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Zheng Y, Li G, Luo Q, Sha H, Zhang H, Wang R, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research progress on the N protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391697. [PMID: 38741730 PMCID: PMC11089252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV exhibits genetic diversity and complexity in terms of immune responses, posing challenges for eradication. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV, an alkaline phosphoprotein, is important for various biological functions. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, genetic evolution, impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, interactions between viral and host proteins, modulation of host immunity, detection techniques targeting the N protein, and progress in vaccine development. The discussion provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV virulence, developing diagnostic techniques, and designing effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Ma Y, Shi K, Chen Z, Shi Y, Zhou Q, Mo S, Wei H, Hu L, Mo M. Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Pseudorabies Virus via Quadruplex One-Step RT-qPCR. Pathogens 2024; 13:341. [PMID: 38668296 PMCID: PMC11054806 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are significant viruses causing respiratory diseases in pigs. Sick pigs exhibit similar clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and dyspnea, making it very difficult to accurately differentially diagnose these diseases on site. In this study, a quadruplex one-step reverse-transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the detection of PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV was established. The assay showed strong specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability. It could detect only PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV, without cross-reactions with TGEV, PEDV, PRoV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PDCoV, and CSFV. The limits of detection (LODs) for PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV were 129.594, 133.205, 139.791, and 136.600 copies/reaction, respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.29% to 1.89%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR was used to test 4909 clinical specimens, which were collected in Guangxi Province, China, from July 2022 to September 2023. PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV showed positivity rates of 1.36%, 10.17%, 4.87%, and 0.84%, respectively. In addition, the previously reported RT-qPCR was also used to test these specimens, and the agreement between these methods was higher than 99.43%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR can accurately detect these four porcine respiratory viruses simultaneously, providing an accurate and reliable detection technique for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
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Miglietta L, Chen Y, Luo Z, Xu K, Ding N, Peng T, Moniri A, Kreitmann L, Cacho-Soblechero M, Holmes A, Georgiou P, Rodriguez-Manzano J. Smart-Plexer: a breakthrough workflow for hybrid development of multiplex PCR assays. Commun Biol 2023; 6:922. [PMID: 37689821 PMCID: PMC10492832 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing multiplex PCR assays requires extensive experimental testing, the number of which exponentially increases by the number of multiplexed targets. Dedicated efforts must be devoted to the design of optimal multiplex assays ensuring specific and sensitive identification of multiple analytes in a single well reaction. Inspired by data-driven approaches, we reinvent the process of developing and designing multiplex assays using a hybrid, simple workflow, named Smart-Plexer, which couples empirical testing of singleplex assays and computer simulation to develop optimised multiplex combinations. The Smart-Plexer analyses kinetic inter-target distances between amplification curves to generate optimal multiplex PCR primer sets for accurate multi-pathogen identification. In this study, the Smart-Plexer method is applied and evaluated for seven respiratory infection target detection using an optimised multiplexed PCR assay. Single-channel multiplex assays, together with the recently published data-driven methodology, Amplification Curve Analysis (ACA), were demonstrated to be capable of classifying the presence of desired targets in a single test for seven common respiratory infection pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Miglietta
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yuwen Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zhi Luo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tianyi Peng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ahmad Moniri
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Louis Kreitmann
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Miguel Cacho-Soblechero
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Holmes
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Pan J, Zeng M, Zhao M, Huang L. Research Progress on the detection methods of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1097905. [PMID: 36970703 PMCID: PMC10033578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1097905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes clinical syndromes typified as reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory diseases in piglets. PRRSV remains one of the most prevalent pathogens affecting the pig industry, because of its complex infection profile and highly heterogeneous genetic and recombination characteristics. Therefore, a rapid and effective PRRSV detection method is important for the prevention and control of PRRS. With extensive in-depth research on PRRSV detection methods, many detection methods have been improved and promoted. Laboratory methods include techniques based on virus isolation (VI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA), immunoperoxidase monolayer assays (IPMA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and other methods. This study reviews the latest research on improving the main PRRSV detection methods and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Pan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengyi Zeng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Mengmeng Zhao,
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Liangzong Huang,
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Xiong D, Zhou Y, Song L, Liu B, Matchawe C, Chen X, Pelle R, Jiao X, Pan Z. Development of a Duplex TaqMan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Accurate Identification and Quantification of Salmonella Enteritidis from Laboratory Samples and Contaminated Chicken Eggs. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050742. [PMID: 35267375 PMCID: PMC8909838 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is a major causative agent of foodborne illnesses worldwide. As the traditional serotyping and quantification methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive, faster and more convenient molecular diagnostic methods are needed. In this study, we developed and validated a rapid duplex TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the accurate identification and quantification of S. enteritidis. The primers and TaqMan probes were designed based on the S. enteritidis-specific gene lygD and the Salmonella genus-specific gene invA. The melt curve and gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the designed primers had potent specificity for the amplification of lygD and invA. The duplex real-time PCR specifically identified S. enteritidis from a panel of 40 Salmonella strains that represented 29 serovars and 12 non-Salmonella organisms. The duplex real-time PCR assay detected four copies of S. enteritidis DNA per reaction. The intra- and inter- assays indicated a high degree of reproducibility. The real-time PCR could accurately detect and quantify S. enteritidis in chicken organs after Salmonella infection. Furthermore, the assay identified 100% of the S. enteritidis and Salmonella genus isolates from chicken egg samples with superior sensitivity after 6 h of pre-enrichment compared to the traditional culture method. Additionally, the most-probable-number (MPN) combined with qPCR and a shortened incubation time (MPN-qPCR-SIT) method was developed for the population determination of S. enteritidis and compared with various enumeration methods. Thus, we have established and validated a new duplex real-time PCR assay and MPN-qPCR-SIT method for the accurate detection and quantification of S. enteritidis, which could contribute to meeting the need for fast detection and identification in prevention and control measures for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chelea Matchawe
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (C.M.); (R.P.)
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde 4123, Cameroon
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (D.X.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (B.L.); (X.C.); (Z.P.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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