1
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Pulido-Quetglas C, Johnson R. Designing libraries for pooled CRISPR functional screens of long noncoding RNAs. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:312-327. [PMID: 34533605 PMCID: PMC9114037 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human and other genomes encode tens of thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), the vast majority of which remain uncharacterised. High-throughput functional screening methods, notably those based on pooled CRISPR-Cas perturbations, promise to unlock the biological significance and biomedical potential of lncRNAs. Such screens are based on libraries of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) whose design is critical for success. Few off-the-shelf libraries are presently available, and lncRNAs tend to have cell-type-specific expression profiles, meaning that library design remains in the hands of researchers. Here we introduce the topic of pooled CRISPR screens for lncRNAs and guide readers through the three key steps of library design: accurate annotation of transcript structures, curation of optimal candidate sets, and design of sgRNAs. This review is a starting point and reference for researchers seeking to design custom CRISPR screening libraries for lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pulido-Quetglas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rory Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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2
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Tornabene P, Ferla R, Llado-Santaeularia M, Centrulo M, Dell'Anno M, Esposito F, Marrocco E, Pone E, Minopoli R, Iodice C, Nusco E, Rossi S, Lyubenova H, Manfredi A, Di Filippo L, Iuliano A, Torella A, Piluso G, Musacchia F, Surace EM, Cacchiarelli D, Nigro V, Auricchio A. Therapeutic homology-independent targeted integration in retina and liver. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1963. [PMID: 35414130 PMCID: PMC9005519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Challenges to the widespread application of gene therapy with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors include dominant conditions due to gain-of-function mutations which require allele-specific knockout, as well as long-term transgene expression from proliferating tissues, which is hampered by AAV DNA episomal status. To overcome these challenges, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-independent targeted integration (HITI) in retina and liver as paradigmatic target tissues. We show that AAV-HITI targets photoreceptors of both mouse and pig retina, and this results in significant improvements to retinal morphology and function in mice with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. In addition, we show that neonatal systemic AAV-HITI delivery achieves stable liver transgene expression and phenotypic improvement in a mouse model of a severe lysosomal storage disease. We also show that HITI applications predominantly result in on-target editing. These results lay the groundwork for the application of AAV-HITI for the treatment of diseases affecting various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Tornabene
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Ferla
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Miriam Centrulo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Margherita Dell'Anno
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Esposito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Elena Marrocco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pone
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Minopoli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Carolina Iodice
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Edoardo Nusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Next Generation Diagnostic Srl, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Iuliano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Piluso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Maria Surace
- Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy. .,Medical Genetics, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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3
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Zhang Y, Dho SE, Othman K, Simpson CD, Lapierre J, Bondoc A, McGlade CJ. Numb exon 9 inclusion regulates Integrinβ5 surface expression and promotes breast cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2022; 41:2079-2094. [PMID: 35181737 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic adaptor protein Numb acts as a tumor suppressor through downregulation of oncogenic pathways in multiple cancer types. The identification of splicing alterations giving rise to changes in Numb protein isoform expression indicate that Numb also has tumor promoting activity, though the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we report that NUMB exon 9 inclusion, which results in production of a protein isoform with an additional 49 amino acids, is a feature of multiple cancer types including all subtypes of breast cancer and correlates with worse progression-free survival. Specific deletion of exon 9-included Numb isoforms (Exon9in) from breast cancer cells reduced cell growth and prevents spontaneous lung metastasis in a mouse model. Quantitative proteome profiling showed that loss of Exon9in causes downregulation of membrane receptors and adhesion molecules, as well as proteins involved in extracellular matrix organization and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) state. In addition, exon 9 deletion caused remodeling of the endocytic network, decreased ITGβ5 surface localization, cell spreading on vitronectin and downstream signaling to ERK and SRC. Together these observations suggest that Exon9in isoform expression disrupts the endocytic trafficking functions of Numb, resulting in increased surface expression of ITGβ5 as well as other plasma membrane proteins to promote cell adhesion, EMT, and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjing Zhang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Sascha E Dho
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Kamal Othman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Craig D Simpson
- SPARC BioCentre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Andrew Bondoc
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - C Jane McGlade
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Program in Cell Biology, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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4
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Kovalyova Y, Bak DW, Gordon EM, Fung C, Shuman JHB, Cover TL, Amieva MR, Weerapana E, Hatzios SK. An infection-induced oxidation site regulates legumain processing and tumor growth. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:698-705. [PMID: 35332331 PMCID: PMC9246868 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-00992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a defining feature of most cancers, including those that stem from carcinogenic infections1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can drive tumor formation2–4, yet the molecular oxidation events that contribute to tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here we show that inactivation of a single, redox-sensitive cysteine in the host protease legumain, which is oxidized during infection with the gastric cancer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori, accelerates tumor growth. By using chemical proteomics to map cysteine reactivity in human gastric cells, we determined that H. pylori infection induces oxidation of legumain at Cys219. Legumain oxidation dysregulates intracellular legumain processing and decreases the activity of the enzyme in H. pylori-infected cells. We further show that the site-specific loss of Cys219 reactivity increases tumor growth and mortality in a xenograft model. Our findings establish a link between an infection-induced oxidation site and tumorigenesis while underscoring the importance of cysteine reactivity in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Kovalyova
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel W Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gordon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Connie Fung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer H B Shuman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manuel R Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Stavroula K Hatzios
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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5
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Tu CF, Li FA, Li LH, Yang RB. Quantitative glycoproteomics analysis identifies novel FUT8 targets and signaling networks critical for breast cancer cell invasiveness. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:21. [PMID: 35303925 PMCID: PMC8932202 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently showed that fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8)-mediated core fucosylation of transforming growth factor-β receptor enhances its signaling and promotes breast cancer invasion and metastasis. However, the complete FUT8 target glycoproteins and their downstream signaling networks critical for breast cancer progression remain largely unknown. METHOD We performed quantitative glycoproteomics with two highly invasive breast cancer cell lines to unravel a comprehensive list of core-fucosylated glycoproteins by comparison to parental wild-type and FUT8-knockout counterpart cells. In addition, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was performed to highlight the most enriched biological functions and signaling pathways mediated by FUT8 targets. Novel FUT8 target glycoproteins with biological interest were functionally studied and validated by using LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin) blotting and LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) analysis. RESULTS Loss-of-function studies demonstrated that FUT8 knockout suppressed the invasiveness of highly aggressive breast carcinoma cells. Quantitative glycoproteomics identified 140 common target glycoproteins. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of these target proteins gave a global and novel perspective on signaling networks essential for breast cancer cell migration and invasion. In addition, we showed that core fucosylation of integrin αvβ5 or IL6ST might be crucial for breast cancer cell adhesion to vitronectin or enhanced cellular signaling to interleukin 6 and oncostatin M, two cytokines implicated in the breast cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Our report reveals a comprehensive list of core-fucosylated target proteins and provides novel insights into signaling networks crucial for breast cancer progression. These findings will assist in deciphering the complex molecular mechanisms and developing diagnostic or therapeutic approaches targeting these signaling pathways in breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fen Tu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Hui Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Bing Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Rd., Sec. 2, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan. .,Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115202, Taiwan. .,Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan.
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6
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Kawabata H, Ono Y, Tamamura N, Oyama K, Ueda J, Sato H, Takahashi K, Taniue K, Okada T, Fujibayashi S, Hayashi A, Goto T, Enomoto K, Konishi H, Fujiya M, Miyakawa K, Tanino M, Nishikawa Y, Koga D, Watanabe T, Maeda C, Karasaki H, Liss AS, Mizukami Y, Okumura T. Mutant GNAS limits tumor aggressiveness in established pancreatic cancer via antagonizing the KRAS-pathway. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:208-220. [PMID: 35018527 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in GNAS drive pancreatic tumorigenesis and frequently occur in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN); however, their value as a therapeutic target is yet to be determined. This study aimed at evaluating the involvement of mutant GNAS in tumor aggressiveness in established pancreatic cancer. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9-mediated GNAS R201H silencing was performed using human primary IPMN-associated pancreatic cancer cells. The role of oncogenic GNAS in tumor maintenance was evaluated by conducting cell culture and xenograft experiments, and western blotting and transcriptome analyses were performed to uncover GNAS-driven signatures. RESULTS Xenografts of GNAS wild-type cells were characterized by a higher Ki-67 labeling index relative to GNAS-mutant cells. Phenotypic alterations in the GNAS wild-type tumors resulted in a significant reduction in mucin production accompanied by solid with massive stromal components. Transcriptional profiling suggested an apparent conflict of mutant GNAS with KRAS signaling. A significantly higher Notch intercellular domain (NICD) was observed in the nuclear fraction of GNAS wild-type cells. Meanwhile, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) induced NICD in GNAS-mutant IPMN cells, suggesting that NOTCH signaling is negatively regulated by the GNAS-PKA pathway. GNAS wild-type cells were characterized by a significant invasive property relative to GNAS-mutant cells, which was mediated through the NOTCH regulatory pathway. CONCLUSIONS Oncogenic GNAS induces mucin production, not only via MUC2 but also via MUC5AC/B, which may enlarge cystic lesions in the pancreas. The mutation may also limit tumor aggressiveness by attenuating NOTCH signaling; therefore, such tumor-suppressing effects must be considered when therapeutically inhibiting the GNAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemasa Kawabata
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo-Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Nobue Tamamura
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kyohei Oyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Ueda
- Department of Advanced Medical Science, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenzui Taniue
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Okada
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Syugo Fujibayashi
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takuma Goto
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuro Enomoto
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Konishi
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Keita Miyakawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Mishie Tanino
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishikawa
- Division of Tumor Pathology, Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Chiho Maeda
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo-Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Hidenori Karasaki
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo-Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yusuke Mizukami
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan.
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo-Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 065-0033, Japan.
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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Deb S, Choudhury A, Kharbyngar B, Satyawada RR. Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for modification of the plant genome. Genetica 2022; 150:1-12. [PMID: 35018532 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-021-00146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/ CRISPR associated protein 9) system was discovered in bacteria and archea as an acquired immune response to protect the cells from infection. This technology has now evolved to become an efficient genome editing tool, and is replacing older gene editing technologies. This technique uses programmable sgRNAs to guide the Cas9 endonuclease to the target DNA location. sgRNA is a vital component of the CRISPR technology, since without it the Cas nuclease cannot reach to its target location. Over the years, many tools have been developed for designing sgRNAs, the details of which have been extensively reviewed here. It has proven to be a promising tool in the field of genetic engineering and has successfully generated many plant varieties with better and desirable qualities. In the present review, we attempted to collect,collate and summarize information related to the development of CRISPR/Cas9 system as a tool and subsequently into a technique having a wide array of applications in the field of plant genome editing in attaining desirable traits like resistance to various diseases, nutritional enhancement etc. In addition, the probable future prospects and the various bio-safety concerns associated with CRISPR gene editing technology have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Deb
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Amrita Choudhury
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Banridor Kharbyngar
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Rama Rao Satyawada
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India.
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8
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Dhanjal JK, Vora D, Radhakrishnan N, Sundar D. Computational Approaches for Designing Highly Specific and Efficient sgRNAs. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2349:147-166. [PMID: 34718995 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1585-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The easily programmable CRISPR/Cas9 system has found applications in biomedical research as well as microbial and crop applications, due to its ability to create site-specific edits. This powerful and flexible system has also been modified to enable inducible gene regulation, epigenome modifications and high-throughput screens. Designing efficient and specific guides for the nuclease is a key step and also a major challenge in effective application. This chapter describes rules for sgRNA design and important features to consider while touching upon bioinformatics advances in predicting efficient guides. Computational tools that suggest improved guides, depending on application, or predict off-targets have also been mentioned and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur Dhanjal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhvani Vora
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Navaneethan Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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9
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Kallemeijn WW, Lanyon-Hogg T, Panyain N, Goya Grocin A, Ciepla P, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Tate EW. Proteome-wide analysis of protein lipidation using chemical probes: in-gel fluorescence visualization, identification and quantification of N-myristoylation, N- and S-acylation, O-cholesterylation, S-farnesylation and S-geranylgeranylation. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5083-5122. [PMID: 34707257 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein lipidation is one of the most widespread post-translational modifications (PTMs) found in nature, regulating protein function, structure and subcellular localization. Lipid transferases and their substrate proteins are also attracting increasing interest as drug targets because of their dysregulation in many disease states. However, the inherent hydrophobicity and potential dynamic nature of lipid modifications makes them notoriously challenging to detect by many analytical methods. Chemical proteomics provides a powerful approach to identify and quantify these diverse protein modifications by combining bespoke chemical tools for lipidated protein enrichment with quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Here, we report a robust and proteome-wide approach for the exploration of five major classes of protein lipidation in living cells, through the use of specific chemical probes for each lipid PTM. In-cell labeling of lipidated proteins is achieved by the metabolic incorporation of a lipid probe that mimics the specific natural lipid, concomitantly wielding an alkyne as a bio-orthogonal labeling tag. After incorporation, the chemically tagged proteins can be coupled to multifunctional 'capture reagents' by using click chemistry, allowing in-gel fluorescence visualization or enrichment via affinity handles for quantitative chemical proteomics based on label-free quantification (LFQ) or tandem mass-tag (TMT) approaches. In this protocol, we describe the application of lipid probes for N-myristoylation, N- and S-acylation, O-cholesterylation, S-farnesylation and S-geranylgeranylation in multiple cell lines to illustrate both the workflow and data obtained in these experiments. We provide detailed workflows for method optimization, sample preparation for chemical proteomics and data processing. A properly trained researcher (e.g., technician, graduate student or postdoc) can complete all steps from optimizing metabolic labeling to data processing within 3 weeks. This protocol enables sensitive and quantitative analysis of lipidated proteins at a proteome-wide scale at native expression levels, which is critical to understanding the role of lipid PTMs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nattawadee Panyain
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Goya Grocin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paulina Ciepla
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Morales-Sanfrutos
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- Proteomics Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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10
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Cabot D, Brun S, Paco N, Ginesta MM, Gendrau-Sanclemente N, Abuasaker B, Ruiz-Fariña T, Barceló C, Cuatrecasas M, Bosch M, Rentero C, Pons G, Estanyol JM, Capellà G, Jaumot M, Agell N. KRAS phosphorylation regulates cell polarization and tumorigenic properties in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:5730-5740. [PMID: 34333552 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations of KRAS are found in the most aggressive human tumors, including colorectal cancer. It has been suggested that oncogenic KRAS phosphorylation at Ser181 modulates its activity and favors cell transformation. Using nonphosphorylatable (S181A), phosphomimetic (S181D), and phospho-/dephosphorylatable (S181) oncogenic KRAS mutants, we analyzed the role of this phosphorylation to the maintenance of tumorigenic properties of colorectal cancer cells. Our data show that the presence of phospho-/dephosphorylatable oncogenic KRAS is required for preserving the epithelial organization of colorectal cancer cells in 3D cultures, and for supporting subcutaneous tumor growth in mice. Interestingly, gene expression differed according to the phosphorylation status of KRAS. In DLD-1 cells, CTNNA1 was only expressed in phospho-/dephosphorylatable oncogenic KRAS-expressing cells, correlating with cell polarization. Moreover, lack of oncogenic KRAS phosphorylation leads to changes in expression of genes related to cell invasion, such as SERPINE1, PRSS1,2,3, and NEO1, and expression of phosphomimetic oncogenic KRAS resulted in diminished expression of genes involved in enterocyte differentiation, such as HNF4G. Finally, the analysis, in a public data set of human colorectal cancer, of the gene expression signatures associated with phosphomimetic and nonphosphorylatable oncogenic KRAS suggests that this post-translational modification regulates tumor progression in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cabot
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Brun
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Paco
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia M Ginesta
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Gendrau-Sanclemente
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baraa Abuasaker
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Triana Ruiz-Fariña
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Barceló
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Miriam Cuatrecasas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Fonaments Clínics, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona; Pathology Department and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) and Tumor Bank-Biobank, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Pons
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Estanyol
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Proteomics Unit, CCiT-UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Capellà
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Jaumot
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Neus Agell
- Department Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Ferrari S, Beretta S, Jacob A, Cittaro D, Albano L, Merelli I, Naldini L, Genovese P. BAR-Seq clonal tracking of gene-edited cells. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2991-3025. [PMID: 34031609 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing by engineered nucleases has revolutionized the field of gene therapy by enabling targeted and precise modification of the genome. However, the limited availability of methods for clonal tracking of edited cells has resulted in a paucity of information on the diversity, abundance and behavior of engineered clones. Here we detail the wet laboratory and bioinformatic BAR-Seq pipeline, a strategy for clonal tracking of cells harboring homology-directed targeted integration of a barcoding cassette. We present the BAR-Seq web application, an online, freely available and easy-to-use software that allows performing clonal tracking analyses on raw sequencing data without any computational resources or advanced bioinformatic skills. BAR-Seq can be applied to most editing strategies, and we describe its use to investigate the clonal dynamics of human edited hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in xenotransplanted hosts. Notably, BAR-Seq may be applied in both basic and translational research contexts to investigate the biology of edited cells and stringently compare editing protocols at a clonal level. Our BAR-Seq pipeline allows library preparation and validation in a few days and clonal analyses of edited cell populations in 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. .,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Beretta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aurelien Jacob
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Milano-Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Davide Cittaro
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Albano
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Merelli
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Segrate, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Genovese
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Wang Y, Li H, Xue C, Chen H, Xue Y, Zhao F, Zhu MX, Cao Z. TRPV3 enhances skin keratinocyte proliferation through EGFR-dependent signaling pathways. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:313-330. [PMID: 32535744 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is highly expressed in skin keratinocytes where it forms Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels to regulate various cutaneous functions. TRPV3 expression is upregulated in many skin disorders. Here, we examined how TRPV3 affects keratinocyte proliferation and investigated the underlying mechanism. Topical application of TRPV3 agonist, carvacrol, increased skin thickness in wild type (WT) mice but not in TRPV3 knockout (KO) mice. Carvacrol promoted proliferation of human keratinocytes HaCaT cells at concentrations ≤ 100 μM, but at 300 μM, it decreased cell viability, suggesting a nonmonotonic proliferative effect. Suppression of TRPV3 expression abolished carvacrol-induced cell proliferation while overexpression of TRPV3 enhanced HaCaT cell proliferation. Carvacrol also stimulated Ca2+ influx and proliferation of primary keratinocytes prepared from WT but not TRPV3 KO mice, suggesting that carvacrol-stimulated cell proliferation was dependent on TRPV3-mediated Ca2+ influx. Mechanistic investigation demonstrated that carvacrol stimulated TGFα release and increased phosphorylation levels of EGFR, PI3K, and NF-κB, effects abolished by suppression of TRPV3 expression and CaMKII inhibition. Moreover, inhibition of CaMKII, EGFR, PI3K, or NF-κB diminished carvacrol-induced cell proliferation. We conclude that while strong activation of TRPV3 may cause cell death, moderate activation of TRPV3 promotes cell proliferation in keratinocytes through Ca2+/CaMKII→TGFα/EGFR→PI3K→NF-κB signaling. Graphical abstract Headlights 1. Carvacrol induces epidermal hyperplasia and keratinocyte proliferation. 2. TRPV3 mediates carvacrol-induced epidermal hyperplasia and keratinocyte proliferation. 3. TRPV3 acts through Ca2+/CaMKII→TGFα/EGFR→PI3K→NF-κB signaling to promote keratinocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanning Xue
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Twinfilin uncaps filament barbed ends to promote turnover of lamellipodial actin networks. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:147-159. [PMID: 33558729 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated polymerization of actin filaments provides force for cell migration, morphogenesis and endocytosis. Capping protein (CP) is a central regulator of actin dynamics in all eukaryotes. It binds to actin filament (F-actin) barbed ends with high affinity and slow dissociation kinetics to prevent filament polymerization and depolymerization. However, in cells, CP displays remarkably rapid dynamics within F-actin networks, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that the conserved cytoskeletal regulator twinfilin is responsible for CP's rapid dynamics and specific localization in cells. Depletion of twinfilin led to stable association between CP and cellular F-actin arrays, as well as to its retrograde movement throughout leading-edge lamellipodia. These were accompanied by diminished F-actin turnover rates. In vitro single-filament imaging approaches revealed that twinfilin directly promotes dissociation of CP from filament barbed ends, while enabling subsequent filament depolymerization. These results uncover a bipartite mechanism that controls how actin cytoskeleton-mediated forces are generated in cells.
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14
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Brandel A, Aigal S, Lagies S, Schlimpert M, Meléndez AV, Xu M, Lehmann A, Hummel D, Fisch D, Madl J, Eierhoff T, Kammerer B, Römer W. The Gb3-enriched CD59/flotillin plasma membrane domain regulates host cell invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3637-3656. [PMID: 33555391 PMCID: PMC8038999 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has gained precedence over the years due to its ability to develop resistance to existing antibiotics, thereby necessitating alternative strategies to understand and combat the bacterium. Our previous work identified the interaction between the bacterial lectin LecA and its host cell glycosphingolipid receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) as a crucial step for the engulfment of P. aeruginosa via the lipid zipper mechanism. In this study, we define the LecA-associated host cell membrane domain by pull-down and mass spectrometry analysis. We unraveled a predilection of LecA for binding to saturated, long fatty acyl chain-containing Gb3 species in the extracellular membrane leaflet and an induction of dynamic phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) clusters at the intracellular leaflet co-localizing with sites of LecA binding. We found flotillins and the GPI-anchored protein CD59 not only to be an integral part of the LecA-interacting membrane domain, but also majorly influencing bacterial invasion as depletion of either of these host cell proteins resulted in about 50% reduced invasiveness of the P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. In summary, we report that the LecA-Gb3 interaction at the extracellular leaflet induces the formation of a plasma membrane domain enriched in saturated Gb3 species, CD59, PIP3 and flotillin thereby facilitating efficient uptake of PAO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brandel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sahaja Aigal
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Lagies
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maokai Xu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anika Lehmann
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hummel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fisch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josef Madl
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Straße 2q, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Eierhoff
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Albert Schweitzer Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstraße 49, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS, Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Loss of the fragile X syndrome protein FMRP results in misregulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:40-48. [PMID: 33420492 PMCID: PMC8273690 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the fragile X protein FMRP is a leading cause of intellectual disability and autism1,2, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. We report that FMRP deficiency results in hyperactivated nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD)3,4 in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and fragile X syndrome (FXS) fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We examined the underlying mechanism and found that the key NMD factor UPF1 binds directly to FMRP, promoting FMRP binding to NMD targets. Our data indicate that FMRP acts as an NMD repressor. In the absence of FMRP, NMD targets are relieved from FMRP-mediated translational repression so that their half-lives are decreased and, for those NMD targets encoding NMD factors, increased translation produces abnormally high factor levels despite their hyperactivated NMD. Transcriptome-wide alterations caused by NMD hyperactivation have a role in the FXS phenotype. Consistent with this, small-molecule-mediated inhibition of hyperactivated NMD, which typifies iPSCs derived from patients with FXS, restores a number of neurodifferentiation markers, including those not deriving from NMD targets. Our mechanistic studies reveal that many molecular abnormalities in FMRP-deficient cells are attributable-either directly or indirectly-to misregulated NMD.
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16
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Anzai T, Hara H, Chanthra N, Sadahiro T, Ieda M, Hanazono Y, Uosaki H. Generation of Efficient Knock-in Mouse and Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR-Cas9. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2320:247-259. [PMID: 34302663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1484-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A knock-in can generate fluorescent or Cre-reporter under the control of an endogenous promoter. It also generates knock-out or tagged-protein with fluorescent protein and short tags for tracking and purification. Recent advances in genome editing with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) significantly increased the efficiencies of making knock-in cells. Here we describe the detailed protocols of generating knock-in mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) by electroporation and lipofection, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Anzai
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hara
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Animal Resource Laboratory, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nawin Chanthra
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Taketaro Sadahiro
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanazono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
- Translational Research Laboratory, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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17
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Choudhuri A, Trompouki E, Abraham BJ, Colli LM, Kock KH, Mallard W, Yang ML, Vinjamur DS, Ghamari A, Sporrij A, Hoi K, Hummel B, Boatman S, Chan V, Tseng S, Nandakumar SK, Yang S, Lichtig A, Superdock M, Grimes SN, Bowman TV, Zhou Y, Takahashi S, Joehanes R, Cantor AB, Bauer DE, Ganesh SK, Rinn J, Albert PS, Bulyk ML, Chanock SJ, Young RA, Zon LI. Common variants in signaling transcription-factor-binding sites drive phenotypic variability in red blood cell traits. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1333-1345. [PMID: 33230299 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies identify genomic variants associated with human traits and diseases. Most trait-associated variants are located within cell-type-specific enhancers, but the molecular mechanisms governing phenotypic variation are less well understood. Here, we show that many enhancer variants associated with red blood cell (RBC) traits map to enhancers that are co-bound by lineage-specific master transcription factors (MTFs) and signaling transcription factors (STFs) responsive to extracellular signals. The majority of enhancer variants reside on STF and not MTF motifs, perturbing DNA binding by various STFs (BMP/TGF-β-directed SMADs or WNT-induced TCFs) and affecting target gene expression. Analyses of engineered human blood cells and expression quantitative trait loci verify that disrupted STF binding leads to altered gene expression. Our results propose that the majority of the RBC-trait-associated variants that reside on transcription-factor-binding sequences fall in STF target sequences, suggesting that the phenotypic variation of RBC traits could stem from altered responsiveness to extracellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Choudhuri
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eirini Trompouki
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brian J Abraham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Leandro M Colli
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kian Hong Kock
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William Mallard
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,The Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Min-Lee Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Divya S Vinjamur
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alireza Ghamari
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Audrey Sporrij
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karen Hoi
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Hummel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Boatman
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria Chan
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sierra Tseng
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Satish K Nandakumar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Song Yang
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asher Lichtig
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Superdock
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seraj N Grimes
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Summer Institute in Biomedical Informatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teresa V Bowman
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Roby Joehanes
- Hebrew Senior Life, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan B Cantor
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Santhi K Ganesh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Rinn
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paul S Albert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha L Bulyk
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,The Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Summer Institute in Biomedical Informatics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Chang CW, Xu X, Li M, Xin D, Ding L, Wang YT, Liu Y. Pathogenic mutations reveal a role of RECQ4 in mitochondrial RNA:DNA hybrid formation and resolution. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17033. [PMID: 33046774 PMCID: PMC7552406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a complex process that involves the formation and resolution of unusual nucleic acid structures, such as RNA:DNA hybrids. However, little is known about the enzymes that regulate these processes. RECQ4 is a DNA replication factor important for mtDNA maintenance, and here, we unveil a role of human RECQ4 in regulating the formation and resolution of mitochondrial RNA:DNA hybrids. Mitochondrial membrane protein p32 can block mtDNA synthesis by restricting RECQ4 mitochondrial localization via protein–protein interaction. We found that the interaction with p32 was disrupted not only by the previously reported cancer-associated RECQ4 mutation, del(A420-A463), but also by a clinical mutation of the adjacent residue, P466L. Surprisingly, although P466L mutant was present in the mitochondria at greater levels, unlike del(A420-A463) mutant, it failed to enhance mtDNA synthesis due to the accumulation of RNA:DNA hybrids throughout the mtDNA. Biochemical analysis revealed that P466L mutation enhanced RECQ4 annealing activity to generate RNA:DNA hybrids at the same time reduced its unwinding activity to resolve this structure. Hence, P466L mutation led to a reduced efficiency in completing mtDNA synthesis due to unresolved RNA:DNA hybrids across mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou-Wei Chang
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Di Xin
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA
| | - Lin Ding
- J. Craig Venter Institute, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010-3000, USA.
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19
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Xia B, Amador G, Viswanatha R, Zirin J, Mohr SE, Perrimon N. CRISPR-based engineering of gene knockout cells by homology-directed insertion in polyploid Drosophila S2R+ cells. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3478-3498. [PMID: 32958931 PMCID: PMC7961850 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Precise and efficient genome modifications provide powerful tools for biological studies. Previous CRISPR gene knockout methods in cell lines have relied on frameshifts caused by stochastic insertion/deletion in all alleles. However, this method is inefficient for genes with high copy number due to polyploidy or gene amplification because frameshifts in all alleles can be difficult to generate and detect. Here we describe a homology-directed insertion method to knockout genes in the polyploid Drosophila S2R+ cell line. This protocol allows generation of homozygous mutant cell lines using an insertion cassette which autocatalytically generates insertion mutations in all alleles. Knockout cells generated using this method can be directly identified by PCR without a need for DNA sequencing. This protocol takes 2-3 months and can be applied to other polyploid cell lines or high-copy-number genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Xia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Zirin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Tippens ND, Liang J, Leung AKY, Wierbowski SD, Ozer A, Booth JG, Lis JT, Yu H. Transcription imparts architecture, function and logic to enhancer units. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1067-1075. [PMID: 32958950 PMCID: PMC7541647 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Distal enhancers play pivotal roles in development and disease yet remain one of the least understood regulatory elements. We used massively parallel reporter assays to perform functional comparisons of two leading enhancer models and find that gene-distal transcription start sites are robust predictors of active enhancers with higher resolution than histone modifications. We show that active enhancer units are precisely delineated by active transcription start sites, validate that these boundaries are sufficient for capturing enhancer function, and confirm that core promoter sequences are necessary for this activity. We assay adjacent enhancers and find that their joint activity is often driven by the stronger unit within the cluster. Finally, we validate these results through functional dissection of a distal enhancer cluster using CRISPR-Cas9 deletions. In summary, definition of high-resolution enhancer boundaries enables deconvolution of complex regulatory loci into modular units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Tippens
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jin Liang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alden King-Yung Leung
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shayne D Wierbowski
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Abdullah Ozer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James G Booth
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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21
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Imahorn E, Aushev M, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Cichon S, Reichelt J, Itin PH, Burger B. Gene expression is stable in a complete CIB1 knockout keratinocyte model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14952. [PMID: 32917957 PMCID: PMC7486891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a genodermatosis characterized by the inability of keratinocytes to control cutaneous β-HPV infection and a high risk for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Bi-allelic loss of function variants in TMC6, TMC8, and CIB1 predispose to EV. The correlation between these proteins and β-HPV infection is unclear. Its elucidation will advance the understanding of HPV control in human keratinocytes and development of NMSC. We generated a cell culture model by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of CIB1 to study the function of CIB1 in keratinocytes. Nine CIB1 knockout and nine mock control clones were generated originating from a human keratinocyte line. We observed small changes in gene expression as a result of CIB1 knockout, which is consistent with the clearly defined phenotype of EV patients. This suggests that the function of human CIB1 in keratinocytes is limited and involves the restriction of β-HPV. The presented model is useful to investigate CIB1 interaction with β-HPV in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Imahorn
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magomet Aushev
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Genetics, Division of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Centre, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Genetics, Division of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Centre, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Genomic Imaging, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Genomic Imaging, Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter H Itin
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Burger
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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22
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A novel N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent fate decision for the lncRNA THOR. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:613. [PMID: 32792482 PMCID: PMC7426843 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed the critical roles of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancers, but the relationship between the oncogenic role of the lncRNA THOR (a representative of cancer/testis lncRNAs) and m6A modification remains unclear. Here, we show that the internal m6A modification of the lncRNA THOR via an m6A-reader-dependent modality regulates the proliferation of cancer cells. Our findings demonstrated that the loss of the lncRNA THOR inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, m6A is highly enriched on lncRNA THOR transcripts, which contain GA (m6A) CA, GG (m6A) CU, and UG (m6A) CU sequence motifs. RIP-qRT-PCR and RNA pull-down assay results revealed that the specific m6A readers YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 can read the m6A motifs and regulate the stability of the lncRNA THOR (stabilization and decay). These m6A-dependent RNA-protein interactions can maintain the oncogenic role of the lncRNA THOR. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical role of the m6A modification in oncogenic lncRNA THOR and reveal a novel long non-coding RNA regulatory mechanism, providing a new way to explore RNA epigenetic regulatory patterns in the future.
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23
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Werren EA, Garcia O, Bigham AW. Identifying adaptive alleles in the human genome: from selection mapping to functional validation. Hum Genet 2020; 140:241-276. [PMID: 32728809 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The suite of phenotypic diversity across geographically distributed human populations is the outcome of genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection throughout human evolution. Human genetic variation underlying local biological adaptations to selective pressures is incompletely characterized. With the emergence of population genetics modeling of large-scale genomic data derived from diverse populations, scientists are able to map signatures of natural selection in the genome in a process known as selection mapping. Inferred selection signals further can be used to identify candidate functional alleles that underlie putative adaptive phenotypes. Phenotypic association, fine mapping, and functional experiments facilitate the identification of candidate adaptive alleles. Functional investigation of candidate adaptive variation using novel techniques in molecular biology is slowly beginning to unravel how selection signals translate to changes in biology that underlie the phenotypic spectrum of our species. In addition to informing evolutionary hypotheses of adaptation, the discovery and functional annotation of adaptive alleles also may be of clinical significance. While selection mapping efforts in non-European populations are growing, there remains a stark under-representation of diverse human populations in current public genomic databases, of both clinical and non-clinical cohorts. This lack of inclusion limits the study of human biological variation. Identifying and functionally validating candidate adaptive alleles in more global populations is necessary for understanding basic human biology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Werren
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Obed Garcia
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Abigail W Bigham
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, 341 Haines Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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24
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Schwerd T, Krause F, Twigg SRF, Aschenbrenner D, Chen YH, Borgmeyer U, Müller M, Manrique S, Schumacher N, Wall SA, Jung J, Damm T, Glüer CC, Scheller J, Rose-John S, Jones EY, Laurence A, Wilkie AOM, Schmidt-Arras D, Uhlig HH. A variant in IL6ST with a selective IL-11 signaling defect in human and mouse. Bone Res 2020; 8:24. [PMID: 32566365 PMCID: PMC7289831 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The GP130 cytokine receptor subunit encoded by IL6ST is the shared receptor for ten cytokines of the IL-6 family. We describe a homozygous non-synonymous variant in IL6ST (p.R281Q) in a patient with craniosynostosis and retained deciduous teeth. We characterize the impact of the variant on cytokine signaling in vitro using transfected cell lines as well as primary patient-derived cells and support these findings using a mouse model with the corresponding genome-edited variant Il6st p.R279Q. We show that human GP130 p.R281Q is associated with selective loss of IL-11 signaling without affecting IL-6, IL-27, OSM, LIF, CT1, CLC, and CNTF signaling. In mice Il6st p.R279Q lowers litter size and causes facial synostosis and teeth abnormalities. The effect on IL-11 signaling caused by the GP130 variant shows incomplete penetrance but phenocopies aspects of IL11RA deficiency in humans and mice. Our data show that a genetic variant in a pleiotropic cytokine receptor can have remarkably selective defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Freia Krause
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephen R. F. Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominik Aschenbrenner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yin-Huai Chen
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uwe Borgmeyer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miryam Müller
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel, Germany
- Present Address: The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Santiago Manrique
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neele Schumacher
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steven A. Wall
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Jung
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Present Address: School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Timo Damm
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claus-Christian Glüer
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel, Germany
| | - E. Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arian Laurence
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew O. M. Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Craniofacial Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel, Germany
| | - Holm H. Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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25
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Yang F, Sun S, Wang C, Haas M, Yeo S, Guan JL. Targeted therapy for mTORC1-driven tumours through HDAC inhibition by exploiting innate vulnerability of mTORC1 hyper-activation. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1791-1802. [PMID: 32336756 PMCID: PMC7283252 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGOUND The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is important in the development and progression of many cancers. Targeted cancer therapy using mTORC1 inhibitors is used for treatment of cancers; however, their clinical efficacies are still limited. METHODS We recently created a new mouse model for human lymphangiosarcoma by deleting Tsc1 in endothelial cells and consequent hyper-activation of mTORC1. Using Tsc1iΔEC tumour cells from this mouse model, we assessed the efficacies of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as anti-tumour agents for mTORC1-driven tumours. RESULTS Unlike the cytostatic effect of mTORC1 inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors induced Tsc1iΔEC tumour cell death in vitro and their growth in vivo. Analysis of several HDAC inhibitors suggested stronger anti-tumour activity of class I HDAC inhibitor than class IIa or class IIb inhibitors, but these or pan HDAC inhibitor SAHA did not affect mTORC1 activation in these cells. Moreover, HDAC inhibitor-induced cell death required elevated autophagy, but was not affected by disrupting caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways. We also observed increased reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress in SAHA-treated tumour cells, suggesting their contribution to autophagic cell death, which were dependent on mTORC1 hyper-activation. CONCLUSION These studies suggest a potential new treatment strategy for mTORC1-driven cancers like lymphangiosarcoma through an alternative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Shaogang Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Michael Haas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Syn Yeo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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26
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Viral hijacking of the TENT4-ZCCHC14 complex protects viral RNAs via mixed tailing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:581-588. [PMID: 32451488 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TENT4 enzymes generate 'mixed tails' of diverse nucleotides at 3' ends of RNAs via nontemplated nucleotide addition to protect messenger RNAs from deadenylation. Here we discover extensive mixed tailing in transcripts of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), generated via a similar mechanism exploiting the TENT4-ZCCHC14 complex. TAIL-seq on HBV and HCMV RNAs revealed that TENT4A and TENT4B are responsible for mixed tailing and protection of viral poly(A) tails. We find that the HBV post-transcriptional regulatory element (PRE), specifically the CNGGN-type pentaloop, is critical for TENT4-dependent regulation. HCMV uses a similar pentaloop, an interesting example of convergent evolution. This pentaloop is recognized by the sterile alpha motif domain-containing ZCCHC14 protein, which in turn recruits TENT4. Overall, our study reveals the mechanism of action of PRE, which has been widely used to enhance gene expression, and identifies the TENT4-ZCCHC14 complex as a potential target for antiviral therapeutics.
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27
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Pflügler S, Svinka J, Scharf I, Crncec I, Filipits M, Charoentong P, Tschurtschenthaler M, Kenner L, Awad M, Stift J, Schernthanner M, Bischl R, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Glitzner E, Moll HP, Casanova E, Timelthaler G, Sibilia M, Gnant M, Lax S, Thaler J, Müller M, Strobl B, Mohr T, Kaser A, Trajanoski Z, Heller G, Eferl R. IDO1 + Paneth cells promote immune escape of colorectal cancer. Commun Biol 2020; 3:252. [PMID: 32444775 PMCID: PMC7244549 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors have evolved mechanisms to escape anti-tumor immunosurveillance. They limit humoral and cellular immune activities in the stroma and render tumors resistant to immunotherapy. Sensitizing tumor cells to immune attack is an important strategy to revert immunosuppression. However, the underlying mechanisms of immune escape are still poorly understood. Here we discover Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1)+ Paneth cells in the stem cell niche of intestinal crypts and tumors, which promoted immune escape of colorectal cancer (CRC). Ido1 expression in Paneth cells was strictly Stat1 dependent. Loss of IDO1+ Paneth cells in murine intestinal adenomas with tumor cell-specific Stat1 deletion had profound effects on the intratumoral immune cell composition. Patient samples and TCGA expression data suggested corresponding cells in human colorectal tumors. Thus, our data uncovered an immune escape mechanism of CRC and identify IDO1+ Paneth cells as a target for immunotherapy. Pflügler, Svinka et al. identify a subset of Paneth cells in mouse intestinal crypts and tumors, which express the immune checkpoint molecule Ido1 in a Stat1-dependent manner and promote tumor growth. Gene expression data from human colorectal cancer (CRC) suggest that a similar population is present in human cancer and opens the door for further studies of immune escape mechanisms in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pflügler
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Svinka
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Scharf
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilija Crncec
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Filipits
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pornpimol Charoentong
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University Innsbruck, Biocenter, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research LBICR, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monira Awad
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Stift
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marina Schernthanner
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Bischl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Elisabeth Glitzner
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig P Moll
- Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emilio Casanova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research LBICR, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gnant
- Department of Surgery, Breast Health Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Lax
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz II, 8020, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Johannes Kepler University, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Josef Thaler
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, 4600, Wels, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Medical University Innsbruck, Biocenter, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Eferl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Uncoupling histone H3K4 trimethylation from developmental gene expression via an equilibrium of COMPASS, Polycomb and DNA methylation. Nat Genet 2020; 52:615-625. [PMID: 32393859 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The COMPASS protein family catalyzes histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4) methylation and its members are essential for regulating gene expression. MLL2/COMPASS methylates H3K4 on many developmental genes and bivalent clusters. To understand MLL2-dependent transcriptional regulation, we performed a CRISPR-based screen with an MLL2-dependent gene as a reporter in mouse embryonic stem cells. We found that MLL2 functions in gene expression by protecting developmental genes from repression via repelling PRC2 and DNA methylation machineries. Accordingly, repression in the absence of MLL2 is relieved by inhibition of PRC2 and DNA methyltransferases. Furthermore, DNA demethylation on such loci leads to reactivation of MLL2-dependent genes not only by removing DNA methylation but also by opening up previously CpG methylated regions for PRC2 recruitment, diluting PRC2 at Polycomb-repressed genes. These findings reveal how the context and function of these three epigenetic modifiers of chromatin can orchestrate transcriptional decisions and demonstrate that prevention of active repression by the context of the enzyme and not H3K4 trimethylation underlies transcriptional regulation on MLL2/COMPASS targets.
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29
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FOXL2 directs DNA double-strand break repair pathways by differentially interacting with Ku. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2010. [PMID: 32332759 PMCID: PMC7181608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways is influenced by binding of the Ku complex, a XRCC5/6 heterodimer, to DSB ends, initiating non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) but preventing additional DSB end resection and homologous recombination (HR). However, the key molecular cue for Ku recruitment to DSB sites is unknown. Here, we report that FOXL2, a forkhead family transcriptional factor, directs DSB repair pathway choice by acetylation-dependent binding to Ku. Upon DSB induction, SIRT1 translocates to the nucleus and deacetylates FOXL2 at lysine 124, leading to liberation of XRCC5 and XRCC6 from FOXL2 and formation of the Ku complex. FOXL2 ablation enhances Ku recruitment to DSB sites, imbalances DSB repair kinetics by accelerating NHEJ and inhibiting HR, and thus leads to catastrophic genomic events. Our study unveils the SIRT1-(de)acetylated FOXL2-Ku axis that governs the balance of DSB repair pathways to maintain genome integrity.
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30
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Emming S, Bianchi N, Polletti S, Balestrieri C, Leoni C, Montagner S, Chirichella M, Delaleu N, Natoli G, Monticelli S. A molecular network regulating the proinflammatory phenotype of human memory T lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:388-399. [PMID: 32205878 PMCID: PMC7100912 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that modulate helper T lymphocyte functions is crucial to decipher normal and pathogenic immune responses in humans. To identify molecular determinants influencing the pathogenicity of T cells, we separated ex vivo-isolated primary human memory T lymphocytes on the basis of their ability to produce high levels of inflammatory cytokines. We found that the inflammatory, cytokine-producing phenotype of memory T lymphocytes was defined by a specific core gene signature and was mechanistically regulated by the constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway and by the expression of the transcriptional repressor BHLHE40. BHLHE40 attenuated the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, including miR-146a, a negative regulator of NF-κB activation and ZC3H12D, an RNase of the Regnase-1 family able to degrade inflammatory transcripts. Our data reveal a molecular network regulating the proinflammatory phenotype of human memory T lymphocytes, with the potential to contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Emming
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Niccolò Bianchi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Polletti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Balestrieri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Leoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sara Montagner
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michele Chirichella
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Delaleu
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, USI, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,2C SysBioMed, Contra, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS (IEO), Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Monticelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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31
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Combined inhibition of Notch and FLT3 produces synergistic cytotoxic effects in FLT3/ITD + acute myeloid leukemia. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:21. [PMID: 32296014 PMCID: PMC7067872 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations of FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) are the most frequent genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and predict a poor prognosis. FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) provide short-term clinical responses, but the long-term prognosis of FLT3/ITD+ AML patients remains poor. Notch signaling is important in numerous types of tumors. However, the role of Notch signaling in FLT3/ITD+ AML remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we found that Notch signaling was activated upon FLT3-TKI treatment in FLT3/ITD+ cell lines and primary cells. As Notch signaling can be blocked by γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), we examined the combinatorial antitumor efficacy of FLT3-TKIs and GSIs against FLT3/ITD+ AML and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. As a result, we observed synergistic cytotoxic effects, and the treatment preferentially reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in FLT3/ITD+ AML cell lines and in primary AML cells. Furthermore, the combination of FLT3-TKI and GSI eradicated leukemic cells and prolonged survival in an FLT3/ITD+ patient-derived xenograft AML model. Mechanistically, differential expression analysis suggested that CXCR3 may be partially responsible for the observed synergy, possibly through ERK signaling. Our findings suggest that combined therapies of FLT3-TKIs with GSI may be exploited as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat FLT3/ITD+ AML.
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32
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A Novel Fluorescent Reporter System Identifies Laminin-511/521 as Potent Regulators of Cardiomyocyte Maturation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4249. [PMID: 32144297 PMCID: PMC7060274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) hold great promise for disease modeling and drug discovery. However, PSC-CMs exhibit immature phenotypes in culture, and the lack of maturity limits their broad applications. While physical and functional analyses are generally used to determine the status of cardiomyocyte maturation, they could be time-consuming and often present challenges in comparing maturation-enhancing strategies. Therefore, there is a demand for a method to assess cardiomyocyte maturation rapidly and reproducibly. In this study, we found that Myomesin-2 (Myom2), encoding M-protein, is upregulated postnatally, and based on this, we targeted TagRFP to the Myom2 locus in mouse embryonic stem cells. Myom2-RFP+ PSC-CMs exhibited more mature phenotypes than RFP- cells in morphology, function and transcriptionally, conductive to sarcomere shortening assays. Using this system, we screened extracellular matrices (ECMs) and identified laminin-511/521 as potent enhancers of cardiomyocyte maturation. Together, we developed and characterized a novel fluorescent reporter system for the assessment of cardiomyocyte maturation and identified potent maturation-enhancing ECMs through this simple and rapid assay. This system is expected to facilitate use of PSC-CMs in a variety of scientific and medical investigations.
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33
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Nishiyama A, Mulholland CB, Bultmann S, Kori S, Endo A, Saeki Y, Qin W, Trummer C, Chiba Y, Yokoyama H, Kumamoto S, Kawakami T, Hojo H, Nagae G, Aburatani H, Tanaka K, Arita K, Leonhardt H, Nakanishi M. Two distinct modes of DNMT1 recruitment ensure stable maintenance DNA methylation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1222. [PMID: 32144273 PMCID: PMC7060239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable inheritance of DNA methylation is critical for maintaining differentiated phenotypes in multicellular organisms. We have recently identified dual mono-ubiquitylation of histone H3 (H3Ub2) by UHRF1 as an essential mechanism to recruit DNMT1 to chromatin. Here, we show that PCNA-associated factor 15 (PAF15) undergoes UHRF1-dependent dual mono-ubiquitylation (PAF15Ub2) on chromatin in a DNA replication-coupled manner. This event will, in turn, recruit DNMT1. During early S-phase, UHRF1 preferentially ubiquitylates PAF15, whereas H3Ub2 predominates during late S-phase. H3Ub2 is enhanced under PAF15 compromised conditions, suggesting that H3Ub2 serves as a backup for PAF15Ub2. In mouse ES cells, loss of PAF15Ub2 results in DNA hypomethylation at early replicating domains. Together, our results suggest that there are two distinct mechanisms underlying replication timing-dependent recruitment of DNMT1 through PAF15Ub2 and H3Ub2, both of which are prerequisite for high fidelity DNA methylation inheritance. Ubiquitylation of histone H3 (H3Ub2) by UHRF1 recruits DNMT1 to chromatin, which is essential for DNA methylation inheritance. Here, the authors provide evidence that there are two distinct mechanisms underlying replication timing-dependent recruitment of DNMT1 through PAF15Ub2 and H3Ub2, both of which are required for high fidelity DNA methylation inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Nishiyama
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Christopher B Mulholland
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bultmann
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Satomi Kori
- Structure Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akinori Endo
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Weihua Qin
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carina Trummer
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yoshie Chiba
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Yokoyama
- Structure Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kumamoto
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Laboratory of Protein Organic Chemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Laboratory of Protein Organic Chemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- The Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Arita
- Structure Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Human Biology and BioImaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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34
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Djajawi TM, Liu L, Gong JN, Huang AS, Luo MJ, Xu Z, Okamoto T, Call MJ, Huang DCS, van Delft MF. MARCH5 requires MTCH2 to coordinate proteasomal turnover of the MCL1:NOXA complex. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2484-2499. [PMID: 32094511 PMCID: PMC7370232 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MCL1, a BCL2 relative, is critical for the survival of many cells. Its turnover is often tightly controlled through both ubiquitin-dependent and -independent mechanisms of proteasomal degradation. Several cell stress signals, including DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, are known to elicit distinct E3 ligases to ubiquitinate and degrade MCL1. Another trigger that drives MCL1 degradation is engagement by NOXA, one of its BH3-only protein ligands, but the mechanism responsible has remained unclear. From an unbiased genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we discovered that the ubiquitin E3 ligase MARCH5, the ubiquitin E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2K, and the mitochondrial outer membrane protein MTCH2 co-operate to mark MCL1 for degradation by the proteasome—specifically when MCL1 is engaged by NOXA. This mechanism of degradation also required the MCL1 transmembrane domain and distinct MCL1 lysine residues to proceed, suggesting that the components likely act on the MCL1:NOXA complex by associating with it in a specific orientation within the mitochondrial outer membrane. MTCH2 has not previously been reported to regulate protein stability, but is known to influence the mitochondrial localization of certain key apoptosis regulators and to impact metabolism. We have now pinpointed an essential but previously unappreciated role for MTCH2 in turnover of the MCL1:NOXA complex by MARCH5, further strengthening its links to BCL2-regulated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirta Mario Djajawi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Nan Gong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan Shuai Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ming-Jie Luo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Melissa J Call
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David C S Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mark F van Delft
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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35
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Folkerts J, Gaudenzio N, Maurer M, Hendriks RW, Stadhouders R, Tam SY, Galli SJ. Rapid identification of human mast cell degranulation regulators using functional genomics coupled to high-resolution confocal microscopy. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1285-1310. [PMID: 32060492 PMCID: PMC7197894 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Targeted functional genomics represents a powerful approach for studying gene function in vivo and in vitro. However, its application to gene expression studies in human mast cells has been hampered by low yields of human mast cell cultures and their poor transfection efficiency. We developed an imaging system in which mast cell degranulation can be visualized in single cells subjected to shRNA knockdown or CRISPR-Cas 9 gene editing. By using high resolution confocal microscopy and a fluorochrome-labeled avidin probe, one can directly assess the suppression of functional responses, i.e. degranulation, in single human mast cells. The elimination of a drug or marker selection step avoids the use of potentially toxic treatment procedures and the short hands-on time of the functional analysis step enables the high-throughput screening of shRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 constructs to identify genes that regulate human mast cell degranulation. The ability to analyse single cells significantly reduces the total number of cells required, and allows for the parallel visualization of the degranulation profile of both edited and non-edited mast cells, offering a consistent internal control not found in other protocols. Moreover, our protocol offers a flexible choice between RNA interference and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing for perturbation of gene expression using our human mast cell single-cell imaging system. Perturbation of gene expression, acquisition of microscopy data, and image analysis can be completed within 5 days, requiring only standard laboratory equipment and expertise. This protocol presents an an imaging system in which mast cell degranulation can be visualized in single cells subjected to shRNA knockdown or CRISPR-Cas 9 gene editing using high resolution confocal microscopy with a fluorochrome-labeled avidin probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Folkerts
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Unité de Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde (UDEAR), UMR 1056, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - See-Ying Tam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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ATF3 promotes erastin-induced ferroptosis by suppressing system Xc .. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:662-675. [PMID: 31273299 PMCID: PMC7206049 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino acid antiporter system Xc− is important for the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) that functions to prevent lipid peroxidation and protect cells from nonapoptotic, iron-dependent death (i.e., ferroptosis). While the activity of system Xc− often positively correlates with the expression level of its light chain encoded by SLC7A11, inhibition of system Xc− activity by small molecules (e.g., erastin) causes a decrease in the intracellular GSH level, leading to ferroptotic cell death. How system Xc− is regulated during ferroptosis remains largely unknown. Here we report that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a common stress sensor, can promote ferroptosis induced by erastin. ATF3 suppressed system Xc−, depleted intracellular GSH, and thereby promoted lipid peroxidation induced by erastin. ATF3 achieved this activity through binding to the SLC7A11 promoter and repressing SLC7A11 expression in a p53-independent manner. These findings thus add ATF3 to a short list of proteins that can regulate system Xc− and promote ferroptosis repressed by this antiporter.
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Finetti F, Cassioli C, Cianfanelli V, Onnis A, Paccagnini E, Kabanova A, Baldari CT. The intraflagellar transport protein IFT20 controls lysosome biogenesis by regulating the post-Golgi transport of acid hydrolases. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:310-328. [PMID: 31142807 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and function of the primary cilium depends on multimolecular intraflagellar transport (IFT) complexes that shuttle their cargo along the axonemal microtubules through their interaction with molecular motors. The IFT system has been moreover recently implicated in a reciprocal interplay between autophagy and ciliogenesis. We have previously reported that IFT20 and other components of the IFT complexes participate in the assembly of the immune synapse in the non-ciliated T cell, suggesting that other cellular processes regulated by the IFT system in ciliated cells, including autophagy, may be shared by cells lacking a cilium. Starting from the observation of a defect in autophagic clearance and an accumulation of lipid droplets in IFT20-deficient T cells, we show that IFT20 is required for lysosome biogenesis and function by controlling the lysosomal targeting of acid hydrolases. This function involves its ability to regulate the retrograde traffic of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) to the trans-Golgi network, which is achieved by coupling recycling CI-MPRs to the microtubule motor dynein. Consistent with the lysosomal defect, an upregulation of the TFEB-dependent expression of the lysosomal gene network can be observed in IFT20-deficient cells, which is associated with defective tonic T-cell antigen receptor signaling and mTOR activity. We additionally show that the lysosome-related function of IFT20 extends to non-ciliated cells other than T cells, as well as to ciliated cells. Our findings provide the first evidence that a component of the IFT system that controls ciliogenesis is implicated in the biogenesis of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Cianfanelli
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Eugenio Paccagnini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Kabanova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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Şişli HB, Hayal TB, Seçkin S, Şenkal S, Kıratlı B, Şahin F, Doğan A. Gene Editing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Recent Advances for Clinical Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1237:17-28. [PMID: 31728915 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The identification of human embryonic stem cells and reprogramming technology to obtain induced pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells have provided unique opportunity to create human disease models, gene editing strategies and cell therapy options.Development of pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells and genomic manipulation tools enabled to use site specific nucleases in the cell therapy research. Identification of efficient gene manipulation, safe differentiation and use will provide a novel strategy to treat many diseases in the near future. Current available registered clinical trials clearly indicate the need for pluripotent stem cell and gene therapy treatment options. Although gene editing based pluripotent stem cell research is a popular field for research worldwide, improvement of clinical approaches for treatment still remains to be investigated. In this review, we summarized the current situation of gene editing based pluripotent cell therapy developments and applications in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Burcu Şişli
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Bartu Hayal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Seçkin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selinay Şenkal
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Binnur Kıratlı
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Doğan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lim R, Kreidieh I, Dyke L, Thomas J, Dymond DS. Exercise testing without interruption of medication for refining the selection of mildly symptomatic patients for prognostic coronary angiography. Heart 1994; 71:334-40. [PMID: 8198883 PMCID: PMC483682 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.71.4.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine how exercise testing on background medical treatment affects the ability of the test to predict prognostically important patterns of coronary anatomy in patients with a high clinical probability of coronary artery disease but who are well controlled on medication. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Regional cardiothoracic centre and referring district general hospital. PATIENTS 84 patients with a history of typical angina or definite myocardial infarction and mild symptoms who had been placed on the waiting list for prognostic angiography. INTERVENTION Maximal exercise electrocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography performed off and on medication, followed by angiography within three months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Prognostically important coronary artery disease for which early surgery might be recommended purely on prognostic grounds, irrespective of symptoms. RESULTS Coronary artery disease was present in 71/84 (85%) patients; in 28/84 (33%) patients this was prognostically important. When the result was strongly positive, the predictive accuracy for prognostically important disease was 0.46 off and 0.62 on medication for the exercise electrocardiogram and 0.71 off and 0.82 on medication for exercise radionuclide ventriculography. The likelihood ratio was 1.00 off and 1.36 on medication for exercise electrocardiography and 2.54 off and 10.5 on medication for exercise radionuclide ventriculography. In stepwise logistic regression, the test identified as the strongest predictor of prognostically important disease was exercise radionuclide ventriculography on medication for which the improvement chi 2 was 28 (p < 0.0001). With the regression model, the probability of important disease is 92% if exercise radionuclide ventriculography on medication is at least strongly positive, compared with 16% if the result is normal or just positive. CONCLUSION In patients likely to have coronary disease, exercise testing should be performed without interruption of medication to optimise its ability to identify those with prognostically important disease, and to help to avoid unnecessary or premature angiography in those who are well controlled on medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Department of Cardiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London
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Jespersen CM, Hagerup L, Holländer N, Hven PE, Launbjerg J, Linde NC, Nielsen J, Steinmetz E. Does exercise-induced ST-segment depression predict benefit of medical intervention in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction? The Danish Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction. J Intern Med 1993; 233:33-7. [PMID: 8429284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that the increased risk in patients with exercise-provoked ST-segment depression recovering from acute myocardial infarction could by abolished by anti-ischaemic medical intervention. Prior to discharge a symptom-limited exercise test was carried out. Patients were then double-blindly randomized to treatment with either verapamil 120 mg t.i.d. or placebo, and observed for up to 18 months (mean 17 months). End-point was first major event; i.e. non-fatal reinfarction or death. Two-hundred-and-ninety-eight patients were included. Forty-four patients with and 111 without exercise-induced ischaemia were randomized to verapamil and 39 and 104 respectively, to placebo. The overall number of events was 12.5%. In patients without ST-segment depression, 12.5% in the placebo group (hazard = 1) and 12.6% in the verapamil group (hazard = 1.13) had an event (NS). In patients with ST-segment depression 15.4% in the placebo group (hazard = 1.20) and 9.1% in the verapamil group (hazard = 0.85) had an event (NS). The latter reduction (41%) supports the hypothesis that patients with ST-segment depression, i.e. residual myocardial ischaemia, are those who benefit from anti-ischaemic intervention after myocardial infarction.
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Abstract
The examination of a patient with angina pectoris begins with clinical assessment. Certain clinical findings that are present only during angina, such as mitral regurgitation due to ischemia-induced papillary muscle dysfunction, may clarify an otherwise uncertain diagnosis. Electrocardiography is a useful and relatively inexpensive test for detecting evidence of ischemia in patients with suspected angina. The presence of cardiomegaly on the chest roentgenogram has adverse prognostic implications. Exercise stress testing is important in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and also provides prognostic information. Patients should be classified into high-, intermediate-, or low-risk subsets by noninvasive techniques. Although relatively easy and inexpensive, treadmill exercise stress testing cannot be performed in all patients, and sometimes it will yield equivocal results. In these cases, radionuclide testing (with thallium scintigraphy or radionuclide angiography) can be helpful and also can identify high-risk patients. Some patients will require coronary angiography.
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Martin GJ, Henkin RE, Scanlon PJ. Beta blockers and the sensitivity of the thallium treadmill test. Chest 1987; 92:486-7. [PMID: 2887403 DOI: 10.1378/chest.92.3.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect beta blockers (BB) may have on the sensitivity of the thallium treadmill test (Th-TMT) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that BB decrease the sensitivity of the Th-TMT. Two hundred three patients over a two-year period were identified who satisfied the following criteria. All had symptom-limited upright treadmill exercise tests with stress and redistribution thallium imaging, as well as coronary angiography within two months of the Th-TMT. Of 58 patients with CAD not on BB, 52 had an abnormal Th-TMT scan (sensitivity 90 percent). In comparison, the sensitivity of the Th-TMT scan in the 88 patients with CAD receiving BB was 76 percent (p less than 0.05). We conclude that BB may significantly decrease the sensitivity of the Th-TMT. Physicians should fully appreciate the higher false negative rate (24 vs 10 percent) for patients on BB and consider cautious withdrawal prior to diagnostic studies.
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Meier A, Höflin F, Herrmann HJ, Wolf C, Gurtner HP, Rösler H. Comparative diagnostic value of a new computerized vectorcardiographic method (cardiogoniometry) and other noninvasive tests in medically treated patients with chest pain. Clin Cardiol 1987; 10:311-6. [PMID: 3594943 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic value of cardiogoniometry (CGM), a new computerized vectorcardiographic method, for the identification of coronary artery disease was compared with other noninvasive tests in 48 medically treated patients with chest pain. Coronary angiography revealed one-vessel disease in 18, two- or three-vessel disease in 21, and normal coronary arteries in 9 patients. Cardiogoniometry was less sensitive (63%) than thallium-201 (201T1) scanning (82%), but slightly more sensitive than the exercise ECG (50%) or a recently proposed parameter of exercise performance (50%). On the other hand, specificity was comparable among these tests (exercise ECG 78%, thallium-201 scanning 72%, CGM 67%, new parameter of exercise performance 66%). Moreover, the false negative rate of noninvasive testing was reduced from 8 to 3% when CGM was added to thallium-201 scanning and exercise ECG. Our findings indicate that in view of the easier feasibility with computerized technology, the future role of vectorcardiographic methods such as CGM in the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease should be redefined.
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Chaitman BR. The changing role of the exercise electrocardiogram as a diagnostic and prognostic test for chronic ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8:1195-210. [PMID: 3531288 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The exercise electrocardiogram has been the subject of intense research over the last 50 years, as both a diagnostic and prognostic method to assess patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. In 1986, the strengths and limitations of the technique to predict coronary and multivessel disease in clinical patient subsets are understood. The diagnostic accuracy of the test is improved by consideration of Bayesian theory, multivariate models and new non-ST segment criteria. Post-test coronary disease risk estimates are best reported in terms of a conditional probability, rather than statements of "positive" or "negative." The value of exercise testing in prognostic risk stratification is considerably enhanced by recent reports of long-term follow-up data in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Powerful prognostic information can be obtained when the clinical, electrocardiographic and physiologic data from the exercise test are used to formulate the post-test risk of a cardiac event, even in patients whose coronary anatomy is known. The changing role of the exercise electrocardiogram as a diagnostic and prognostic test is reviewed, with emphasis on the strengths and limitations of the procedure.
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Barlow JB. The "false positive" exercise electrocardiogram: value of time course patterns in assessment of depressed ST segments and inverted T waves. Am Heart J 1985; 110:1328-36. [PMID: 4072905 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(85)90063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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