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Wang L, He J, Wu L, Wu X, Hao B, Wang S, Cui D. Acute and 28-Day Repeated-Dose Oral Toxicity of the Herbal Formula Guixiong Yimu San in Mice and Sprague-Dawley Rats. Vet Sci 2023; 10:615. [PMID: 37888567 PMCID: PMC10610608 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the acute and chronic 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity of Guixiong Yimu San (GYS) in mice and rats, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the stachydrine hydrochloride in GYS as the quality control. In the acute toxicity trial, the mice were administered orally at a dose rate of 30.0 g GYS/kg body weight (BW) three times a day. The general behavior, side effects, and death rate were noticed for 14 days following treatment. In the subacute toxicity trial, the rats were administered orally at a dose rates of30.0, 15.0, and 7.5 g GYS/kg BW once a day for 28 days. The rats were monitored every day for clinical signs and deaths; changes in body weight and relative organ weights (ROW) were recorded every week, hematological, biochemical, and pathological parameters were also examined at the end of treatment. The results showed that the level of stachydrine hydrochloride in GYS was 2.272 mg/g. In the acute toxicity trial, the maximum-tolerated dose of GYS was more than 90.0 g/kg BW, and no adverse effects or mortalities were noticed during the 14 days in the mice. At the given dose, there were no death or toxicity signs all through the 28-day subacute toxicity trial.The oral administration of GYS at a dose rate of 30.0 g/kg/day BW had no substantial effects on BW, ROW, blood hematology, gross pathology, histopathology, and biochemistry (except glucose), so 30.0 g/kg BW/day was determined as the no-observed-adverse-effect dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (L.W.); (J.H.); (L.W.); (B.H.)
| | - Dongan Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (L.W.); (J.H.); (L.W.); (B.H.)
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Park SH, Lim JO, Kim WI, Park SW, Lee SJ, Shin IS, Moon C, Kim JH, Heo JD, Kim JC. Subchronic Toxicity Evaluation of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles in Rats Following 28-Day Repeated Oral Administration. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3215-3226. [PMID: 34535882 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies on the potential adverse effects of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs) have reported conflicting results. The present study investigated the potential adverse effects of Al2O3NPs in Sprague-Dawley rats following 28-day repeated oral administration. In addition, we aimed to determine the target organ and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of Al2O3NPs. Al2O3NPs was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. There were no treatment-related adverse effects as indicated by the clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, ophthalmology, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology at all the tested doses. Under the experimental conditions of the present study, 28-day repeated oral administration of Al2O3NPs at doses of up to 1000 mg/kg/day did not induce any treatment-related systemic toxicity in male and female rats. The NOAEL of Al2O3NPs was set at 1000 mg/kg/day in both male and female rats and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyeuk Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Won Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hein Kim
- Bioenvironmental Science & Technology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Gyeongnam, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Doo Heo
- Bioenvironmental Science & Technology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Gyeongnam, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HY, Kim TR, Kim SH, Kim IH, Lim JO, Park JH, Yun S, Lee IC, Park HO, Kim JC. Four-Week Repeated Intravenous Dose Toxicity of Self-Assembled-Micelle Inhibitory RNA-Targeting Amphiregulin in Mice. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:453-465. [PMID: 34286615 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211031241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential subchronic toxicity of self-assembled-micelle inhibitory RNA-targeting amphiregulin (SAMiRNA-AREG) in mice. The test reagent was administered once-daily by intravenous injection for 4 weeks at 0, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg/day doses. Additional recovery groups (vehicle control and high dose groups) were observed for a 2-week recovery period. During the test period, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology were examined. An increase in the percentages of basophil and large unstained cells was observed in the 200 and 300 mg/kg/day groups of both sexes. In addition, the absolute and relative weights of the spleen were higher in males given 300 mg/kg/day relative to the concurrent controls. However, these findings were considered of no toxicological significance because the changes were minimal, were not accompanied by other relevant results (eg, correlating microscopic changes), and were not observed at the end of the 2-week recovery period indicating recovery of the findings. Based on the results, SAMiRNA-AREG did not cause treatment-related adverse effects at dose levels of up to 300 mg/kg/day in mice after 4-week repeated intravenous doses. Under these conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the SAMiRNA-AREG was ≥300 mg/kg/day in both sexes and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Young Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Rim Kim
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyeon Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, 443298Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungil Yun
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Functional Biomaterial Research Center, 54679Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Oh Park
- 65404siRNAgen Therapeutics and Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, 34931Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105001. [PMID: 34242707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the potential toxicity of repeated oral dose of SUNACTIVE Zn-P240, a new type of zinc supplement, in Sprague-Dawley rats. SUNACTIVE Zn-P240 was administered once daily by gavage at doses of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day for each group over a 28-day period. At 2000 mg/kg/day, there were increases in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase, liver weight, histopathological changes in stomach, liver, and pancreas and decreases in body weight, food consumption, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total protein (TP), and albumin. At 1000 mg/kg/day, there was an increase in the serum ALP level and there were decreases in the MCV, MCH, and TP. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in the 500 mg/kg/day group. Under the present experimental conditions, the target organs in rats were determined to be the stomach, pancreas, liver, and erythrocyte and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in rats was considered to be 500 mg/kg/day.
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Ahmad MH, Jatau AI, Alshargi OY, Julde SM, Mohammed M, Muhammad S, Mustapha S, Bala AA, Wada AS, Aminu M, Usman AM. Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae): a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The plant Olax subscorpioidea Oliv (Olacaceae) is a shrub that is widely available in Africa. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases including asthma, pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, cough, diabetes mellitus, cancer, infectious diseases, hepatic diseases, and many other diseases. Several phytochemical and pharmacological investigations were conducted on this plant. However, comprehensive information on this medicinally important plant is not available in the literature. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to provide comprehensive and critical information on all the reported ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and potential toxicity of Olax subscorpioidea to highlight its therapeutic potentials based on traditional usage and identify research gaps as a basis for further investigations to develop novel therapeutic compounds.
Main body
The available information about the plant was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) and published PhD dissertation using the search terms Olax subscorpioidea, traditional uses, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and safety. Phytochemical studies have shown that the plant contains several bioactive compounds such as rutin, morin, quercetin, caffeic acid, santalbic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, nonacosane, hentriacontane, and many more compounds. Also, pharmacological investigations revealed that Olax subscorpioidea has antidepressant, antiepileptic, anti-Alzheimer’s, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, apoptotic, antiprotease, and other CNS effects.
Conclusion
Several pharmacological studies on Olax subscorpioidea have established its ethnopharmacological uses. However, there are limited phytochemical and pharmacological studies to validate other folkloric claims of the plant. Therefore, extensive phytochemical and further pre-clinical efficacy and safety evaluations to fully establish its therapeutic potentials and elucidate its mechanisms of pharmacological actions could be necessary.
Graphical abstract
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Cha SB, Li Y, Bae JS, Song SW, Lee IC, Kim JC. Evaluation of 13-week subchronic toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. root extract in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113621. [PMID: 33246125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodi radix is widely used in traditional herbal medicine for bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. However, data on safety of Platycodi radix are insufficient. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate the potential subchronic toxicity of Platycodi radix water extract through a 13-week repeated oral dose experiment in Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male and 40 female rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: three treatment groups receiving 300, 1000, and 3000 mg/kg/day of Platycodi radix water extract and a vehicle control group receiving sterile distilled water for 13 weeks. RESULTS Repeated oral administration of the Platycodi radix water extract to rats resulted in an increased incidence of centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver, diffuse follicular cell hypertrophy in the thyroid gland, and squamous hyperplasia of the limiting ridge in the stomach at dose levels of ≥500 mg/kg/day of both genders. However, these findings are considered be adaptive non-adverse changes because these findings were observed without organ weight change or clinical pathology alterations. No treatment-related effects on clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, and organ weights were observed at any dose tested. CONCLUSION Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the Platycodi radix water extract was considered to be ≥ 3000 mg/kg/day in rats, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Cha
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinghua Li
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Cha SB, Kim HS, Bae JS, Song SW, Lim JO, Kim JC. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of a Dioscorea Rhizome water extract in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 120:104844. [PMID: 33359266 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dioscorea Rhizome is widely used as a traditional herbal medicine to treat asthma, diarrhea, cough, bronchitis, spermatorrhea, leukorrhea, and rheumatoid arthritis. This study investigated the potential subchronic toxicity of a D. Rhizome water extract (DRWE) after repeated oral administration at 0, 800, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg/day in rats for 13 weeks. During the study period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, water consumption, urinalysis, ophthalmoscopy, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology were examined. The 13-week repeated oral administration of DRWE to rats resulted in an increased incidence of zona glomerulosa hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the adrenal gland at dose levels of ≥2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes. However, these findings are considered as non-adverse adaptive changes because of minimal histological changes in the lesions, which were not accompanied by any corresponding alterations in serum electrolytes and adrenal gland weight. No treatment-related adverse effects on clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, and organ weights were observed at any dose tested. Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the DRWE was considered to be 5000 mg/kg/day in both sexes, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Cha
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Soo Kim
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Lim JO, Jung TY, Lee SJ, Park SW, Kim WI, Park SH, Kim JH, Heo JD, Kim YB, Shin IS, Kim JC. Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of aluminum chloride in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1088-1097. [PMID: 32815395 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1808670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the potential adverse effects of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) following a 4-week repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. The test article was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, and 900 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. After administration of AlCl3 at 900 mg/kg/day, treatment-related systemic toxicity manifested as significant increases in salivation incidence, neutrophil percentage, reticulocytes, serum triglyceride, adrenal gland and liver weights, and single-hepatocyte necrosis, as well as significant decreases in body weight gain, food intake, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), lymphocyte percentage, serum total protein and albumin, and thymus weight in male rats; and significant increases in salivation incidence, serum triglyceride, and liver weight, as well as a significant decrease in lymphocyte percentage in female rats. At 300 mg/kg/day, a significant decrease in MCHC was found in male rats, but not in female rats. However, this finding was not toxicologically significant because the reduction was minimal and was not accompanied by changes in any other parameters. No treatment-related effects were observed in the 100 mg/kg/day group of both genders. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the target organs of AlCl3 were determined to be the blood, liver, and thymus in rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect level was found to be 300 mg/kg/day in rats of both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yang Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Won Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyeuk Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Hein Kim
- Bioenvironmental Science & Technology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Doo Heo
- Bioenvironmental Science & Technology Division, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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