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Cerri FM, Basso RM, Biscola WAP, Silva JM, Ferreira EO, Haisi A, Araújo Júnior JP, Arroyo LG, de Castro YG, Silva ROS, Filho JPDO, Borges AS. Fecal Shedding of Clostridioides difficile in Calves in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Anaerobe 2024:102861. [PMID: 38729514 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the fecal shedding of C. difficile in calves on farms in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fecal samples (n=300) were collected from diarrheic (n=78) and nondiarrheic (n=222) calves less than 60 days of age from 20 farms. Fecal samples were inoculated into enrichment broth supplemented with taurocholate and cultured under anaerobic conditions. Colonies suspected to be C. difficile were harvested for DNA extraction and then multiplex PCR for the detection of genes encoding toxins A and B and binary toxins. All toxigenic isolates were ribotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and five selected strains were subjected to whole-genome sequencing to determine their sequence type. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION C. difficile was isolated from 29.3% (88/300) of the samples. All toxigenic isolates (17/88, 19.3%) were classified as ribotypes RT046 (13/17 -79.47%, A+B+ CDT-) and RT126 (4/17=20.53%, A+B+ CDT+). The sequenced strains from RT046 were classified as ST35 (Clade 1), while those from RT126 were classified as ST11 (Clade 5). No associations between the epidemiological factors in any of the groups and C. difficile isolation were observed. Most of the toxigenic isolates (16/17=94.41%) were classified as multidrug-resistant. Calves can be an important source of toxigenic C. difficile strains, including multidrug-resistant isolates from ribotypes commonly observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Moreira Cerri
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Martins Basso
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Meireles Silva
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Paulo de Góes Institute of Microbiology (IMPG), Department of Medical Microbiology, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Oliveira Ferreira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Paulo de Góes Institute of Microbiology (IMPG), Department of Medical Microbiology, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Haisi
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis G Arroyo
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Studies, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasmin Gonçalves de Castro
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Veterinary Medicine (EV), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - José Paes de Oliveira Filho
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Secorun Borges
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil..
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Santana JA, Zanon IP, Sarsur Ribeirode Freitas RJ, Viegas FM, de Campos BH, Bicalho GC, de Almeida LR, Hemetrio NS, Nogueira de Carvalho MP, Silveira Silva RO. DISTRIBUTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM FREE-LIVING SOUTH AMERICAN COATI ( NASUA NASUA) IN AN URBAN PARK IN MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:578-583. [PMID: 37817624 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific information regarding staphylococci in procyonids is scarce. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcal species isolated from free-roaming coatis (Nasua nasua) in an urban park in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rectal swabs from 55 free-living coatis were plated onto mannitol salt agar for isolating staphylococci, and species were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nuc, and sequencing of 16S rRNA and rpoB when needed. Antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated using the disk diffusion method, and the presence of the mecA gene was investigated by PCR. A total of 72.7% of the animals tested positive for staphylococci. Nine different species were identified, and Staphylococcus intermedius (60.4%) and S. delphini (20.9%) were the most frequently isolated species. Most of the isolates were susceptible to most of the antimicrobials evaluated, with a resistance pattern seen for penicillin (13.9%). One isolate was multidrug-resistant (MDR). The present study suggests that coatis are natural hosts of S. intermedius and S. delphini and, despite living in a heavily anthropized environment, the Staphylococcus spp. isolates showed a low incidence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Almeida Santana
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Isabela Pádua Zanon
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Mello Viegas
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Hermine de Campos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Canesso Bicalho
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lara Ribeiro de Almeida
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nadja Simbera Hemetrio
- Municipal Parks and Zoobotanic Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG 31365-450, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil,
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Olaru ID, Walther B, Schaumburg F. Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:59. [PMID: 37316938 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing challenge in low and middle-income countries as it is widespread in these countries and is linked to an increased mortality. Apart from human and environmental factors, animal-related drivers of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries have special features that differ from high-income countries. The aim of this narrative review is to address the zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries. MAIN BODY Contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is highest in poultry (Africa: 8.9-60%, Asia: 53-93%) and there is a risk to import ESBL-producing E. coli through poultry meat in Africa. In aquacultures, the proportion of ESBL-producers among E. coli can be high (27%) but the overall low quality of published studies limit the general conclusion on the impact of aquacultures on human health. ESBL-producing E. coli colonization of wildlife is 1-9% in bats or 2.5-63% birds. Since most of them are migratory animals, they can disperse antimicrobial resistant bacteria over large distances. So-called 'filth flies' are a relevant vector not only of enteric pathogens but also of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in settings where sanitary systems are poor. In Africa, up to 72.5% of 'filth flies' are colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli, mostly conferred by CTX-M (24.4-100%). While methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus plays a minor role in livestock in Africa, it is frequently found in South America in poultry (27%) or pork (37.5-56.5%) but less common in Asia (poultry: 3%, pork: 1-16%). CONCLUSIONS Interventions to contain the spread of AMR should be tailored to the needs of low- and middle-income countries. These comprise capacity building of diagnostic facilities, surveillance, infection prevention and control in small-scale farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana D Olaru
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Characterization of the virulence of three novel clade 2 Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile strains and a two-year screening in animals and humans in Brazil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273013. [PMID: 36026500 PMCID: PMC9416996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) is an evolving global healthcare problem, and owing to the diverse and dynamic molecular epidemiology of C. difficile, new strains continue to emerge. In Brazil, only two cases of CDI due to the so called hypervirulent PCR ribotype (RT) 027 belonging to clade 2 have ever been reported, whereas incidence of CDI due to another “hypervirulent” RT078 (clade 5) has not yet been reported. In contrast, novel clade 2 strains have been identified in different hospitals. To better understand the epidemiology of CDIs in Brazil, this study aimed to genotypically and phenotypically characterize three novel Brazilian clade 2 strains (RT883, 884, and 885) isolated from patients with confirmed CDI. In addition, to better understand the circulating RTs, a two-year sampling was conducted in patients from the same hospital and in several domestic and wild animal species. The three strains examined showed lower production of A/B toxins than the control RT027, although two of these strains harbored a truncated tcdC gene. All strains showed swimming motility similar to that of RT027, while RT883 showed higher spore production than the reference strain. In the in vivo hamster model, the lethality of all strains was found to be similar to that of RT027. Both cgMLST and cgMLSA analyses revealed a high genetic similarity among the three-novel clade 2 isolates. In the two-year survey in animals and humans, RT883, 884, and 885 were not detected; however, three new RTs (RT988, RT989, and RT990) were isolated, two of which were genetically related to the three previously reported clade 2 strains. RT106 and RT126 were most frequently detected in humans (47.9%) and animals (57.9%), respectively. Furthermore, RT027 and RT078 were not detected in humans. The results of this study suggest that these novel clade 2 strains have virulence potential and that new strains from clade 2 continue to emerge in our setting, indicating the need for long-term local surveillance.
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