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Borgonovo F, Quici M, Gidaro A, Giustivi D, Cattaneo D, Gervasoni C, Calloni M, Martini E, La Cava L, Antinori S, Cogliati C, Gori A, Foschi A. Physicochemical Characteristics of Antimicrobials and Practical Recommendations for Intravenous Administration: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1338. [PMID: 37627758 PMCID: PMC10451375 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most antimicrobial drugs need an intravenous (IV) administration to achieve maximum efficacy against target pathogens. IV administration is related to complications, such as tissue infiltration and thrombo-phlebitis. This systematic review aims to provide practical recommendations about diluent, pH, osmolarity, dosage, infusion rate, vesicant properties, and phlebitis rate of the most commonly used antimicrobial drugs evaluated in randomized controlled studies (RCT) till 31 March 2023. The authors searched for available IV antimicrobial drugs in RCT in PUBMED EMBASE®, EBSCO® CINAHL®, and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical trials. Drugs' chemical features were searched online, in drug data sheets, and in scientific papers, establishing that the drugs with a pH of <5 or >9, osmolarity >600 mOsm/L, high incidence of phlebitis reported in the literature, and vesicant drugs need the adoption of utmost caution during administration. We evaluated 931 papers; 232 studies were included. A total of 82 antimicrobials were identified. Regarding antibiotics, 37 reach the "caution" criterion, as well as seven antivirals, 10 antifungals, and three antiprotozoals. In this subgroup of antimicrobials, the correct vascular access device (VAD) selection is essential to avoid complications due to the administration through a peripheral vein. Knowing the physicochemical characteristics of antimicrobials is crucial to improve the patient's safety significantly, thus avoiding administration errors and local side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Borgonovo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Quici
- Internal Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Gidaro
- Internal Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Giustivi
- Emergency Department and Vascular Access Team ASST Lodi, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Calloni
- Internal Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Martini
- Internal Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Leyla La Cava
- Internal Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cogliati
- Internal Medicine Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Foschi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Gurgel Assis MS, Fernandes Pedrosa TC, de Moraes FS, Caldeira TG, Pereira GR, de Souza J, Ruela ALM. Novel Insights to Enhance Therapeutics With Acyclovir in the Management of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1557-1571. [PMID: 33450220 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acyclovir is an antiviral drug poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract due to its hydrophilicity, with low oral bioavailability (~20%). Although acyclovir is prescribed in the management of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), the disease has a poor prognosis, particularly if the treatment is delayed, reaching mortality rates of 70% if left untreated. Thus, high acyclovir doses are administered by intravenous (IV) infusion, usually at a dosage of 10 mg kg-1 8-hourly in adults with normal renal function. However, the mortality related to HSE treated with acyclovir remains high (~20%) and permanent sequelae are commonly reported after 1 year (~50%). This review analyzed clinical trials following IV acyclovir administration. Novel insights aiming to improve drug bioavailability were reviewed, including acyclovir or its prodrugs, leading to the systemic distribution of the drug or drug targeting. Much research effort has been made to improve antiviral therapy, searching for delivery systems increasing acyclovir bioavailability by non-invasive pathways, such as oral and nasal pathways, or parenterally administered nanotechnology-based systems leading to drug targeting. Nanocarriers administered by non-invasive pathways represent feasible alternatives to treat HSE, even though not be industrially manufactured yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Silvia Gurgel Assis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Segurasse de Moraes
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tamires Guedes Caldeira
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences-CiPharma, School of Pharmacy, UFOP, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Ribeiro Pereira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Souza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Luís Morais Ruela
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Looker KJ, Johnston C, Welton NJ, James C, Vickerman P, Turner KME, Boily MC, Gottlieb SL. The global and regional burden of genital ulcer disease due to herpes simplex virus: a natural history modelling study. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e001875. [PMID: 32201620 PMCID: PMC7061890 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection can cause painful, recurrent genital ulcer disease (GUD), which can have a substantial impact on sexual and reproductive health. HSV-related GUD is most often due to HSV type 2 (HSV-2), but may also be due to genital HSV type 1 (HSV-1), which has less frequent recurrent episodes than HSV-2. The global burden of GUD has never been quantified. Here we present the first global and regional estimates of GUD due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 among women and men aged 15-49 years old. Methods We developed a natural history model reflecting the clinical course of GUD following HSV-2 and genital HSV-1 infection, informed by a literature search for data on model parameters. We considered both diagnosed and undiagnosed symptomatic infection. This model was then applied to existing infection estimates and population sizes for 2016. A sensitivity analysis was carried out varying the assumptions made. Results We estimated that 187 million people aged 15-49 years had at least one episode of HSV-related GUD globally in 2016: 5.0% of the world's population. Of these, 178 million (95% of those with HSV-related GUD) had HSV-2 compared with 9 million (5%) with HSV-1. GUD burden was highest in Africa, and approximately double in women compared with men. Altogether there were an estimated 8 billion person-days spent with HSV-related GUD globally in 2016, with 99% of days due to HSV-2. Taking into account parameter uncertainty, the percentage with at least one episode of HSV-related GUD ranged from 3.2% to 7.9% (120-296 million). However, the estimates were sensitive to the model assumptions. Conclusion Our study represents a first attempt to quantify the global burden of HSV-related GUD, which is large. New interventions such as HSV vaccines, antivirals or microbicides have the potential to improve the quality of life of millions of people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Jane Looker
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Virology Research Clinic, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicky J Welton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Charlotte James
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Vickerman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Marie-Claude Boily
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sami L Gottlieb
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland
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Sananès N. [Management of pregnant women with first episode of genital herpes. Guidelines for clinical practice from the French college of gynecologists and obstetricians (CNGOF)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 45:664-676. [PMID: 29132767 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide guidelines for the management of first episode genital herpes during pregnancy and in the immediate postpartum period. METHODS MedLine and Cochrane Library databases search and review of the main foreign guidelines. RESULTS In case of first episode genital herpes during pregnancy, antiviral treatment with acyclovir (200mg 5 times daily) or valacyclovir (1000mg twice daily) for 5 to 10 days is recommended (grade C). The patient should be tested for HIV if not previously done (grade B). Daily suppressive antiviral treatment with acyclovir (400mg 3 times daily) or valacyclovir (500mg twice daily) is recommended from 36 weeks for women who have had a first episode genital herpes during pregnancy (grade B). A cesarean section should be performed in case of suspicion of first episode genital herpes at the onset of labor (grade B) or premature rupture of the membranes at term (professional consensus), or in case of first episode genital herpes less than 6 weeks before delivery (professional consensus). In the event of first episode genital herpes highlighted in the postpartum period, the neonatologist should be informed (professional consensus). The patient may be treated according the scheme described above. CONCLUSION A cesarean section should be performed in case of first episode genital herpes less than 6 weeks before delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sananès
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, avenue Molière, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France; Unité Inserm UMR-S 1121 « Biomatériaux et Bioingénierie », 11, rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Heslop R, Roberts H, Flower D, Jordan V. Interventions for men and women with their first episode of genital herpes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD010684. [PMID: 27575957 PMCID: PMC8502075 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010684.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genital herpes is incurable, and is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). First-episode genital herpes is the first clinical presentation of herpes that a person experiences. Current treatment is based around viral suppression in order to decrease the length and severity of the episode. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness and safety of the different existing treatments for first-episode genital herpes on the duration of symptoms and time to recurrence. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (from inception to April 2016), MEDLINE (from inception to April 2016), the Specialised Register of the Cochrane Sexually Transmitted Infections Review Group (from inception to April 2016), EMBASE (from inception to April 2016), PsycINFO (from inception to April 2016), CINAHL (from inception to April 2016), LILACS (from inception to April 2016), AMED (from inception to April 2016), and the Alternative Medicines Specialised Register (from inception to April 2016). We handsearched a number of relevant journals, searched reference lists of all included studies, databases of ongoing trials, and other Internet databases. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on participants with first-episode genital herpes. We excluded vaccination trials, and trials in which the primary objective assessed a complication of HSV infection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS All studies written in English were independently assessed by at least two review authors for inclusion, risk of bias for each trial, and to extract data. Studies requiring translation were assessed for inclusion, trial quality, and data extraction by external translators. MAIN RESULTS We included 26 trials with 2084 participants analysed. Most of the studies were conducted in the United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US), and involved men and women experiencing their first episode of genital herpes, with the exception of three studies which included only women. We rated the majority of these studies as having an unclear risk of bias; largely due to lack of information supplied in the publications, and due to the age of the trials. This review found low quality evidence from two studies of oral acyclovir, when compared to placebo, reduced the duration of symptoms in individuals undergoing their first episode of genital herpes (mean difference (MD) -3.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.91 to -0.54; I(2) = 52%). In two studies (112 participants), intravenous acyclovir decreased the median number of days that patients with first-episode herpes suffered symptoms. Oral valaciclovir (converted to acyclovir) also showed a similar length of symptom duration when compared to acyclovir in two studies.There is currently no evidence that topical acyclovir reduces symptoms (MD -0.61 days, 95% CI -2.16 to 0.95; 3 RCTs, 195 participants, I(2) statistic = 56%). There is also no current evidence that the topical treatments of cicloxolone cream, carbenoxolone sodium cream, adenosine arabinoside, idoxuridine in dimethyl sulfoxide, when compared to placebo reduced the duration of symptoms in people undergoing their first episode of herpes.Two studies reported no evidence of a reduction in the number of median days to recurrence following treatment with oral acyclovir versus placebo. Adverse events were generally poorly reported by all of the included studies and we were unable to quantitatively analyse this outcome. For those taking acyclovir, there were no serious adverse events; the most common adverse events reported for oral acyclovir were coryza, dizziness, tiredness, diarrhoea and renal colic. For intravenous acyclovir these were phlebitis, nausea and abnormal liver function tests and for topical acyclovir there was pain with the topical application.Those undergoing interferon treatment had significantly more adverse events compared to those taking placebo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is low quality evidence from this review that oral acyclovir reduced the duration of symptoms for genital herpes. However, there is low quality evidence which did not show that topical antivirals reduced symptom duration for patients undergoing their first episode of genital herpes. This review was limited by the inclusion of skewed data, resulting in few trials that we were able to meta-analyse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Heslop
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1023
| | - Helen Roberts
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1023
| | - Deralie Flower
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1023
| | - Vanessa Jordan
- University of AucklandDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyPrivate Bag 92019AucklandNew Zealand1023
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6
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Polish consensus guidelines on the use of acyclovir in the treatment and prevention of VZV and HSV infections. J Infect Chemother 2015; 22:65-71. [PMID: 26643900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A physician has to perform a benefit-risk assessment each time acyclovir is prescribed "off label" for children. A group of Polish infectious disease experts was created to develop evidence-based guidelines on the use of acyclovir in the treatment and prevention of varicella zoster and herpes simplex infections. In primary varicella zoster virus infections, oral acyclovir treatment is recommended in children over 12 years of age and should be considered in younger children who fall into one of the groups at risk of severe varicella. Intravenous acyclovir therapy in varicella is recommended in patients with immune deficiencies, newborns and in complicated cases. When there is a justified need for prevention of varicella, oral acyclovir prophylaxis may be considered if immunoglobulin cannot be administered, and if it is too late for vaccination. Oral acyclovir treatment of herpes zoster may be beneficial to otherwise healthy patients with a rash in places other than the trunk and in patients over 50 years of age. In immunocompetent patients with herpes simplex infections, indications for treatment with oral acyclovir include primary (genital herpes, skin herpes in children with atopic dermatitis, ocular herpes simplex, severe gingivostomatitis, paronychia and pharyngitis) and recurrent infections. Intravenous acyclovir should be administered for herpes infections in neonates, immunocompromised patients and patients who develop complications including neurological.
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7
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Biswas S, Field HJ. Helicase-Primase Inhibitors: A New Approach to Combat Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527635955.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Patrick DM, Rosenthal SL, Stanberry LR, Hurst C, Ebel C. Patient satisfaction with care for genital herpes: insights from a global survey. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80:192-7. [PMID: 15170001 PMCID: PMC1744838 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2003.007922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe patient experiences and views regarding genital herpes management. METHODS Between February 2002 and January 2003, subjects with genital herpes were recruited via the International Herpes Alliance website and through banners on additional sites. Surveys were available in English, French, Spanish, Italian, and German and assessed views on access to care, diagnosis, related emotional experiences, educational resources, counselling, pharmacotherapy, and satisfaction with care. RESULTS 2075 patient responses from 78 countries were analysed. 49% reported their diagnosis was by culture (or other direct detection) and 9% by antibody test, while 34% reported they had been diagnosed by examination alone. 65% used a prescription antiviral therapy, 18% a topical antiviral therapy, and 17% an alternative therapy. Of 901 subjects who reported on frequency of antiviral use, only 30% reported a frequency consistent with a suppressive regimen while 59% of respondents said they would be likely to take daily therapy if it reduced the frequency of outbreaks. Patient satisfaction with management of physical symptoms was independently associated with duration of initial visit >or=15 minutes (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 4.52), receiving a prescription (adj OR = 2.34) and receipt of a brochure/fact sheet (adj OR = 2.14). Satisfaction with attention to emotional issues also correlated with the first two of these factors. CONCLUSIONS Genital herpes management may be improved by including the use of confirmatory laboratory testing, employing a full range of antiviral therapy options, providing educational materials, and committing more time to counselling at the initial visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Patrick
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Genital herpes simplex virus infection in the adolescent: special considerations for management. Paediatr Drugs 2002; 4:291-7. [PMID: 11994034 DOI: 10.2165/00128072-200204050-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are increasingly common among adolescents. In developed countries, during the 1990s, adolescent HSV type 2 seroprevalence rates ranged from 4 to 30% depending on the population studied. The clinical diagnosis of genital herpes may be unreliable and laboratory testing is recommended. Aciclovir, valaciclovir, and famciclovir are three antiviral drugs that have proven efficacy in the treatment of genital herpes. These drugs can be used in the treatment of the first episode or for recurrent infections, or can be used long term to suppress recurrent infections. Once or twice daily administration regimens are preferable for adolescents for reasons of adherence, and because it avoids the need to take medication at school. Unproven remedies are used commonly and can be harmful. In addition to antiviral therapy, proper management of the adolescent with genital herpes should also include developmentally appropriate explanations of the diagnosis, treatment and potential complications, recommendations for symptomatic relief, screening for other sexually transmitted infections, and discussion of safer sexual practices. All adolescents should have follow-up visits to complete education and counseling and to assess compliance with antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Stanberry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0351, USA.
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10
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Patel R. Progress in meeting today's demands in genital herpes: an overview of current management. J Infect Dis 2002; 186 Suppl 1:S47-56. [PMID: 12353187 DOI: 10.1086/342959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of genital herpes requires accurate diagnosis, patient support, and effective treatment. Diagnosis is usually straightforward for classic presentations characterized by vesicular lesions but can be challenging for atypical presentations, which are more common. Diagnosis of asymptomatic infection requires access to molecular technology or type-specific serologic assays. Misconceptions about herpes simplex infection are common and patient education is essential. Patient concerns extend beyond disease frequency and severity-the psychological impact should not be underestimated. Antiviral therapy is relevant at all stages of infection. Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are effective and well tolerated for genital herpes treatment. Continuous suppressive therapy controls all symptoms of recurrent disease and helps to relieve disease complications. The prodrugs valacyclovir and famciclovir offer easier, less-frequent dosing than required for acyclovir. Valacyclovir achieves effective suppression when taken once a day. Interventions to prevent genital herpes transmission and to control the global problem are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Patel
- Department of Genito-Urinary Medicine, Royal South Hampshire Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
An increased understanding of the pathogenesis and transmission of HSV infections and the development of sensitive type-specific diagnostic tests have helped develop effective prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral drug regimens. Effective medications have been available for quite some time, but the most optimal regimens are still under investigation. Advances in the treatment of atypical presentations of HSV infection (such as the use of cidofovir gel for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant HSV) are promising. Newer treatments, such as resiquimod, actually may alter the course of HSV infection, reducing the severity and frequency of recurrences. Vaccines are being explored as preventive and therapeutic measures against HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Yeung-Yue
- Departments of Dermatology, Microbiology/Immunology, and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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13
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Thackray AM, Field HJ. Further evidence from a murine infection model that famciclovir interferes with the establishment of HSV-1 latent infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45:825-33. [PMID: 10837437 DOI: 10.1093/jac/45.6.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice were infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) via the ear pinna. Famciclovir therapy was commenced on days 2-7 post infection (p.i.). The ipsilateral and contralateral trigeminal (TG) and third cervical ganglia (CIII) from individual mice were tested for latency 1 and 6 months after infection by explant culture or in situ hybridization for latency-associated transcripts (LAT). There were significantly fewer LAT-positive neurons in ipsilateral and contralateral TG (but not CIII) when therapy was delayed by up to 6 days. There was a low correlation between the number of LAT-positive neurons and reactivation by explant culture. Latency data for individual ganglia, compared with those from previous studies, allow us to rationalize differences between the effects of nucleosides on the establishment of latency in different anatomical sites and when tissues are evaluated using different techniques. The implications of the findings for the use of famciclovir to counter HSV latency in humans are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Thackray
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Marques
- Clinical Studies Unit and Medical Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Field HJ, Thackray AM. Early therapy with valaciclovir or famciclovir reduces but does not abrogate herpes simplex virus neuronal latency. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:461-70. [PMID: 10772727 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mice were infected via the ear pinna using a recombinant strain of HSV-1 expressing the beta-gal gene under the LAT promoter. Mice were treated continuously with valaciclovir or famciclovir, from 1 day before or 1 day after virus inoculation for 10 days. Ipsilateral and contralateral trigeminal and cervical ganglia were later assessed by co-cultivation or for X-Gal-positive or LAT-positive neurons. Latency was markedly reduced by early therapy, however, a basal level of HSV-1-positive neurons was detected in all mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Field
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School
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16
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Efstathiou S, Field HJ, Griffiths PD, Kern ER, Sacks SL, Sawtell NM, Stanberry LR. Herpes simplex virus latency and nucleoside analogues. Antiviral Res 1999; 41:85-100. [PMID: 10320042 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Efstathiou
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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17
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Anti-infectives: Purine derivatives as novel antiviral agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 1995. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.5.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bernstein DI, Miller RL, Harrison CJ. Effects of therapy with an immunomodulator (imiquimod, R-837) alone and with acyclovir on genital HSV-2 infection in guinea-pigs when begun after lesion development. Antiviral Res 1993; 20:45-55. [PMID: 8457147 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90058-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the immunomodulator, imiquimod (R-837) applied topically, alone and in combination with i.p. acyclovir (ACV) on acute, recurrent and neural HSV-2 genital infection in guinea-pigs when 10 days of therapy was begun after HSV lesions developed. The combined therapy was most effective, significantly reducing the severity of the acute disease, as early as 2 days (P < 0.05), and vaginal viral shedding (P < 0.05) as early as 1 day after therapy was begun. The total lesion score for the acute disease was also significantly less in the group receiving imiquimod and ACV (5.4 +/- 0.5) compared to controls (13.1 +/- 1.2, P < 0.001) or imiquimod alone (9.8 +/- 1.2, P < 0.05). Therapy, however, had no significant effect on the number of days with recurrent lesions. Imiquimod increased the lymphoproliferative response to HSV (P < 0.01), while combined therapy reduced HSV antibody titers (P < 0.01) on day 28 compared to placebo and also reduced the effect of imiquimod alone on the lymphoproliferative response. The combination of this effective immunomodulator, imiquimod, and acyclovir appears to provide effective therapy for acute genital HSV-2 infection even when begun after lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Bernstein
- James N. Gamble Institute of Medical Research, Cincinnati, OH 45219
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19
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Goldberg LH, Kaufman RH, Kurtz TO, Conant MA, Eron LJ, Batenhorst RL, Boone GS. Continuous five-year treatment of patients with frequently recurring genital herpes simplex virus infection with acyclovir. J Med Virol 1993; Suppl 1:45-50. [PMID: 8245892 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890410510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study presents data relative to the efficacy and safety following the continuous use of oral acyclovir in the treatment of genital herpes over a 5-year period. In this study, 1,146 patients (53% males; 47% females) were originally enrolled. These included patients with a history of frequently recurring genital herpes (mean > 12 episodes per year). During the first year, patients were randomized between those receiving 400 mg of acyclovir twice daily and an equal number receiving placebo. Additionally, acyclovir was utilized for episodic treatment (ES) in both groups. Thereafter, patients received open-label acyclovir suppressive therapy for the remainder of the study period. Complete data are available on 389 patients who completed the fifth year of therapy. All the participants who completed the fifty year of the study had completed either 4 or 5 years of daily suppressive acyclovir therapy. During the first year, a significant decrease in the frequency of recurrences in patients receiving continuous acyclovir (SS) was noted as compared to the placebo group (1.7 vs. 12.5 recurrences; P < 0.0001). From year one to the end of year three, a progressive decrease in the frequency of recurrences was noted in both groups. Yet, those patients who had received SS for the full 3 years had significantly fewer recurrences than those who had received ES in the first year (P = 0.05). During years four and five, the decrease in frequency of recurrences between the ES and SS groups was not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham
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Whitley RJ, Middlebrooks M, Gnann JW. Acyclovir: the past ten years. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 278:243-53. [PMID: 1963040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5853-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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22
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