF) that enable electrical control of friction for achieving versatile actuation of prismatic crawling robots on wet slippery surfaces. The functionality of the LMSF is examined on crawling robots with soft or rigid actuators. Parameters that affect the performance of the LMSF are investigated. The robots with the LMSF prove capable of actuating across different surfaces in various solutions. Demonstration of 2D locomotion of crawling robots along arbitrary directions validates the versatility and reliability of the LMSF, suggesting broad utility in the development of advanced soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongda Lu
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Guolin Yun
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tim Cole
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Yiming Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongtai Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Lin D, Yang F, Gong D, Lin Z, Li R, Qian W, Li C, Jia S, Chen H. Magnetoactive Soft Drivers with Radial-Chain Iron Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34935-34941. [PMID: 34279894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs), one kind of typical novel magnetoactive driver applied in the soft robotic area, have become one of the research hotspots as they can provide biologically friendly driving methods with safe, preprogrammed, and easy-to-implement properties. In this study, novel MAEs embedding soft magnetic iron microparticles with radial chains, which can be molded in one piece, achieve 3D deformation, and co-work between multiple MAEs under single homogeneous stimuli, are proposed. Then, two kinds of novel magnetoactive drivers are established based on the proposed MAEs, which can achieve the synchronous pumping behavior of heart and the extension behavior of muscle under applied homogeneous magnetic fields. The experimental data show that (1) for the pumping behavior, the maximum instantaneous flow rate and total pumping volume can reach 200.1 and 52.3 mL/min, respectively, under 120 BPM applied harmonic magnetic field with 0-300 mT amplitude; (2) the muscle extension behavior can achieve a strain of 0.925 without a loading mass and carry a load of 40 times its own weight with a pronounced dynamic movement. It should be emphasized that the behavior of the proposed magnetoactive drivers can be excited by remote homogeneous magnetic fields, and it has great application potential in biomimetic or bioinspired soft driving systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Di Gong
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Ruihong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Qian
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Chenghong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Jia
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
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31
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Pullano SA, Critello CD, Bianco MG, Menniti M, Fiorillo AS. PVDF Ultrasonic Sensors for In-Air Applications: A Review. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:2324-2335. [PMID: 33956630 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3078069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a material with ferroelectric characteristics, is still extremely topical for the manufacturing of transducers, and different examples, some of which have been actively commercialized since the 1980s, are reported in the literature. In this work, we present a review focused on the PVDF technology for the manufacturing of in-air ultrasonic transducers, which found application in medical robotics, sonar systems, and automation industry (e.g., proximity sensors and obstacle detection). The aim is to provide a comprehensive view on the development of such ultrasonic transducers, highlighting the constructive choices and the advantages/disadvantages in a thorough and concise way.
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32
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Structure–property study of pristine and dehydrofluorinated poly(vinylidene fluoride) using density functional theory. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Lam TN, Ma CY, Hsiao PH, Ko WC, Huang YJ, Lee SY, Jain J, Huang EW. Tunable Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Coaxial Electrospun Composite Nanofibers of P(VDF-TrFE) and P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4639. [PMID: 33924977 PMCID: PMC8124494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coaxial core/shell composite electrospun nanofibers consisting of relaxor ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) and ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) polymers are successfully tailored towards superior structural, mechanical, and electrical properties over the individual polymers. The core/shell-TrFE/CTFE membrane discloses a more prominent mechanical anisotropy between the revolving direction (RD) and cross direction (CD) associated with a higher tensile modulus of 26.9 MPa and good strength-ductility balance, beneficial from a better degree of nanofiber alignment, the increased density, and C-F bonding. The interfacial coupling between the terpolymer P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) and copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) is responsible for comparable full-frequency dielectric responses between the core/shell-TrFE/CTFE and pristine terpolymer. Moreover, an impressive piezoelectric coefficient up to 50.5 pm/V is achieved in the core/shell-TrFE/CTFE composite structure. Our findings corroborate the promising approach of coaxial electrospinning in efficiently tuning mechanical and electrical performances of the electrospun core/shell composite nanofiber membranes-based electroactive polymers (EAPs) actuators as artificial muscle implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Ngoc Lam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (C.-Y.M.); (P.-H.H.)
- Department of Physics, College of Education, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 900000, Vietnam
| | - Chia-Yin Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (C.-Y.M.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Po-Han Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (C.-Y.M.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Wen-Ching Ko
- Central Region Campus, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Nantou County 54041, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Jen Huang
- Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan;
| | - Soo-Yeol Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Jayant Jain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - E-Wen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (T.-N.L.); (C.-Y.M.); (P.-H.H.)
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34
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Emile J, Emile O, Gaudriault P. Resonant vibration of a thin polymer film under optical excitation. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3923-3928. [PMID: 33710231 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the mechanical excitation of a 220 μm thick thermoplastic film in its amorphous state by the radiation pressure of light. By modulating a low power visible laser (from 100 to 600 mW) at low frequencies (below 100 Hz), we observe a deformation of the film interfaces. The phenomenon, that is independent of the laser wavelength, is amplified at a resonant frequency and reaches 0.68 μm. The deformation is reversible and varies linearly with the optical power. Using the damped oscillator model, we show that the resonant frequency depends on the surface tension of the film. The associated free energy is then compared with the energy lost, taking into account the contribution of the damping corresponding to the imaginary part of the Young's modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Emile
- Université de Rennes 1, CNRS IPR UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
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35
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Gao RZ, Ren CL. Synergizing microfluidics with soft robotics: A perspective on miniaturization and future directions. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:011302. [PMID: 33564346 PMCID: PMC7861881 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics has gone through a decade of tremendous progress in advancing both fundamentals and technologies. It has also seen a wide range of applications such as surgery assistance, handling of delicate foods, and wearable assistive systems driven by its soft nature that is more human friendly than traditional hard robotics. The rapid growth of soft robotics introduces many challenges, which vary with applications. Common challenges include the availability of soft materials for realizing different functions and the precision and speed of control required for actuation. In the context of wearable systems, miniaturization appears to be an additional hurdle to be overcome in order to develop truly impactful systems with a high user acceptance. Microfluidics as a field of research has gone through more than two decades of intense and focused research resulting in many fundamental theories and practical tools that have the potentials to be applied synergistically to soft robotics toward miniaturization. This perspective aims to introduce the potential synergy between microfluidics and soft robotics as a research topic and suggest future directions that could leverage the advantages of the two fields.
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36
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Soft Underwater Robot Actuated by Shape-Memory Alloys “JellyRobcib” for Path Tracking through Fuzzy Visual Control. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in bioinspired technologies combined with the advance of intelligent and soft materials have allowed soft robots to replicate the behavior of different animal species. These devices can perform complicated tasks such as reaching or adapting in constrained and unstructured environments. This article proposes a methodology to develop a soft robot called “JellyRobcib” inspired in morphology and behavior by jellyfish, using shape-memory alloy springs as actuators (as bio-muscles). Such actuators can move the jellyfish both vertically and laterally by applying closed-loop fuzzy and visual controls. Additionally, Computer-Assisted Designs and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations have been carried out to validate the soft robot model. The results show that the robot movements are very close to the morphological behavior of a real jellyfish regarding the curves of displacements, speeds and accelerations, after performing several experiments for autonomous movement: vertical ascent, lateral movements and trajectory tracking, obtaining an accuracy of ±1479 cm and repeatability of 0.944 for lateral movements for fuzzy visual control. Furthermore, thermal measurements were taken throughout a given path, allowing the generation of temperature gradients within the underwater environment for monitoring purposes.
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37
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Fluid-driven artificial muscles: bio-design, manufacturing, sensing, control, and applications. Biodes Manuf 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-020-00099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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38
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Aboubakri A, Ahmadi VE, Koşar A. Modeling of a Passive-Valve Piezoelectric Micro-Pump: A Parametric Study. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080752. [PMID: 32751989 PMCID: PMC7464695 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric micro-pumps offer many applications and could provide considerable flow rates in miniature systems. This study parametrically investigates the effects of major parameters, namely the length, width and attack angle of valves, piezoelectric length, and applied voltage. The results show that these parameters significantly affect the performance of the designed micro-pump. Even though increasing the piezoelectric length and operating voltage raise the flow rate, the modification of valve dimensions is more efficient since these parameters do not rely on any external power. According to the obtained results, as the length of the working valves increases, the provided flow rate becomes larger. There is an optimum condition for the width and attack angle of the valves. This optimum width is not dependent on the flow rate. With the use of the attack angle and the length of the valves as design parameters, the studied design shows promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akam Aboubakri
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (A.A.); (V.E.A.)
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Vahid Ebrahimpour Ahmadi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (A.A.); (V.E.A.)
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Koşar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (A.A.); (V.E.A.)
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology and Applications Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano-Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
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Yunas J, Mulyanti B, Hamidah I, Mohd Said M, Pawinanto RE, Wan Ali WAF, Subandi A, Hamzah AA, Latif R, Yeop Majlis B. Polymer-Based MEMS Electromagnetic Actuator for Biomedical Application: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1184. [PMID: 32455993 PMCID: PMC7284590 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a comprehensive review of polymer-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) electromagnetic (EM) actuators and their implementation in the biomedical engineering field. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary on the latest development of electromagnetically driven microactuators for biomedical application that is focused on the movable structure development made of polymers. The discussion does not only focus on the polymeric material part itself, but also covers the basic mechanism of the mechanical actuation, the state of the art of the membrane development and its application. In this review, a clear description about the scheme used to drive the micro-actuators, the concept of mechanical deformation of the movable magnetic membrane and its interaction with actuator system are described in detail. Some comparisons are made to scrutinize the advantages and disadvantages of electromagnetic MEMS actuator performance. The previous studies and explanations on the technology used to fabricate the polymer-based membrane component of the electromagnetically driven microactuators system are presented. The study on the materials and the synthesis method implemented during the fabrication process for the development of the actuators are also briefly described in this review. Furthermore, potential applications of polymer-based MEMS EM actuators in the biomedical field are also described. It is concluded that much progress has been made in the material development of the actuator. The technology trend has moved from the use of bulk magnetic material to using magnetic polymer composites. The future benefits of these compact flexible material employments will offer a wide range of potential implementation of polymer composites in wearable and portable biomedical device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumril Yunas
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Budi Mulyanti
- Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi 207, Bandung 40154, Indonesia; (B.M.); (I.H.)
| | - Ida Hamidah
- Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi 207, Bandung 40154, Indonesia; (B.M.); (I.H.)
| | - Muzalifah Mohd Said
- Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia;
| | - Roer Eka Pawinanto
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Amar Fikri Wan Ali
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Ayub Subandi
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Rhonira Latif
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (W.A.F.W.A.); (A.S.); (A.A.H.); (R.L.); (B.Y.M.)
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40
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Effect of adding epoxy groups to poly (butyl acrylate) on electro- viscoelastic response: Insight from molecular dynamics simulation. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Benouhiba A, Rougeot P, Ouisse M, Clévy C, Andreff N, Rabenorosoa K. Toward Conductive Polymer-Based Soft Milli-Robots for Vacuum Applications. Front Robot AI 2019; 6:122. [PMID: 33501137 PMCID: PMC7805686 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last two decades, the development of conducting polymers (CP) as artificial muscles, by materials researchers and chemists, has made establishing a reliable and repeatable synthesis of such materials possible. CP-based milli-robots were mostly unknown in soft robotics, however, today, they play a vital role in robotics and smart materials forums. Indeed, this subclass of soft robots has reached a crucial moment in their history, a moment where they can display rather interesting features, based on established foundations in terms of modeling, control, sensing, and planning in various applications. The purpose of this paper is to present the potential of conductive polymer-based soft milli-robots as high-performance devices for vacuum applications. To that end, a trilayer polypyrrole-based actuator was first used inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM), characterized for different applied voltages, over a relatively long period. Additionally, the tip positioning of the cantilever was also controlled using a closed-loop control. Furthermore, as a proof of concept for more complex soft milli-robots, an S-shaped soft milli-robot was modeled, using a hybrid model comprised of two models; a multi-physics model and a kinematic model. It was then fabricated using laser machining and finally characterized using its tip displacement. polypyrrole-based soft milli-robots proved to have tremendous potential as high-performance soft robots at the microscale for a wide range of applications, including SEM micro-manipulation as well as biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Benouhiba
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, National Center for Scientific Research, Besançon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Kanty Rabenorosoa
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, National Center for Scientific Research, Besançon, France
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42
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Hu F, Xue Y, Xu J, Lu B. PEDOT-Based Conducting Polymer Actuators. Front Robot AI 2019; 6:114. [PMID: 33501129 PMCID: PMC7805747 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers, particularly poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its complex with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), provide a promising materials platform to develop soft actuators or artificial muscles. To date, PEDOT-based actuators are available in the field of bionics, biomedicine, smart textiles, microactuators, and other functional applications. Compared to other conducting polymers, PEDOT provides higher conductivity and chemical stability, lower density and operating voltages, and the dispersion of PEDOT with PSS further enriches performances in solubility, hydrophility, processability, and flexibility, making them advantageous in actuator-based applications. However, the actuators fabricated by PEDOT-based materials are still in their infancy, with many unknowns and challenges that require more comprehensive understanding for their current and future development. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of the actuation mechanisms, performance evaluation criteria, processing technologies and configurations, and the most recent progress of materials development and applications. Lastly, we also elaborate on future opportunities for improving and exploiting PEDOT-based actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingkun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Baoyang Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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