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Manka R, Paetsch I, Kozerke S, Moccetti M, Hoffmann R, Schroeder J, Reith S, Schnackenburg B, Gaemperli O, Wissmann L, Wyss CA, Kaufmann PA, Corti R, Boesiger P, Marx N, Lüscher TF, Jahnke C. Whole-heart dynamic three-dimensional magnetic resonance perfusion imaging for the detection of coronary artery disease defined by fractional flow reserve: determination of volumetric myocardial ischaemic burden and coronary lesion location. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:2016-24. [PMID: 22677136 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dynamic three-dimensional-cardiac magnetic resonance (3D-CMR) perfusion proved highly diagnostic for the detection of angiographically defined coronary artery disease (CAD) and has been used to assess the efficacy of coronary stenting procedures. The present study aimed to relate significant coronary lesions as assessed by fractional flow reserve (FFR) to the volume of myocardial hypoenhancement on 3D-CMR adenosine stress perfusion imaging and to define the inter-study reproducibility of stress inducible 3D-CMR hypoperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 120 patients with known or suspected CAD were examined in two CMR centres using 1.5 T systems. The protocol included cine imaging, 3D-CMR perfusion during adenosine infusion, and at rest followed by delayed enhancement (DE) imaging. Fractional flow reserve was recorded in epicardial coronary arteries and side branches with ≥2 mm luminal diameter and >40% severity stenosis (pathologic FFR < 0.75). Twenty-five patients underwent an identical repeat CMR examination for the determination of inter-study reproducibility of 3D-CMR perfusion deficits induced by adenosine. Three-dimensional CMR perfusion scans were visually classified as pathologic if one or more segments showed an inducible perfusion deficit in the absence of DE. Myocardial ischaemic burden (MIB) was measured by segmentation of the area of inducible hypoenhancement and normalized to left ventricular myocardial volume (MIB, %). Three-dimensional CMR perfusion resulted in a sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 90, 82, and 87%, respectively. Substantial concordance was found for inter-study reproducibility [Lin's correlation coefficient: 0.98 (95% confidence interval: 0.96-0.99)]. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional CMR stress perfusion provided high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of functionally significant CAD. Myocardial ischaemic burden measurements were highly reproducible and allowed the assessment of CAD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Manka
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Xu Y, Hayes S, Ali I, Ruddy TD, Wells RG, Berman DS, Germano G, Slomka PJ. Automatic and visual reproducibility of perfusion and function measures for myocardial perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 2010; 17:1050-7. [PMID: 20963537 PMCID: PMC2990014 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-010-9297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We define the repeatability coefficients (RC) of key quantitative and visual perfusion and function parameters that can be derived by the QGS/QPS automated software and by expert visual observer from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) scans. METHODS Standard QGS/QPS algorithms have been applied to derive quantitative perfusion and function parameters in 200 99mTc-tetrofosmin rest/stress MPS scans, obtained in 100 consecutive patients who underwent 2 separate gated rest/stress scans on the same camera. Variables included stress, rest, and ischemic total perfusion deficit (TPD), ejection fraction, motion, and thickening. Visual perfusion/motion scores were derived by an expert reader using randomized scan order and normalized to % myocardium. RESULTS Quantitative and visual parameters were highly reproducible with smaller RC for some quantitative measures as compared to visual measures (P < .0001). RC for quantitative measures were 3.3% for stress TPD, 1.8% for rest TPD, and 3.2% for ischemic TPD and for visual scoring 4.8% for stress, 3.8% for rest, and 4.3% for ischemic (P ≤ .002). The results in each vessel territory showed that in the right coronary artery (RCA) territory the quantitative approach had improved reproducibility as compared to visual reading. Visual thickening scoring was more reproducible than motion scoring (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that standard perfusion and function parameters derived from MPS by visual or quantitative analysis are highly reproducible with some advantages to the quantitative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Taper #A047, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Sean Hayes
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Taper #A047, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Cardiac Imaging, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Terrence D. Ruddy
- Cardiac Imaging, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - R. Glenn Wells
- Cardiac Imaging, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Daniel S. Berman
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Taper #A047, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Guido Germano
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Taper #A047, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Piotr J. Slomka
- Departments of Imaging and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Taper #A047, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Long-term effects of a multimodal behavioral intervention on myocardial perfusion--a randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Med 2009; 16:219-26. [PMID: 19424808 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-008-9030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in drug therapy question as to the additional impact behavioral interventions may have on the prognosis of patients with clinically stable coronary heart disease (CHD). PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a multimodal, behavioral intervention on myocardial perfusion (MP) and cardiac events, compared to standardized cardiologic care, in patients with stable CHD. METHODS Seventy-seven CHD patients (age 54.2 +/- 6.9 years, male 87%) were randomly assigned to a behavioral intervention plus standardized cardiologic care (INT, n = 39) or standardized cardiologic care alone (CO, n = 38). MP was assessed by (201)Thallium MP-scintigrams (SPECT) at baseline, after 2, 3, and 7 years, respectively. Subsequent cardiac events (MI, PCI, CABG) were assessed using the cardiologists' charts. RESULTS Sixty-five patients (84%) completed the study. In all patients, the course of MP was significantly better in INT analysis of variance (ANOVA group x time p = 0.001); this was also true for patients without subsequent PCI/CABG (ANOVA group x time p = 0.002). Incidence of cardiac events was significantly associated with INT (6 vs. 14; log rank test p = .047). CONCLUSION The study suggests additional long-term benefits of a behavioral intervention on myocardial perfusion and cardiac events in patients with stable CHD compared to standardized cardiologic care only.
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Berman DS, Kang X, Gransar H, Gerlach J, Friedman JD, Hayes SW, Thomson LEJ, Hachamovitch R, Shaw LJ, Slomka PJ, Yang LD, Germano G. Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormality on SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging is more reproducible than expert visual analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 2009; 16:45-53. [PMID: 19152128 PMCID: PMC3569514 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-008-9018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines of Food and Drug Administration for the evaluation of SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in clinical trials recommend independent visual interpretation by multiple experts. Few studies have addressed whether quantitative SPECT MPI assessment would be more reproducible for this application. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 31 patients (age 68 +/- 13, 25 male) with abnormal stress MPI who underwent repeat exercise (n = 11) or adenosine (n = 20) MPI within 9-22 months (mean 14.9 +/- 3.8 months) and had no interval revascularization or myocardial infarction and no change in symptoms, stress type, rest or stress ECG, or clinical response to stress on the second study. Visual interpretation per FDA Guidance used 17-segment, 5-point scoring by two independent expert readers with overread of discordance by a third expert, and percent myocardium abnormal was derived from normalized summed scores. The quantitative magnitude of perfusion abnormality was assessed by the total perfusion deficit (TPD), expressing stress, rest, and ischemic perfusion abnormality. High linear correlations were observed between visual and quantitative size of stress, rest, and ischemic defects (R = 0.94, 0.92, 0.84). Correlations of two tests were higher by quantitative than by visual methods for stress (R = 0.97 vs R = 0.91, P = 0.03) and rest defects (R = 0.94 vs R = 0.82, P = 0.03), respectively, and statistically similar for ischemic defects (R = 0.84 vs R = 0.70, P = ns). CONCLUSIONS In stable patients having serial SPECT MPI, quantification is more reproducible than visual for magnitude of perfusion abnormality, suggesting its superiority for use in randomized clinical trials and monitoring the effects of therapy in an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Berman
- Department of Imaging (Division of Nuclear Medicine), Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Room 1258, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Patel AD, Iskandrian AE. Role of single photon emission computed tomography imaging in the evaluation of therapy for angina pectoris. Am Heart J 2003; 145:952-61. [PMID: 12796749 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8703(03)00088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amar D Patel
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Burkhoff D, Jones JW, Becker LC. Variability of myocardial perfusion defects assessed by thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with coronary artery disease not amenable to angioplasty or bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:1033-9. [PMID: 11583878 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the variability of results obtained with thallium scintigraphy as a method for tracking the extent of myocardial ischemia in medically refractory patients with angina who are not suitable for coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. BACKGROUND New therapies are being evaluated for patients with "no option" angina in whom medical therapy has failed. Nuclear techniques, like thallium scintigraphy, are used in multicenter trials to evaluate whether such therapies improve myocardial perfusion. However, the variability of test results is unknown in this patient group in a multicenter study. METHODS The Angina Treatments: Lasers And Normal Therapies In Comparison (ATLANTIC) study was a randomized trial of transmyocardial laser revascularization (n = 182). Patients underwent dipyridamole thallium stress tests at baseline and 3, 6 and 12 months after enrollment. The control group (n = 90) was treated with constant medical therapy during the study and is a relevant group to investigate test variability. Test variability over time was quantified by the mean absolute change in the percentage of reversible perfusion defects between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Baseline percent myocardium with ischemia averaged 17.0 +/- 13.7% and did not change during follow-up. However, variations in the percent myocardium with reversible perfusion defects over time amounted to an average of 6 to 8 percentage points, or 43% to 55% of the baseline value. Only approximately 13% of this variability was attributable to variability in image reconstruction and analysis. CONCLUSIONS As demonstrated in the ATLANTIC study, percent myocardial ischemia in control subjects receiving constant medical therapy varied in individual patients by an average of approximately 50%. This may limit the utility of thallium scintigraphy to detect improved myocardial perfusion over time in response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Burkhoff
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10032, USA.
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Berman DS, Hayes SW, Shaw LJ, Germano G. Recent advances in myocardial perfusion imaging. Curr Probl Cardiol 2001; 26:1-140. [PMID: 11252891 DOI: 10.1053/cd.2001.v26.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Berman
- University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lewin HC, Hachamovitch R, Harris AG, Williams C, Schmidt J, Harris M, Van Train K, Siligan G, Berman DS. Sustained reduction of exercise perfusion defect extent and severity with isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) as demonstrated by means of technetium 99m sestamibi. J Nucl Cardiol 2000; 7:342-53. [PMID: 10958276 DOI: 10.1067/mnc.2000.106966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of long-acting nitrates on the extent and severity of stress-induced myocardial ischemia is not well described, especially after long-term treatment. METHODS Forty patients with chronic stable angina and reversible ischemia on an exercise stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (ex-SPECT) were prospectively studied in a 6-week period. At baseline, rest thallium-201/exercise stress technetium 99m sestamibi SPECT was performed, followed by treatment with extended-release isosorbide 5-mononitrate (5-ISMN, Imdur). Follow-up ex-SPECT was performed 5 days and 6 weeks after the initiation of therapy with extended-release 5-ISMN. The exercise treadmill testing (ETT) protocol and exercise duration of the follow-up studies were the same as that of the baseline ETT. Defect extent and severity were analyzed both by means of an automated quantitative method, with CEqual software, and visually, with a 20-segment scoring system (which was also used to derive a summed stress score [SSS]). RESULTS In the 6-week study period, significant reductions occurred in both the extent and the severity of exercise-induced ischemia by means of quantitative SPECT (13.8% [P<.0003] and 12.7% [P<.0003], respectively). There was no significant change in these variables between stages 2 (day 5) and 3 (6 weeks), indicating no development of tolerance to the nitrate effect. Similar reductions were noted by means of the visual analysis (SSS reduction of 13.0% [P<.002]) in the entire study period. CONCLUSIONS Patients with chronic-stable-angina treated with a long-acting nitrate demonstrate improvement in myocardial perfusion defect extent and severity in an extended period by means of both visual and quantitative analysis of sequential exercise testing to the same rate-pressure product end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Lewin
- Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, The CSMC Burns and Allen Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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Abstract
This review suggests that the field of nuclear cardiology is alive, well, and thriving, providing relevant information that aids in everyday clinical decision making for nuclear medicine and referring physicians alike. Despite the competition from other modalities, the clinically appropriate applications of nuclear cardiology techniques are likely to increase. The foundation of this optimism is based on the vast amount of data documenting cost-effective clinical applications for diagnosis, risk stratification, and assessing therapy in both chronic and acute coronary artery disease (CAD), the powerful objective quantitative analysis of perfusion and function provided by the technique, and the increasing general availability of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Berman
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
The efficacy of antianginal agents in the treatment of patients with chronic stable angina has traditionally been evaluated by performance measures, such as the exercise treadmill test (ETT). Although reliable and reproducible, ETT is not a sensitive measure of changes in myocardial ischemia. The effects of antianginal agents on coronary blood flow and myocardial perfusion have been less frequently studied. Angiographic studies have demonstrated that nitrates may operate by preferentially directing blood flow to ischemic regions of the myocardium. These investigations have been limited, however, by the invasive nature of the evaluation. Measurements of regional myocardial perfusion may also be made with noninvasive tests. Both quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been employed, but few studies have used these techniques to assess the effects of antianginal drugs (in general) and nitrates (in particular) on changes in reversible myocardial perfusion defects. Studies that have evaluated the direct effects of nitrate treatment on coronary blood flow and myocardial perfusion defects in patients with chronic stable angina are reviewed, and preliminary data from a study of the effects of long-term nitrate treatment on myocardial perfusion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Lewin
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048-1865, USA
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Palmas W, Bingham S, Diamond GA, Denton TA, Kiat H, Friedman JD, Scarlata D, Maddahi J, Cohen I, Berman DS. Incremental prognostic value of exercise thallium-201 myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography late after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25:403-9. [PMID: 7829794 DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the incremental prognostic value of exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) performed > or = 5 years after coronary artery bypass surgery. BACKGROUND Thallium-201 scintigraphy has shown significant prognostic value in a variety of populations with suspected and known coronary artery disease. However, its value in patients with previous bypass surgery remains unknown. METHODS We studied 294 patients who were prospectively followed up. Cox proportional hazards models for prediction of "hard" events (cardiac death and nonfatal infarctions) were constructed, with variables considered for inclusion in hierarchic order: clinical and exercise data first, followed by scintigraphic information. RESULTS Mean (+/- SD) follow-up duration after scintigraphy was 31 +/- 11 months. There were 20 cardiac deaths and 21 nonfatal acute myocardial infarctions. Twenty-nine patients had late (> 60 days after thallium-201 SPECT) revascularization procedures or underwent repeat bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Shortness of breath and peak exercise heart rate were the most important clinical predictors of hard events. Two scintigraphic variables added significant prognostic information to the clinical model: the thallium-201 summed reversibility score (summation of segmental differences between stress and redistribution scores) and the presence of increased lung uptake of the radiotracer. The global chi-square statistic for this model was twice as high as that for the clinical/exercise model alone (49.7 vs. 24.2). When a second multivariate Cox model was built adding "soft" events (i.e., late revascularization procedures) as outcomes of interest, the summed reversibility score was selected as an independent scintigraphic predictor of events. The global chi-square statistic for this model was 50.7, three times as high as that for the clinical/exercise model alone. CONCLUSIONS After evaluation of treadmill and exercise data, thallium-201 myocardial perfusion SPECT provided incremental prognostic information in patients late after bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Palmas
- Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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Matzer L, Kiat H, Van Train K, Germano G, Papanicolaou M, Silagan G, Eigler N, Maddahi J, Berman DS. Quantitative severity of stress thallium-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography defects in one-vessel coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72:273-9. [PMID: 8342504 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The relation between the quantitative myocardial perfusion defect severity of exercise thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and the quantitative degree of coronary stenosis was examined in 18 patients with 1-vessel disease (> or = 50% diameter stenosis), and abnormal thallium-201 SPECT. A total of 26 vessels were analyzed. Thallium-201 SPECT quantitative defect severity score was derived by summing the number of pixels in a coronary territory in which counts fell below the normal mean and multiplied by the number of SDs by which they fell below the normal mean. The thallium-201 defect severity score was significantly (p < 0.001) related to the maximal percent luminal diameter narrowing (r = 0.93), percent area narrowing (r = 0.89), absolute stenotic area (r = 0.79), and absolute stenotic diameter (r = 0.81). As expected, the strongest relation between thallium-201 defect severity and quantitative angiographic indexes was in the low and high ranges of coronary stenosis, with more variability and lower correlation coefficients (percent diameter: r = 0.75, p < 0.02, percent area stenosis: r = 0.63, p < 0.05) in the middle ranges (50 to 80% diameter stenosis). This observation is likely to be due to the complex flow characteristics across stenotic lesions. The findings suggest that in a select population, thallium-201 defect severity is potentially useful for noninvasive characterization of the functional severity of coronary artery stenosis and may complement coronary angiography in predicting functionally significant stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Matzer
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048
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