Pericardial effusion as a manifestation of giant cell arteritis

[Pericarditis: a giant cell arteritis manifestation]

INTRODUCTION

Temporal arteritis is a vasculitis in which inflammatory manifestations mainly involve the external carotid artery area but not exclusively. Through a clinical observation and a review of the literature, we suggest that inflammatory pericarditis could represent a manifestation of temporal arteritis.

EXEGESIS

A 75-year-old-woman was admitted for progressive physical deterioration which had been evolving for three months, associated with fever, frontotemporal cephalalgia and severe biological inflammatory syndrome. Chest X-ray reveals a cardiomegaly and suggests a pericarditis, which was rapidly confirmed by echocardiogram. Temporal artery biopsy concludes to the diagnosis of a giant cell arteritis. Steroids treatment is prescribed, leading to a rapid regression of the inflammatory state and the pericarditis without relapse after 6 months of follow-up.

CONCLUSION

Only prospective studies on systematic echocardiography when faced with the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, whatever clinical symptoms, will enable to appreciate the prevalence and prognosis value of this manifestation. Moreover, temporal artery analysis seems to be justified when faced with a sub-acute or chronic "idiopathic" inflammatory pericarditis occurring in the elderly patient. Physiopathogeny is unknown but some hypothesis can be proposed: inflammatory cytokines storm, immune complexes deposition, giant cell vasculitis of pericardial arteries or inflammatory interstitial lesion of the pericardium with or without granuloma.

Pericardial involvement as an atypical manifestation of giant cell arteritis: report of a clinical case and literature review

PURPOSE

Pericardial effusion has been known to be a rare manifestation of giant cell arteritis. During the last six decades, only 24 cases have been cited in the literature. In this report, we describe the case of a patient presenting with nonspecific symptoms and development of pericardial effusion.

PROCEDURES AND FINDINGS

A 71-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with low-grade fever, exertion breathlessness, atypical diffuse muscular pain, and weight loss over a period of about 5 weeks. Pericardial effusion and giant cell arteritis were diagnosed by echocardiography and left temporal artery biopsy, respectively. Treatment with corticosteroids resulted in remarkable improvement of symptoms and complete remission of pericardial effusion. One year after admission, the patient remained in a stable good condition, under low steroid maintenance dosage.

CONCLUSIONS

The diversity of clinical manifestations (such as pericardial effusion) in such a potentially severe disease should alert the physician to prompt diagnosis and treatment in view of impending irreparable vascular damages, even in cases in which the initial presentation is quite uncommon.

Severe anemia as the presenting manifestation of giant cell arteritis

Giant cell (temporal, cranial) arteritis (GCA) is usually confirmed in patients presenting with classic features. Those who present with atypical features often undergo prolonged evaluations until a diagnosis is established. Severe anemia as an initial manifestation of GCA has rarely been described. We describe herein 2 patients with biopsy-proven GCA who presented with severe anemia and significant weight loss, which corrected after corticosteroid therapy.