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Hheidari A, Mohammadi J, Ghodousi M, Mahmoodi M, Ebrahimi S, Pishbin E, Rahdar A. Metal-based nanoparticle in cancer treatment: lessons learned and challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1436297. [PMID: 39055339 PMCID: PMC11269265 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1436297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, being one of the deadliest diseases, poses significant challenges despite the existence of traditional treatment approaches. This has led to a growing demand for innovative pharmaceutical agents that specifically target cancer cells for effective treatment. In recent years, the use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) as a promising alternative to conventional therapies has gained prominence in cancer research. Metal NPs exhibit unique properties that hold tremendous potential for various applications in cancer treatment. Studies have demonstrated that certain metals possess inherent or acquired anticancer capabilities through their surfaces. These properties make metal NPs an attractive focus for therapeutic development. In this review, we will investigate the applicability of several distinct classes of metal NPs for tumor targeting in cancer treatment. These classes may include gold, silver, iron oxide, and other metals with unique properties that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. Additionally, we will provide a comprehensive summary of the risk factors associated with the therapeutic application of metal NPs. Understanding and addressing these factors will be crucial for successful clinical translation and to mitigate any potential challenges or failures in the translation of metal NP-based therapies. By exploring the therapeutic potential of metal NPs and identifying the associated risk factors, this review aims to contribute to the advancement of cancer treatment strategies. The anticipated outcome of this review is to provide valuable insights and pave the way for the advancement of effective and targeted therapies utilizing metal NPs specifically for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hheidari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghodousi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Mohammadreza Mahmoodi
- Bio-microfluidics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Ebrahimi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmail Pishbin
- Bio-microfluidics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
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Kushawaha SK, Ashawat MS, Baldi A. Auranofin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles alleviate cognitive deficit induced by streptozotocin in rats model: modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers, and neurotransmitters. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03253-x. [PMID: 38967827 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease remains an unsolved neurological puzzle with no cure. Current therapies offer only symptomatic relief, hindered by limited uptake through the blood-brain barrier. Auranofin, an FDA-approved compound, exhibits potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties targeting brain disorders. Yet, its oral bioavailability challenge prompts the exploration of nanoformulation-based solutions enhancing blood-brain barrier penetrability. The study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective potential of auranofin nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced AD rats. Auranofin-containing polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles were formulated by the multiple emulsion solvent evaporation method. Characterization was done by determining entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution, surface charge, and morphology. An in vivo study was performed by administering streptozotocin (3 mg/kg/i.c.v., days 1 and 3), auranofin (5 and 10 mg/kg), auranofin nanoparticles (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), and donepezil (2 mg/kg) for 14 days orally. Behavioral deficits were evaluated using the open field test, Morris water maze, objective recognition test, change in oxidative stress levels, and AD markers in the brain. Following the decapitation of the rats, the brains were excised to isolate the hippocampus. Subsequent analyses included the quantification of biochemical and neuroinflammatory markers, as well as the assessment of neurotransmitter levels. The characterization of auranofin nanoparticles showed an entrapment efficiency of 98%, an average particle size of 101.5 ± 10.3 nm, a surface charge of 27.5 ± 5.10 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.438 ± 0.12. In vivo, administration of auranofin and auranofin nanoparticles significantly reversed streptozotocin-induced cognitive deficits, biochemical alteration, neuroinflammatory markers, and neurotransmitter levels. The present finding suggests that auranofin nanoparticles have more significant neuroprotective potential than auranofin alone. The therapeutic efficacy may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its positive neuromodulatory effects. Therefore, our findings suggest that it could be a promising candidate for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar Kushawaha
- Pharma Innovation Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences &Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Mahendra Singh Ashawat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Laureate Institute of Pharmacy, Distt. Kangra, Kathog, H.P., 176031, India
| | - Ashish Baldi
- Pharma Innovation Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences &Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, India.
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Martinez-Jaramillo E, Jamali F, Abdalbari FH, Abdulkarim B, Jean-Claude BJ, Telleria CM, Sabri S. Pro-Oxidant Auranofin and Glutathione-Depleting Combination Unveils Synergistic Lethality in Glioblastoma Cells with Aberrant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2319. [PMID: 39001381 PMCID: PMC11240359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and advanced malignant primary brain tumor in adults. GBM frequently harbors epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type (EGFRwt) gene amplification and/or EGFRvIII activating mutation. EGFR-driven GBM relies on the thioredoxin (Trx) and/or glutathione (GSH) antioxidant systems to withstand the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The impact of EGFRwt or EGFRvIII overexpression on the response to a Trx/GSH co-targeting strategy is unknown. In this study, we investigated Trx/GSH co-targeting in the context of EGFR overexpression in GBM. Auranofin is a thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitor, FDA-approved for rheumatoid arthritis. L-buthionine-sulfoximine (L-BSO) inhibits GSH synthesis by targeting the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) enzyme subunit. We analyzed the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of auranofin and the interaction between auranofin and L-BSO in U87MG, U87/EGFRwt, and U87/EGFRvIII GBM isogenic GBM cell lines. ROS-dependent effects were assessed using the antioxidant N-acetylsteine. We show that auranofin decreased TrxR1 activity and increased ROS. Auranofin decreased cell vitality and colony formation and increased protein polyubiquitination through ROS-dependent mechanisms, suggesting the role of ROS in auranofin-induced cytotoxicity in the three cell lines. ROS-dependent PARP-1 cleavage was associated with EGFRvIII downregulation in U87/EGFRvIII cells. Remarkably, the auranofin and L-BSO combination induced the significant depletion of intracellular GSH and synergistic cytotoxicity regardless of EGFR overexpression. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms associated with cytotoxicity were modulated to a different extent among the three cell lines. U87/EGFRvIII exhibited the most prominent ROS increase, P-AKT(Ser-473), and AKT decrease along with drastic EGFRvIII downregulation. U87/EGFRwt and U87/EGFRvIII displayed lower basal intracellular GSH levels and synergistic ROS-dependent DNA damage compared to U87MG cells. Our study provides evidence for ROS-dependent synergistic cytotoxicity of auranofin and L-BSO combination in GBM in vitro. Unraveling the sensitivity of EGFR-overexpressing cells to auranofin alone, and synergistic auranofin and L-BSO combination, supports the rationale to repurpose this promising pro-oxidant treatment strategy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Martinez-Jaramillo
- Experimental Pathology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Jamali
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Farah H Abdalbari
- Experimental Pathology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bertrand J Jean-Claude
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Carlos M Telleria
- Experimental Pathology Unit, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Di Bella S, Sanson G, Monticelli J, Zerbato V, Principe L, Giuffrè M, Pipitone G, Luzzati R. Clostridioides difficile infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0013523. [PMID: 38421181 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00135-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the major issues in nosocomial infections. This bacterium is constantly evolving and poses complex challenges for clinicians, often encountered in real-life scenarios. In the face of CDI, we are increasingly equipped with new therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies and live biotherapeutic products, which need to be thoroughly understood to fully harness their benefits. Moreover, interesting options are currently under study for the future, including bacteriophages, vaccines, and antibiotic inhibitors. Surveillance and prevention strategies continue to play a pivotal role in limiting the spread of the infection. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of epidemiological aspects, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and current and future prophylactic and therapeutic options for C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bella
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sanson
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacopo Monticelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Verena Zerbato
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Trieste University Hospital (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Principe
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Great Metropolitan Hospital "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli", Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mauro Giuffrè
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine (Digestive Diseases), Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pipitone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, ARNAS Civico-Di Cristina Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
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Mironov IV, Kharlamova VY, Makotchenko EV. Some remarks on the biological application of gold(III) complexes. Biometals 2024; 37:233-246. [PMID: 37855996 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold(III) complexes are widely studied as antitumor agents and show good results. The interaction with biologically active thiols (thiomalate, cysteine, glutathione (GSH) and human serum albumin) of a number of gold(III) complexes with N-containing polydentate ligands in aqueous solution with pH 7.4 and 0.2 M NaCl was studied. Complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridyl, Au(phen)(OH)2+ and Au(bipy)(OH)2+, react fast with an excess of any of these thiols and in less than a few seconds transform into gold(I) bis-thiolate complexes. For complexes with deprotonated ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine, Au(en)(en-H)2+ and Au(dien-H)(Cl,OH)+, at a significant excess of GSH, a relatively long-lived gold(III) complex AuIII(GSH)iLj is formed. At t = 37 °C, it transforms into the gold(I) bis-thiolate complex Au(GSH)2 by 90% in 4 h. However, for other thiols, the rate of decomposition of similar complexes is about 10 times higher. Some other complexes were also considered. In all cases, a fairly fast reduction of gold(III) to gold(I) occurs with the formation of the gold(I) bis-thiolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Mironov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Viktoria Yu Kharlamova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Eugenia V Makotchenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Sivanesan I. A Comprehensive Survey on the Expediated Anti-COVID-19 Options Enabled by Metal Complexes-Tasks and Trials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083354. [PMID: 37110587 PMCID: PMC10143858 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary pharmacology dating back to the late 19th/early 20th centuries has benefitted largely from the incorporation of metal complexes. Various biological attributes have been successfully realized using metal/metal complex-based drugs. Among anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral applications, anticancer applications have extracted the maximum benefit from the metal complex, Cisplatin. The following review has compiled the various antiviral benefits harnessed through inputs from metal complexes. As a result of exploiting the pharmacological aspects of metal complexes, the anti-COVID-19 deliverables have been summarized. The challenges ahead, the gaps in this research area, the need to improvise incorporating nanoaspects in metal complexes, and the need to test metal complex-based drugs in clinical trials have been discussed and deliberated. The pandemic shook the entire world and claimed quite a percentage of the global population. Metal complex-based drugs are already established for their antiviral property with respect to enveloped viruses and extrapolating them for COVID-19 can be an effective way to manipulate drug resistance and mutant issues that the current anti-COVID-19 drugs are facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Makotchenko EV, Yu. Kharlamova V, Baidina IA, Bardina EE, Korolkov IV, Mironov IV, Gushchin AL. Synthesis, crystal structure and solution studies of gold(III) complexes with 1,1-dimethylbiguanide. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Kim HY, Otgontenger U, Kim JW, Lee YJ, Kim SB, Lim SC, Kim YM, Kang KW. Anti-fibrotic effect of aurocyanide, the active metabolite of auranofin. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:149-159. [PMID: 36894745 PMCID: PMC9998255 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug repositioning has gained significant attention over the past several years. The anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug auranofin has been investigated for the treatment of other diseases, including liver fibrosis. Because auranofin is rapidly metabolized, it is necessary to identify the active metabolites of auranofin that have detectable levels in the blood and reflect its therapeutic effects. In the present study, we investigated whether aurocyanide as an active metabolite of auranofin, can be used to evaluate the anti-fibrotic effects of auranofin. Incubation of auranofin with liver microsomes showed that auranofin was susceptible to hepatic metabolism. Previously, we found that the anti-fibrotic effects of auranofin are mediated via system xc--dependent inhibition of the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Therefore, we tried to identify active metabolites of auranofin based on their inhibitory effects on system xc- and NLRP3 inflammasome in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Among the seven candidate metabolites, 1-thio-β-D-glycopyrano-sato-S-(triethyl-phosphine)-gold(I) and aurocyanide potently inhibited system xc- and NLRP3 inflammasome. A pharmacokinetics study on mice detected significant plasma levels of aurocyanide after auranofin administration. Oral administration of aurocyanide significantly prevented thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Moreover, the in vitro anti-fibrotic effects of aurocyanide were assessed in LX-2 cells, where aurocyanide significantly decreased the migratory ability of the cells. In conclusion, aurocyanide is metabolically stable and detectable in plasma, and has inhibitory effects on liver fibrosis, suggesting that it is a potential marker of the therapeutic effects of auranofin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro-1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Undarmaa Otgontenger
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Woo Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K Medi Hub), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro-1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (K Medi Hub), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-Ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanakro-1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Cox AR, Masschelin PM, Saha PK, Felix JB, Sharp R, Lian Z, Xia Y, Chernis N, Bader DA, Kim KH, Li X, Yoshino J, Li X, Li G, Sun Z, Wu H, Coarfa C, Moore DD, Klein S, Sun K, Hartig SM. The rheumatoid arthritis drug auranofin lowers leptin levels and exerts antidiabetic effects in obese mice. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1932-1946.e7. [PMID: 36243005 PMCID: PMC9742315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade, sustained inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT) characterizes obesity and coincides with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, pharmacological targeting of inflammation lacks durable therapeutic effects in insulin-resistant conditions. Through a computational screen, we discovered that the FDA-approved rheumatoid arthritis drug auranofin improved insulin sensitivity and normalized obesity-associated abnormalities, including hepatic steatosis and hyperinsulinemia in mouse models of T2DM. We also discovered that auranofin accumulation in WAT depleted inflammatory responses to a high-fat diet without altering body composition in obese wild-type mice. Surprisingly, elevated leptin levels and blunted beta-adrenergic receptor activity achieved by leptin receptor deletion abolished the antidiabetic effects of auranofin. These experiments also revealed that the metabolic benefits of leptin reduction were superior to immune impacts of auranofin in WAT. Our studies uncover important metabolic properties of anti-inflammatory treatments and contribute to the notion that leptin reduction in the periphery can be accomplished to treat obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Cox
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Peter M Masschelin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessica B Felix
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Sharp
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeqin Lian
- Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natasha Chernis
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Bader
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kang Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Yoshino
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kai Sun
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Auranofin and Pharmacologic Ascorbate as Radiomodulators in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050971. [PMID: 35624835 PMCID: PMC9137675 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer accounts for nearly one fourth of all new cancers worldwide. Little progress in the development of novel or adjuvant therapies has been made over the past few decades and new approaches to the treatment of pancreatic cancer are desperately needed. Pharmacologic ascorbate (P-AscH−, high-dose, intravenous vitamin C) is being investigated in clinical trials as an adjunct to standard-of-care chemoradiation treatments. In vitro, P-AscH− has been shown to sensitize cancer cells to ionizing radiation in a manner that is dependent on the generation of H2O2 while simultaneously protecting normal tissue from radiation damage. There is renewed interest in Auranofin (Au), an FDA-approved medication utilized in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, as an anti-cancer agent. Au inhibits the thioredoxin antioxidant system, thus increasing the overall peroxide burden on cancer cells. In support of current literature demonstrating Au’s effectiveness in breast, colon, lung, and ovarian cancer, we offer additional data that demonstrate the effectiveness of Au alone and in combination with P-AscH− and ionizing radiation in pancreatic cancer treatment. Combining P-AscH− and Au in the treatment of pancreatic cancer may confer multiple mechanisms to increase H2O2-dependent toxicity amongst cancer cells and provide a promising translatable avenue by which to enhance radiation effectiveness and improve patient outcomes.
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Abstract
The first appearance of SARS-CoV-2 is dated back to 2019. This new member of the coronavirus family has caused more than 5 million deaths worldwide up until the end of January 2022. At the moment, and after intensive vaccination programmes throughout the world, the pandemic is still active, whilst new mutations constantly appear. Researchers are working intensively to discover antiviral drugs to combat the severe cases in intensive care units, giving the overloaded hospital units a breather. Alongside various research projects focusing on developing small pharmaceutical molecules, a significant proportion of the research community has shifted towards paying attention to metal drugs. In this small review, we make brief reference to the use of metal drugs in therapeutics and provide some examples of metal drugs that are of extreme interest in the current pandemic. At the same time, we will also examine some of their promising mechanisms of action and possible effectiveness against COVID-19.
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Hansen MB, Postol M, Tvingsholm S, Nielsen IØ, Dietrich TN, Puustinen P, Maeda K, Dinant C, Strauss R, Egan D, Jäättelä M, Kallunki T. Identification of lysosome-targeting drugs with anti-inflammatory activity as potential invasion inhibitors of treatment resistant HER2 positive cancers. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:805-820. [PMID: 33939112 PMCID: PMC8090911 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Most HER2 positive invasive cancers are either intrinsic non-responsive or develop resistance when treated with 1st line HER2 targeting drugs. Both 1st and 2nd line treatments of HER2 positive cancers are aimed at targeting the HER2 receptor directly, thereby strongly limiting the treatment options of HER2/ErbB2 inhibition resistant invasive cancers. METHODS We used phenotypic high throughput microscopy screening to identify efficient inhibitors of ErbB2-induced invasion using 1st line HER2 inhibitor trastuzumab- and pertuzumab-resistant, p95-ErbB2 expressing breast cancer cells in conjunction with the Prestwick Chemical Library®. The screening entailed a drug's ability to inhibit ErbB2-induced, invasion-promoting positioning of lysosomes at the cellular periphery, a phenotype that defines their invasiveness. In addition, we used high throughput microscopy and biochemical assays to assess the effects of the drugs on lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and autophagy, two features connected to cancer treatment. Using 2nd line HER2 inhibitor lapatinib resistant 3-dimensional model systems, we assessed the effects of the drugs on ErbB2 positive breast cancer spheroids and developed a high-throughput invasion assay for HER2 positive ovarian cancer organoids for further evaluation. RESULTS We identified Auranofin, Colchicine, Monensin, Niclosamide, Podophyllotoxin, Quinacrine and Thiostrepton as efficient inhibitors of invasive growth of 2nd line HER2 inhibitor lapatinib resistant breast cancer spheroids and ovarian cancer organoids. We classified these drugs into four groups based on their ability to target lysosomes by inducing autophagy and/or LMP, i.e., drugs inducing early LMP, early autophagy with late LMP, late LMP, or neither. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that targetable lysosome-engaging cellular pathways downstream of ErbB2 contribute to invasion. They support lysosomal trafficking as an attractive target for therapy aiming at preventing the spreading of cancer cells. Since these drugs additionally possess anti-inflammatory activities, they could serve as multipurpose drugs simultaneously targeting infection/inflammation and cancer spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Bredahl Hansen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Postol
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siri Tvingsholm
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Ødum Nielsen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tiina Naumanen Dietrich
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pietri Puustinen
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffel Dinant
- Genome Integrity Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Core Facility for Bioimaging, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Strauss
- Genome Integrity Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Egan
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Core Life Analytics, Padualaan, 83584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuula Kallunki
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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The FDA-approved gold drug auranofin inhibits novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) replication and attenuates inflammation in human cells. Virology 2020; 547:7-11. [PMID: 32442105 PMCID: PMC7236683 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-COV-2 has recently emerged as a new public health threat. Herein, we report that the FDA-approved drug, auranofin, inhibits SARS-COV-2 replication in human cells at low micro molar concentration. Treatment of cells with auranofin resulted in a 95% reduction in the viral RNA at 48 h after infection. Auranofin treatment dramatically reduced the expression of SARS-COV-2-induced cytokines in human cells. These data indicate that auranofin could be a useful drug to limit SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated lung injury due to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-reactive oxygen species (ROS) properties. Further animal studies are warranted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of auranofin for the management of SARS-COV-2 associated disease. Auranofin inhibits replication of SARS-COV-2 in human cells at low micro molar concentration. Auranofin treatment resulted in significant reduction in SARS-COV-2-induced cytokines in human cells. Auranofin could mitigate SARS-COV-2 infection and lung damage due to its anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. Auranofin is a gold-containing FDA-approved drug.
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14
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FoxO3 reverses 5-fluorouracil resistance in human colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting the Nrf2/TR1 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2020; 470:29-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Lee D, Xu IMJ, Chiu DKC, Leibold J, Tse APW, Bao MHR, Yuen VWH, Chan CYK, Lai RKH, Chin DWC, Chan DFF, Cheung TT, Chok SH, Wong CM, Lowe SW, Ng IOL, Wong CCL. Induction of Oxidative Stress Through Inhibition of Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Is an Effective Therapeutic Approach for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2019; 69:1768-1786. [PMID: 30561826 PMCID: PMC8690574 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide which lacks effective treatment. Cancer cells experience high levels of oxidative stress due to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased antioxidant-producing capacity is therefore found in cancer cells to counteract oxidative stress. The thioredoxin system is a ubiquitous mammalian antioxidant system which scavenges ROS, and we demonstrate that it is vital for HCC growth as it maintains intracellular reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis. Transcriptome sequencing in human HCC samples revealed significant overexpression of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), the cytosolic subunit and key enzyme of the thioredoxin system, with significant correlations to poorer clinicopathological features and patient survival. Driven by the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, the master protector against oxidative stress, TXNRD1 counteracts intracellular ROS produced in human HCC. Inhibition of TXNRD1 through genetic inhibition hindered the proliferation of HCC cells and induced apoptosis in vitro. Administration of the pharmacological TXNRD1 inhibitor auranofin (AUR) effectively suppressed the growth of HCC tumors induced using the hydrodynamic tail vein injection and orthotopic implantation models in vivo. Furthermore, AUR sensitized HCC cells toward the conventional therapeutic sorafenib. Conclusion: Our study highlights the reliance of HCC cells on antioxidants for redox homeostasis and growth advantage; targeting TXNRD1 resulted in dramatic accumulation of ROS, which was found to be an effective approach for the suppression of HCC tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Josef Leibold
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aki Pui-Wah Tse
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tan-To Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Siu-Ho Chok
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,Correspondence: Dr Carmen Chak-Lui Wong, T8-010, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Phone: (852) 2255-5077, Fax: (852) 2872-5197, , or, Professor Irene Oi-Lin Ng, T7-018, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Phone: (852) 2255-2658, Fax: (852) 2872-5197,
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,Correspondence: Dr Carmen Chak-Lui Wong, T8-010, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Phone: (852) 2255-5077, Fax: (852) 2872-5197, , or, Professor Irene Oi-Lin Ng, T7-018, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Phone: (852) 2255-2658, Fax: (852) 2872-5197,
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16
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AbdelKhalek A, Abutaleb NS, Mohammad H, Seleem MN. Antibacterial and antivirulence activities of auranofin against Clostridium difficile. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 53:54-62. [PMID: 30273668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a deadly, opportunistic bacterial pathogen. In the last two decades, C. difficile infections (CDIs) have become a national concern because of the emergence of hypervirulent mutants with increased capability to produce toxins and spores. This has resulted in an increased number of infections and deaths associated with CDI. The scarcity of anticlostridial drugs has led to unsatisfactory cure rates, elevated recurrence rates and permitted enhanced colonization with other drug-resistant pathogens (such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci) in afflicted patients. Therefore, both patients and physicians are facing an urgent need for more effective therapies to treat CDI. In an effort to find new anticlostridial drugs, we investigated auranofin, an FDA-approved oral antirheumatic drug that has recently been found to possess antibacterial activity. Auranofin exhibited potent activity against C. difficile isolates, inhibiting growth at a concentration of 1 µg/mL against 50% of all tested isolates. Auranofin inhibited both toxin production and spore formation, a property lacking in both vancomycin and metronidazole (the primary agents used to treat CDI). Auranofin had a direct protective activity against C. difficile toxin-mediated inflammation and inhibited the growth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Auranofin is a promising candidate that warrants further investigation as a treatment option for C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed AbdelKhalek
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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17
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Meola A, Rao J, Chaudhary N, Sharma M, Chang SD. Gold Nanoparticles for Brain Tumor Imaging: A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2018; 9:328. [PMID: 29867737 PMCID: PMC5960696 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Demarcation of malignant brain tumor boundaries is critical to achieve complete resection and to improve patient survival. Contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for diagnosis and pre-surgical planning, despite limitations of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents to depict tumor margins. Recently, solid metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have shown potential as diagnostic probes for brain tumors. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) emerged among those, because of their unique physical and chemical properties and biocompatibility. The aim of the present study is to review the application of GNPs for in vitro and in vivo brain tumor diagnosis. Methods We performed a PubMed search of reports exploring the application of GNPs in the diagnosis of brain tumors in biological models including cells, animals, primates, and humans. The search words were "gold" AND "NP" AND "brain tumor." Two reviewers performed eligibility assessment independently in an unblinded standardized manner. The following data were extracted from each paper: first author, year of publication, animal/cellular model, GNP geometry, GNP size, GNP coating [i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Gd], blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing aids, imaging modalities, and therapeutic agents conjugated to the GNPs. Results The PubMed search provided 100 items. A total of 16 studies, published between the 2011 and 2017, were included in our review. No studies on humans were found. Thirteen studies were conducted in vivo on rodent models. The most common shape was a nanosphere (12 studies). The size of GNPs ranged between 20 and 120 nm. In eight studies, the GNPs were covered in PEG. The BBB penetration was increased by surface molecules (nine studies) or by means of external energy sources (in two studies). The most commonly used imaging modalities were MRI (four studies), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (three studies), and fluorescent microscopy (three studies). In two studies, the GNPs were conjugated with therapeutic agents. Conclusion Experimental studies demonstrated that GNPs might be versatile, persistent, and safe contrast agents for multimodality imaging, thus enhancing the tumor edges pre-, intra-, and post-operatively improving microscopic precision. The diagnostic GNPs might also be used for multiple therapeutic approaches, namely as "theranostic" NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Meola
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Navjot Chaudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mayur Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Steven D Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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18
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Petrosillo N, Granata G, Cataldo MA. Novel Antimicrobials for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:96. [PMID: 29713630 PMCID: PMC5911476 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current picture of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is alarming with a mortality rate ranging between 3% and 15% and a CDI recurrence rate ranging from 12% to 40%. Despite the great efforts made over the past 10 years to face the CDI burden, there are still gray areas in our knowledge on CDI management. The traditional anti-CDI antimicrobials are not always adequate in addressing the current needs in CDI management. The aim of our review is to give an update on novel antimicrobials for the treatment of CDI, considering the currently available evidences on their efficacy, safety, molecular mechanism of action, and their probability to be successfully introduced into the clinical practice in the near future. We identified, through a PubMed search, 16 novel antimicrobial molecules under study for CDI treatment: cadazolid, surotomycin, ridinilazole, LFF571, ramoplanin, CRS3123, fusidic acid, nitazoxanide, rifampin, rifaximin, tigecycline, auranofin, NVB302, thuricin CD, lacticin 3147, and acyldepsipeptide antimicrobials. In comparison with the traditional anti-CDI antimicrobial treatment, some of the novel antimicrobials reviewed in this study offer several advantages, i.e., the favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, the narrow-spectrum activity against CD that implicates a low impact on the gut microbiota composition, the inhibitory activity on CD sporulation and toxins production. Among these novel antimicrobials, the most active compounds in reducing spore production are cadazolid, ridinilazole, CRS3123, ramoplanin and, potentially, the acyldepsipeptide antimicrobials. These antimicrobials may potentially reduce CD environment spread and persistence, thus reducing CDI healthcare-associated acquisition. However, some of them, i.e., surotomycin, fusidic acid, etc., will not be available due to lack of superiority versus standard of treatment. The most CD narrow-spectrum novel antimicrobials that allow to preserve microbiota integrity are cadazolid, ridinilazole, auranofin, and thuricin CD. In conclusion, the novel antimicrobial molecules under development for CDI have promising key features and advancements in comparison to the traditional anti-CDI antimicrobials. In the near future, some of these new molecules might be effective alternatives to fight CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Petrosillo
- Clinical and Research Department for Infectious Diseases, Unit Systemic and Immunedepression-Associated Infections, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Granata
- Clinical and Research Department for Infectious Diseases, Unit Systemic and Immunedepression-Associated Infections, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Adriana Cataldo
- Clinical and Research Department for Infectious Diseases, Unit Systemic and Immunedepression-Associated Infections, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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19
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Tomasello MF, Nardon C, Lanza V, Di Natale G, Pettenuzzo N, Salmaso S, Milardi D, Caliceti P, Pappalardo G, Fregona D. New comprehensive studies of a gold(III) Dithiocarbamate complex with proven anticancer properties: Aqueous dissolution with cyclodextrins, pharmacokinetics and upstream inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28651154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The gold(III)-dithiocarbamate complex AuL12 (dibromo [ethyl-N-(dithiocarboxy-kS,kS')-N-methylglycinate] gold(III)), is endowed with promising in vitro/in vivo antitumor activity and toxicological profile. Here, we report our recent strategies to improve its water solubility and stability under physiological conditions along with our efforts for unravelling its tangled mechanism of action. We used three types of α-cyclodextrins (CDs), namely β-CD, Me-β-CD and HP-β-CD to prepare aqueous solutions of AuL12. The ability of these natural oligosaccharide carriers to enhance water solubility of hydrophobic compounds, allowed drug stability of AuL12 to be investigated. Moreover, pharmacokinetic experiments were first carried out for a gold(III) coordination compound, after i.v. injection of the nanoformulation AuL12/HP-β-CD to female mice. The gold content in the blood samples was detected at scheduled times by AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry) analysis, highlighting a fast biodistribution with a tβ1/2 of few minutes and a slow escretion (tα1/2 of 14.3 h). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of AuL12 was compared with the AuL12/HP-β-CD mixture against a panel of three human tumor cell lines (i.e., HeLa, KB and MCF7). Concerning the mechanism of action, we previously reported the proteasome-inhibitory activity of some our gold(III)-based compounds. In this work, we moved from the proteasome target to upstream of the important ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, testing the effects of AuL12 on the polyubiquitination reactions involving the Ub-activating (E1) and -conjugating (E2) enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna F Tomasello
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Nardon
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Natale
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Pettenuzzo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pappalardo
- IBB-CNR, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Sede Secondaria di Catania, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18 - 95126, Catania, Italy.
| | - Dolores Fregona
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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20
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Trubiano JA, Cheng AC, Korman TM, Roder C, Campbell A, May MLA, Blyth CC, Ferguson JK, Blackmore TK, Riley TV, Athan E. Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases updated guidelines for the management of Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand. Intern Med J 2017; 46:479-93. [PMID: 27062204 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to rise, whilst treatment remains problematic due to recurrent, refractory and potentially severe nature of disease. The treatment of C. difficile is a challenge for community and hospital-based clinicians. With the advent of an expanding therapeutic arsenal against C. difficile since the last published Australasian guidelines, an update on CDI treatment recommendations for Australasian clinicians was required. On behalf of the Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases, we present the updated guidelines for the management of CDI in adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Trubiano
- Infectious Diseases Department, Austin Health, Melbourne, Western Australia.,Infectious Diseases Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Western Australia
| | - A C Cheng
- Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Western Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Western Australia.,Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Western Australia
| | - T M Korman
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Western Australia
| | - C Roder
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Western Australia.,Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Western Australia
| | - A Campbell
- Infectious Diseases Department, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia
| | - M L A May
- Infection Management and Prevention Service, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital and Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - C C Blyth
- Infectious Diseases Department, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia
| | - J K Ferguson
- Pathology North, NSW Pathology, Wellington South, New Zealand.,Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, John Hunter Hospital, Wellington South, New Zealand.,Universities of New England and Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T K Blackmore
- Laboratory Services, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - T V Riley
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia
| | - E Athan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Western Australia.,Department of Infectious Disease, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Western Australia
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21
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James LRA, Sluyter R, Dillon CT, Ralph SF. Effects of Gold Nanoparticles and Gold Anti-Arthritic Compounds on Inflammation Marker Expression in Macrophages. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of aurothiomalate and auranofin to alter the production of several cellular mediators of inflammation by RAW264.7 macrophages, was compared with each other and that of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Addition of auranofin was found to have a pronounced ability to lower the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS respectively), as well as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), by macrophages that were subsequently treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate production of the mediators. In contrast, prior treatment of the cells with either aurothiomalate or Au NPs had either little or no significant effect on production of RNS and ROS. Treatment of the macrophages with Au NPs had a small effect on production of TNF by cells that were subsequently stimulated with LPS; however, the effect was much smaller than that elicited by auranofin. Similarly, aurothiomalate had a small but significant effect on production of IL-10. Varying the size of the Au NPs or the identity of the protective sheath surrounding the nanoparticles did not have a significant effect on the production of RNS or ROS by LPS-stimulated macrophages. The results of some of these investigations are discussed in the light of other studies reported in the literature. In addition, results obtained by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are presented that provide evidence for the accumulation of gold within macrophages exposed to Au NPs.
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Abstract
Drug discovery, development and registration is an expensive and time-consuming process associated with a high failure rate [Pessetto et al. (Mol Cancer Ther 12:1299-1309, 2013), Woodcock and Woosley (Annu Rev Med 59:1-12, 2008)]. Drug 'repurposing' is the identification of new therapeutic purposes for already approved drugs and is more affordable and achievable than novel drug discovery [Pessetto et al. (Mol Cancer Ther 12:1299-1309, 2013)]. Auranofin is a drug that is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but is being investigated for potential therapeutic application in a number of other diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, HIV/AIDS, parasitic infections and bacterial infections [Tejman-Yarden et al. (Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:2029-2035, 2013)]. The main mechanism of action of auranofin is through the inhibition of reduction/oxidation (redox) enzymes that are essential for maintaining intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Inhibition of these enzymes leads to cellular oxidative stress and intrinsic apoptosis [Pessetto et al. (Mol Cancer Ther 12:1299-1309, 2013), Fan et al. (Cell Death Dis 5:e1191, 2014), Fiskus et al. (Cancer Res 74:2520-2532, 2014), Marzano et al. (Free Radic Biol Med 42:872-881, 2007)]. Drugs such as auranofin that have already been approved for human use [Tejman-Yarden et al. (Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57:2029-2035, 2013)] can be brought into clinical use for other diseases relatively quickly and for a fraction of the cost of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Roder
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia,
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Madeira JM, Bajwa E, Stuart MJ, Hashioka S, Klegeris A. Gold drug auranofin could reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia cytotoxic secretions and primed respiratory burst. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:71-9. [PMID: 25175064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Anti-inflammatory treatments could potentially be used to slow down the progression of these diseases. We studied the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of gold compounds which have been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Non-toxic concentrations of auranofin (0.1-1 μM) significantly reduced the cytotoxic secretions by primary human microglia and microglia-like THP-1 promonocytic cells. Auranofin inhibited primed NADPH-oxidase dependent respiratory burst and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and nitric oxide by monocytic cells. It had a direct neuroprotective effect on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Auranofin could have a novel application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Madeira
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Ekta Bajwa
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Maegan J Stuart
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Sadayuki Hashioka
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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Auranofin is highly efficacious against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in an in vivo experimental model of acute toxoplasmosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2973. [PMID: 25079790 PMCID: PMC4117455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mainstay of toxoplasmosis treatment targets the folate biosynthetic pathways and has not changed for the last 50 years. The activity of these chemotherapeutic agents is restricted to one lifecycle stage of Toxoplasma gondii, they have significant toxicity, and the impending threat of emerging resistance to these agents makes the discovery of new therapies a priority. We now demonstrate that auranofin, an orally administered gold containing compound that was FDA approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, has activity against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro (IC50 = 0.28 µM) and in vivo (1 mg/kg). METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Replication within human foreskin fibroblasts of RH tachyzoites was inhibited by auranofin. At 0.4 µM, auranofin inhibited replication, as measured by percent infected fibroblasts at 24 hrs, (10.94% vs. 24.66% of controls; p = 0.0003) with no effect on parasite invasion (16.95% vs. 12.91% p = 0.4331). After 18 hrs, 62% of extracellular parasites treated with auranofin were non-viable compared to control using an ATP viability assay (p = 0.0003). In vivo, a previously standardized chicken embryo model of acute toxoplasmosis was used. Fourteen day old chicken embryos were injected through the chorioallantoic vein with 1×104 tachyzoites of the virulent RH strain. The treatment group received one dose of auranofin at the time of inoculation (1 mg/kg estimated body weight). On day 5, auranofin-treated chicken embryos were 100% protected against death (p = 0.0002) and had a significantly reduced parasite load as determined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and by the number of parasites quantified by real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal in vitro and in vivo activity of auranofin against T. gondii, suggesting that it may be an effective alternative treatment for toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Dralle Mjos
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Madeira J, Renschler C, Mueller B, Hashioka S, Gibson D, Klegeris A. Novel protective properties of auranofin: Inhibition of human astrocyte cytotoxic secretions and direct neuroprotection. Life Sci 2013; 92:1072-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chen H, Dorrigan A, Saad S, Hare DJ, Cortie MB, Valenzuela SM. In vivo study of spherical gold nanoparticles: inflammatory effects and distribution in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58208. [PMID: 23469154 PMCID: PMC3585265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 21 nm have been previously well characterized in vitro for their capacity to target macrophages via active uptake. However, the short-term impact of such AuNPs on physiological systems, in particular resident macrophages located in fat tissue in vivo, is largely unknown. This project investigated the distribution, organ toxicity and changes in inflammatory cytokines within the adipose tissue after mice were exposed to AuNPs. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single dose of AuNPs (7.85 μg AuNPs/g). Body weight and energy intake were recorded daily. Tissues were collected at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h post-injection to test for organ toxicity. AuNP distribution was examined using electron microscopy. Proinflammatory cytokine expression and macrophage number within the abdominal fat pad were determined using real-time PCR. RESULTS At 72 hours post AuNP injection, daily energy intake and body weight were found to be similar between Control and AuNP treated mice. However, fat mass was significantly smaller in AuNP-treated mice. Following IP injection, AuNPs rapidly accumulated within the abdominal fat tissue and some were seen in the liver. A reduction in TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels in the fat were observed from 1 h to 72 h post AuNP injection, with no observable changes in macrophage number. There was no detectable toxicity to vital organs (liver and kidney). CONCLUSION Our 21 nm spherical AuNPs caused no measurable organ or cell toxicity in mice, but were correlated with significant fat loss and inhibition of inflammatory effects. With the growing incidence of obesity and obesity-related diseases, our findings offer a new avenue for the potential development of gold nanoparticles as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alisha Dorrigan
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Elemental Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael B. Cortie
- Institute for Nanoscale Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stella M. Valenzuela
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Madeira JM, Gibson DL, Kean WF, Klegeris A. The biological activity of auranofin: implications for novel treatment of diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 20:297-306. [PMID: 22965242 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
More than 30 years ago, auranofin was developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as a substitution for the injectable gold compounds aurothiomalate and aurothioglucose. Both the ease of oral administration over intramuscular injections and more potent anti-inflammatory effects in vitro made auranofin seem like an excellent substitute for the traditional injectable gold compounds. Despite efficacy in the treatment of both rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, currently, auranofin is seldom used as a treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis as more novel anti-rheumatic medications have become available. Despite the decline in its clinical applications, research on auranofin has continued as it shows promise in the treatment of several different diseases. In recent years, advances in technology have allowed researchers to use molecular techniques to identify novel mechanisms of action of auranofin. Additionally, researchers are discovering potential new applications of auranofin. Dual inhibition of inflammatory pathways and thiol redox enzymes by auranofin makes it a new candidate for cancer therapy and treating microbial infections. This review will summarize recently obtained data on the mechanisms of action of auranofin, and potential new applications of auranofin in the treatment of various diseases, including several types of leukaemia, carcinomas, and parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Madeira
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Trávníček Z, Starha P, Vančo J, Silha T, Hošek J, Suchý P, Pražanová G. Anti-inflammatory active gold(I) complexes involving 6-substituted-purine derivatives. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4568-79. [PMID: 22541000 DOI: 10.1021/jm201416p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The gold(I) complexes of the general formula [Au(L(n))(PPh(3))]·xH(2)O (1-8; n = 1-8 and x = 0-1.5), where L(n) stands for a deprotonated form of the benzyl-substituted derivatives of 6-benzylaminopurine, were prepared, thoroughly characterized (elemental analyses, FT-IR, Raman and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, ESI+ mass spectrometry, conductivity, DFT calculations), and studied for their in vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated macrophages (derived from THP-1 cell line) and using the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model on rats. The obtained results indicate that the representative complexes (1, 3, 6) exhibit a strong ability to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 without influence on the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA in the LPS-activated macrophages. The complexes also significantly influence the formation of edema, caused by the intraplantar application of polysaccharide λ-carrageenan to rats in vivo. All the tested complexes showed similar or better biological effects as compared with Auranofin, but contrary to Auranofin they were found to be less cytotoxic in vitro. The obtained results clearly indicate that the gold(I) complexes behave as very effective anti-inflammatory agents and could prove to be useful for the treatment of difficult to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Arvizo RR, Bhattacharyya S, Kudgus R, Giri K, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Intrinsic therapeutic applications of noble metal nanoparticles: past, present and future. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2943-70. [PMID: 22388295 PMCID: PMC3346960 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical nanotechnology is an evolving field having enormous potential to positively impact the health care system. Important biomedical applications of nanotechnology that may have potential clinical applications include targeted drug delivery, detection/diagnosis and imaging. Basic understanding of how nanomaterials, the building blocks of nanotechnology, interact with the cells and their biological consequences are beginning to evolve. Noble metal nanoparticles such as gold, silver and platinum are particularly interesting due to their size and shape dependent unique optoelectronic properties. These noble metal nanoparticles, particularly of gold, have elicited a lot of interest for important biomedical applications because of their ease of synthesis, characterization and surface functionalization. Furthermore, recent investigations are demonstrating another promising application of these nanomaterials as self-therapeutics. To realize the potential promise of these unique inorganic nanomaterials for future clinical translation, it is of utmost importance to understand a few critical parameters; (i) how these nanomaterials interact with the cells at the molecular level; (ii) how their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics influenced by their surface and routes of administration; (iii) mechanism of their detoxification and clearance and (iv) their therapeutic efficacy in appropriate disease model. Thus in this critical review, we will discuss the various clinical applications of gold, silver and platinum nanoparticles with relevance to above parameters. We will also mention various routes of synthesis of these noble metal nanoparticles. However, before we discuss present research, we will also look into the past. We need to understand the discoveries made before us in order to further our knowledge and technological development (318 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle R. Arvizo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | | | - Karuna Giri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
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Thakor AS, Jokerst J, Zavaleta C, Massoud TF, Gambhir SS. Gold nanoparticles: a revival in precious metal administration to patients. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4029-36. [PMID: 21846107 PMCID: PMC3195547 DOI: 10.1021/nl202559p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Gold has been used as a therapeutic agent to treat a wide variety of rheumatic diseases including psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, and discoid lupus erythematosus. Although the use of gold has been largely superseded by newer drugs, gold nanoparticles are being used effectively in laboratory based clinical diagnostic methods while concurrently showing great promise in vivo either as a diagnostic imaging agent or a therapeutic agent. For these reasons, gold nanoparticles are therefore well placed to enter mainstream clinical practice in the near future. Hence, the present review summarizes the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, metabolism, and toxicity of bulk gold in humans based on decades of clinical observation and experiments in which gold was used to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The beneficial attributes of gold nanoparticles, such as their ease of synthesis, functionalization, and shape control are also highlighted demonstrating why gold nanoparticles are an attractive target for further development and optimization. The importance of controlling the size and shape of gold nanoparticles to minimize any potential toxic side effects is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Thakor
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University , California 94305-5427, United States
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Nieminen R, Korhonen R, Moilanen T, Clark AR, Moilanen E. Aurothiomalate inhibits cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and interleukin-6 expression in chondrocytes by increasing MAPK phosphatase 1 expression and decreasing p38 phosphorylation: MAPK phosphatase 1 as a novel target for antirheumatic drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:1650-9. [PMID: 20178133 DOI: 10.1002/art.27409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aurothiomalate is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug that suppresses inflammation and retards cartilage degradation and bone erosion in arthritis. The molecular mechanisms of action of aurothiomalate are not known in detail. MAPK pathways are major signaling pathways in inflammation that regulate the production of many inflammatory and destructive factors in arthritis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of aurothiomalate on the activity of p38 MAPK and on the expression of MAPK phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in immortalized murine H4 chondrocytes and in intact human and murine cartilage. METHODS Protein expression was examined by Western blotting or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The mediator role of MKP-1 was investigated by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) methods to down-regulated MKP-1 expression in chondrocytes in culture and by comparing the responses in intact cartilage from MKP-1-deficient and wild-type mice. The effects of aurothiomalate were also confirmed in human rheumatoid cartilage by using tissue samples obtained at the time of total knee replacement surgery. RESULTS Aurothiomalate inhibited IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E(2) production by destabilizing COX-2 mRNA, as did the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Interestingly, aurothiomalate also increased the expression of MKP-1 and reduced the IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Knockdown of MKP-1 by siRNA significantly impaired the ability of aurothiomalate to inhibit the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the expression of COX-2, MMP-3, and IL-6. Likewise, aurothiomalate reduced COX-2, MMP-3, and IL-6 expression in articular cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in articular cartilage from wild-type mice but not from MKP-1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a novel mechanism for the antiinflammatory and antierosive actions of aurothiomalate, through increased expression of MKP-1, which leads to reduced activation of p38 MAPK and suppressed expression of COX-2, MMP-3, and IL-6. The results suggest that manipulation of MKP-1 levels is a promising new mechanism to be directed in the search and development of novel antiinflammatory and antierosive compounds that have the good efficacy of gold compounds but not their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Nieminen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, University of Tampere Medical School and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Auranofin, an immunosuppressive drug, inhibits MHC class I and MHC class II pathways of antigen presentation in dendritic cells. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:370-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Nieminen R, Vuolteenaho K, Riutta A, Kankaanranta H, van der Kraan PM, Moilanen T, Moilanen E. Aurothiomalate inhibits COX-2 expression in chondrocytes and in human cartilage possibly through its effects on COX-2 mRNA stability. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 587:309-16. [PMID: 18448096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is expressed in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic cartilage and produces pro-inflammatory prostanoids in the joint. In the present study, we investigated the effects of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs on COX-2 expression in chondrocytes. Unlike the other tested drugs, aurothiomalate was found to inhibit COX-2 expression in chondrocytes. In the further studies, effects and mechanisms of action of aurothiomalate were investigated in more detail. Aurothiomalate inhibited IL-1beta-induced COX-2 protein expression and PGE(2) production in chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Because aurothiomalate did not alter IL-1beta-induced mRNA levels when measured 0-3 h after addition of IL-1beta, its effects on COX-2 mRNA degradation were tested by Actinomycin D assay. The half-life of COX-2 mRNA was reduced from 3 h to less than 1.5 h in aurothiomalate-treated cells. The 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of COX-2 mRNA contains an ARE element which has been shown to bind mRNA stabilizing factor HuR. Interestingly, aurothiomalate inhibited HuR expression which may explain its destabilizing effect on COX-2 mRNA. Aurothiomalate reduced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production also in human cartilage at drug concentrations which have been measured in serum and synovial fluid during treatment with aurothiomalate. The results show that aurothiomalate reduces COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production in chondrocyte cultures and in human cartilage. The action is likely mediated by enhanced COX-2 mRNA degradation possibly through a mechanism related to reduced expression of HuR. The results provide a novel mechanism of action for aurothiomalate which may be important in the treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Nieminen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Medical School, University of Tampere and Research Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Randhawa I, Klaustermeyer WB. Oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma: a 30-year review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99:291-302; quiz 302-3, 370. [PMID: 17941275 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel aspects of the pathogenesis, therapeutic options, and prophylaxis measures of corticosteroid-dependent asthma. DATA SOURCES PubMed searches were undertaken of studies published between 1966 and 2006 on the pathogenesis of and corticosteroid-sparing therapies for corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Identified review articles were surveyed for additional and earlier citations. Recent American Academy of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology meeting abstracts were also searched to identify other recently published and unpublished studies. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion of studies in the review was decided by simple agreement of both reviewers, who independently read the "Methods" and "Discussion" sections of articles identified using the search strategy. Quality assessment was performed by the 2 reviewers. RESULTS High-dose inhaled corticosteroids are the first-line option for corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic patients with clear efficacy. Omalizumab is effective in reducing oral corticosteroid requirements in allergic asthma. Methotrexate, gold, and cyclosporine have corticosteroid-sparing effects clinically that must be weighed against a serious adverse effect profile. Nebulized diuretics and lidocaine, with a low adverse effect profile, offer promising results but require further study. Clarithromycin and telithromycin seem to have an independent mechanism of inflammatory modulation, but their effect on corticosteroid-dependent asthma remains to be seen. Etanercept offers only early clinical evidence of a role in corticosteroid-dependent asthma. CONCLUSIONS With no clear consensus on corticosteroid-sparing treatment in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic patients, systemic glucocorticoids remain the foremost therapy, with adverse effects that require monitoring and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Niven
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Service, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, El Paso, TX 79920, USA.
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Ruggiero SL. Evaluation, Treatment, and Management of the Asthmatic Patient. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1042-3699(20)30307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Roberts JR, Shaw CF. Inhibition of erythrocyte selenium-glutathione peroxidase by auranofin analogues and metabolites. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 55:1291-9. [PMID: 9719485 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of gold ligation on the inhibition of bovine erythrocyte selenium-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was examined. The anti-arthritic drug auranofin [2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranosato-S)(triethylp hosphine) gold(I)] (Et3PAuSATg) and its analogue, Et3PAuCl, exhibited experimentally equivalent Ki values (11.6+/-0.8 and 10.8+/-0.5 microM, respectively), despite the greatly disparate affinities of their ligands for gold(I): 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thiolato-beta-D-glucopyranose (ATgS-) >> Cl-. This similarity reflects ligand exchange reactions that generate the glutathione complex Et3PAuSG from the excess glutathione (GSH, 1 mM) used in the assay. The Ki values for bis(glutathionato)gold(l) (Au(SG)2-) and gold(I) thioglucose (AuSTg) were also found to be equal (2.8+/-0.4 and 2.4+/-0.5 microM, respectively). This confirms the previous postulate of Chaudiere and Tappel (J Inorg Biochem 20: 313-325, 1984) that Au(SG)2- is generated from AuSTg in the presence of excess glutathione. Since auranofin metabolites accumulate in red blood cells, the inhibition of intracellular GSH-Px was examined by using intact erythrocytes. There was greater inhibition of the reaction when the cells were resuspended in isotonic buffer than in whole blood, because serum albumin in the latter competes for the auranofin and decreases the uptake by erythrocytes. After correction for the extent of gold uptake, the Ki values were determined to be the same as those observed for Au(SG)2- in the extracellular assay, indicating loss of both the Et3P and ATgS- ligands from auranofin. Thus, the inhibition of GSH-Px by gold complexes is dependent on their ligation, and the ultimate gold(I) compound that interacts with erythrocyte GSH-Px in intact red cells, Au(SG)2-, is radically different from the original auranofin molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 53201, USA
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Honma M, Tamura G, Shirato K, Takishima T. Effect of an oral gold compound, auranofin, on non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness in mild asthma. Thorax 1994; 49:649-51. [PMID: 8066558 PMCID: PMC475050 DOI: 10.1136/thx.49.7.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent double blind clinical trial in Japan has shown that auranofin (6 mg/day) is a useful treatment for patients with moderate to severe asthma. To investigate the mechanism of action of auranofin the bronchial responsiveness to inhaled methacholine has been studied in well controlled asthmatic subjects. METHODS Nineteen adult asymptomatic asthmatic subjects received auranofin (3 mg orally twice a day) or inactive placebo in random order for 12 weeks in a double blind fashion. Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled methacholine and pulmonary function tests were measured at the same time on different days before, and six and 12 weeks after, each treatment. RESULTS Non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness 12 weeks after treatment with auranofin was decreased compared with that before treatment with auranofin and 12 weeks after treatment with inactive placebo, although the treatment did not improve pulmonary function tests. CONCLUSIONS Non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness 12 weeks after treatment with auranofin is decreased in a group of mild asymptomatic asthmatic patients with normal lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Honma
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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41
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Sorkness CA, Bush RK. ALTERNATIVES TO CORTICOSTEROIDS IN THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nierop G, Gijzel WP, Bel EH, Zwinderman AH, Dijkman JH. Auranofin in the treatment of steroid dependent asthma: a double blind study. Thorax 1992; 47:349-54. [PMID: 1609377 PMCID: PMC463749 DOI: 10.1136/thx.47.5.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long term administration of oral corticosteroids in patients with asthma may be associated with serious side effects. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including gold salts, have been shown to reduce the need for systemic corticosteroid treatment in uncontrolled studies. The effect of oral gold (auranofin) on asthma symptoms, lung function, and the need for oral prednisone treatment was investigated. METHODS A 26 week randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group trial of auranofin was performed in 32 patients with moderately severe chronic asthma who required an oral corticosteroid dose of at least 5 mg prednisone a day (or equivalent) or 2.5 mg/day prednisone plus more than 800 micrograms/day inhaled corticosteroids. Auranofin was given orally in a dose of 3 mg twice daily. Asthma symptoms, lung function, and adverse effects were assessed at regular intervals. After 12 weeks of treatment prednisone dosage was tapered down by 2.5 mg every two weeks if the patient was clinically stable. Asthma exacerbations were treated with short courses of high doses of oral steroids. RESULTS Twenty eight of the 32 patients, 13 in the placebo group and 15 in the auranofin group, completed the study. The total corticosteroid reduction achieved after 26 weeks of treatment was significantly greater (4 mg) in the auranofin group than in the placebo group (0.3 mg). The number of exacerbations requiring an increase of steroids was greater in the placebo group (2.1) than in the active group (0.9). A significant increase in FEV1 of 6.4% predicted occurred in the auranofin group during the study and there was a reduction of asthma symptoms such as wheezing and cough. There was no difference between the groups in peak flow measurements or in the number of asthma attacks. The incidence of side effects of auranofin was low, but exacerbations of constitutional eczema were noticeable. CONCLUSION Auranofin provides an effective adjunct to treatment for steroid dependent asthma, leading to a reduction of oral steroid dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nierop
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alvarez
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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44
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Gold complex research in medical science. Difficulties with experimental design. Inflammopharmacology 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02735392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Greenwald RA. Oxygen radicals, inflammation, and arthritis: pathophysiological considerations and implications for treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1991; 20:219-40. [PMID: 2042055 DOI: 10.1016/0049-0172(91)90018-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates oxygen-derived free radicals, especially superoxide and hydroxyl radical (and to lesser extent, hydrogen peroxide), as mediators of inflammation and/or tissue destruction in inflammatory and arthritic disorders. The substrates for radical generation, namely properly stimulated phagocytic cells, transition metal catalysts, and (to a limited extent) ischemia, are all amply present, although there is no particular rheumatic disease in which a consistent abnormality of radical generation has been identified. These radical species can clearly degrade hyaluronic acid, modify collagen and perhaps proteoglycan structure and/or synthesis, alter and interact with immunoglobulins, activate enzymes and inactivate their inhibitors, and possibly participate in chemotaxis. In most situations, however, there is ample scavenging ability to detoxify these radicals before they hit their target, and many rheumatic disease drugs can decrease their production and/or effects. Despite the apparent sufficiency of natural scavengers and the lack of direct evidence that oxygen radicals are pathogenetically important, substantial pharmaceutical effort is still being made to develop free radical scavengers as therapeutic agents. Although individual free radicals die out quickly, rheumatologic interest in them has been sustained for nearly two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Greenwald
- Division of Rheumatology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11042
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46
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Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL. Use of Gold in the Severe Asthmatic Patient. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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48
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Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL, Bodenheimer SS, Pietrusko RG. An open study of auranofin in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 81:6-16. [PMID: 3276761 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the efficacy of oral gold in asthma, 20 patients with steroid-dependent asthma received auranofin at a dose of 3 mg by mouth, twice daily, in a 24-week open clinical trial. Prospective evaluation of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was determined before and 8 and 16 weeks after initiation of auranofin therapy. Serial spirometry (FEV1 and FVC), lung volumes, and diffusing capacities (single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lungs) were measured before and at 10 and 20 weeks after treatment. All subjects were required to record concomitant medications, symptom scores, and morning and evening peak expiratory flow rates. In vitro immunologic studies performed before and after 8 and 20 weeks of auranofin therapy included leukocyte histamine release in response to antihuman IgE, lymphocyte blast transformation in response to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, and leukocyte inhibitory factor activity in response to Candida albicans and tetanus toxoid antigens. In 18 patients evaluated, there were no significant differences between baseline and posttreatment spirometry, single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lungs, and lung volumes. At week 16 of treatment, the steroid cumulative dose or the total prednisone dose administered from 7 days before through 10 days after each methacholine test day decreased from a mean of 293 +/- 125 mg at baseline to 192 +/- 115 mg. At week 16, nine of 18 patients (50%) exhibited decreased methacholine responsiveness as defined by a more than one-half log10 increase in the concentration of methacholine causing a 20% decrease in FEV1. A significant correlation (r = 0.60) was observed between the increase in the concentration of methacholine causing a 20% decrease in FEV1 and the decrease in steroid cumulative dose after 16 weeks of treatment. Leukocyte histamine release to anti-IgE exhibited significant reductions from baseline at week 20 to 10(-2) (p less than 0.002) and at 10(-3) (p less than 0.005) dilutions. At week 20, leukocyte inhibitory factor activity in response to Candida increased from baseline at the 0.1 mg per well (p = 0.025) and 1 mg per well (p = 0.05) concentrations; similarly, the responses to tetanus toxoid increased at the 1 mg per well (p less than 0.05) and 0.1 mg per well (p less than 0.01) concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Bernstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, OH 45267
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Vargas SJ, Jones TG, Hurley MM, Raisz LG. Comparison of the effects of auranofin, gold sodium thiomalate, and penicillamine on resorption of cultured fetal rat long bones. J Bone Miner Res 1987; 2:183-9. [PMID: 3137774 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We compared three antirheumatic agents: auranofin (Aur), gold sodium thiomalate (GST), and penicillamine (Pen) for their effect on resorption in control unstimulated cultures of fetal rat long bones and in cultures stimulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and murine interleukin-1 (mIL-1). Aur (3 X 10(-6) M) and GST (10(-4) M) inhibited PTH-stimulated bone resorption by 39 and 42%, respectively. The same concentrations of Aur and GST inhibited PGE2-stimulated bones by 72 and 44, respectively, and mIL-1-stimulated bones by 74 and 50%, respectively. Pen (10(-4) M) was not effective against any of the stimulators. Dose-response curves showed that Aur was at least 10 times more potent than GST. Inhibition by Aur was sustained after removal of the drug, while there was full recovery from GST. Aur inhibited 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline incorporation into bones, while GST had no effect. Aur and GST decreased beta-glucuronidase activity to undetectable levels at five days of culture. Part of the therapeutic effectiveness of Aur and GST may reside in their ability to inhibit periarticular destruction by inhibiting PGE2- and IL-1-mediated osteoclastic bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Vargas
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06032
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Bloom JC, Thiem PA, Morgan DG. The role of conventional pathology and toxicology in evaluating the immunotoxic potential of xenobiotics. Toxicol Pathol 1987; 15:283-93. [PMID: 3317768 DOI: 10.1177/019262338701500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the immunotoxic potential of candidate drugs as part of a preclinical safety evaluation poses several problems. These include the need for practical, validated tests, the difficulty in establishing the toxicologic significance of positive findings, and a poor understanding of the predictive value such findings hold for drug effects in man. A key component of this investigation is the toxicologic profile generated through preclinical toxicity and safety studies. As this "routine" assessment becomes increasingly comprehensive and sophisticated, most toxicologically significant drug-associated effects are revealed. Such findings may serve as "triggers" for investigating possible immune mechanisms. Decisions to test specifically for immunotoxicity may also be influenced by the molecular structure and pharmacologic profile of the compound, as well as the intended use of the drug. Examples of such indications and follow-up studies are discussed in this review. We are presently poorly equipped to effectively screen drugs indiscriminately for an immunotoxic potential. We are better prepared, however, to investigate whether a drug-associated change is due to an adverse effect on the immune system. This problem-oriented approach to immunotoxicology challenges us as diagnosticians and immunopathologists, and requires a close working relationship among the toxicologic pathologist, the basic immunologist, the immunopharmacologist, and the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bloom
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Smith Kline and French Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101
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