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Seoane J, Asenjo JA, Bascones A, Varela-Centelles PI, Romero MA. Flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis of oral cancer comparison with histologic grading. Oral Oncol 1999; 35:266-72. [PMID: 10621846 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(98)00114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that DNA content analysis provides prognostic information eliminating the subjective component involved in routine microscopic decision making. In an attempt to establish a relationship between pathological findings and flow cytometric analysis, 36 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue samples were prepared according to Hedley's method and analysed by means of an Epics Profile II flow cytometer. DNA aneuploidy was observed in 15 tumours (41%). A statistically significant correlation was identified between DNA index and mitoses, cellular response and degree of differentiation, but not the ploidy status. It was not possible to identify a significant association of sex, age, and site of the tumour to DNA index. We found a strong correlation between histologic malignancy and DNA index; an increase in DNA index as malignancy score increases was noted. It was concluded that DNA index shows a good correlation with the histologic features of oral cancer, being a complement of differentiation and histologic grading analysis. The use of DNA analysis as a complement to pathological studies would help to diminish the subjective component of assessment of head and neck cancers. Ploidy status was not statistically associated with the differentiation of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seoane
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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2
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Mahmood JU, Nomura T, Suzuki K, Shingaki S, Nakajima T. Heterogeneity of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck in relation to clinicopathological variables. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998; 36:446-52. [PMID: 9881787 DOI: 10.1016/s0266-4356(98)90461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We analysed 32 primary, 8 recurrent and 16 metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck by flow cytometry to assess tumoural heterogeneity. Intratumoural heterogeneity was found in 9 of 30 primary tumours (30%). All heterogeneous tumours had diploid and aneuploid cell lines. DNA indices were different from those of the primary tumours in 3 of the 8 recurrent lesions (38%) and in 8 of the 12 metastatic lesions (67%). The results indicate that new cell lines evolve during the process of recurrence and metastasis. The incidence of recurrence, metastasis, and heterogeneity increased with the size of the tumour. Histologically, there were tumours in which the degree of differentiation and mode of invasion of primary lesions were not consistent with the results of flow cytometry in both homogeneous and heterogeneous tumours. In conclusion, multiple sampling for flow cytometric analysis is essential for better characterization of oral carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J U Mahmood
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata City, Japan
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3
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Naito Y, Kimura S, Yoshizawa M, Ohtake K, Nakajima T, Saku T. Effects of the anticancer drug cocktail "UFT" on metastatic potentials of squamous cell carcinoma (O-1N) in a hamster model. Oral Oncol 1998; 34:326-31. [PMID: 9861336 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(98)00025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
UFT, a mixture of 1-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil (tegafur) and uracil, is one of the most widely used anticancer agents. The tissue localization and the efficacy of UFT in preventing lymph node metastasis were studied in hamsters transplanted with oral squamous cell carcinoma (termed "O-1N") which has high lymph node metastatic potency. After UFT administration for 14 consecutive days, the incidence of lymph node metastasis was significantly decreased (16% vs 58%). When UFT was administered orally for 3 consecutive days to hamsters bearing O-1N, and tissue concentrations of tegafur and 5-FU were measured by gas chromatography, the value of 5-FU was significantly higher in the primary transplant tumour, cervical lymph nodes with or without metastasis, and liver, than in the normal oral tissues. When 14C-UFT(14C-tegafur + uracil, a uracil/FT molar ratio of 4) was administered orally for 3 consecutive days to hamsters bearing O-1N, the 14C-tegafur level of tissue homogenates in the buccal and metastatic tumours was within the range of normal oral tissues, but the localization of silver grains was significantly higher in tumour cells than in the oral normal tissues. The results suggest that UFT would be useful for treatment and prevention of lymph node metastasis of oral carcinomas because of the high accumulation of active metabolites in metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Naito
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University School of Dentistry, Japan
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Rubio Bueno P, Naval Gias L, García Delgado R, Domingo Cebollada J, Díaz González FJ. Tumor DNA content as a prognostic indicator in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and tongue base. Head Neck 1998; 20:232-9. [PMID: 9570629 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0347(199805)20:3<232::aid-hed8>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content is a prognostic factor in several tumors, and decisions regarding treatment have been made using this parameter. Nevertheless, there is no agreement in head and neck cancer. The purpose of the present study was to ascertain whether tumor DNA content correlated with prognosis in cases of primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity and tongue base. METHODS A retrospective study of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from patients with histologically confirmed SCC of the oral cavity and tongue base was performed using flow cytometry. Tumor DNA content was studied in 109 sets of specimens from previously untreated patients. All of them underwent surgical resection at the University "Hospital de La Princesa" between 1982 and 1992. Clinical parameters (age, sex, site of primary tumor, clinical stage, adjuvant therapy received, and disease-free and overall survival) and histologic parameters (histopathologic stage, tumor differentiation, type of inflammatory infiltration, presence of perineural invasion) were recorded in all cases. An exhaustive statistical analysis was applied. RESULTS Only the histograms of 93 patients were adequate for consideration. In flow cytometric analysis, DNA aneuploidy was observed in 51 tumors (55%). The proportion of aneuploid tumors was significantly higher in advanced-stage carcinomas (p < .05), tumors with perineural invasion (p < .05) and in men (p < .05). In the 24 patients with lymph node metastasis, the incidence of aneuploidy was 82% (19 of 24) (p < .05). The rate of metastasis and aneuploidy increased as the degree of differentiation decreased (p < .05 for both). Patients with aneuploid carcinomas in both early and advanced stages had shorter relapse-free and overall survival periods than did the patients with diploid tumors (p < .001 for both). A Cox regression analysis demonstrated that ploidy was the single most important prognostic factor in determining relapse and death (p < .001 for both). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that tumor DNA analysis by flow cytometry appears to be useful as a supplement to clinical and histologic evaluation in predicting the tendency of SCC of the oral cavity and tongue base to metastasize to regional lymph nodes and to predict the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rubio Bueno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital de La Princesa, Autónoma University of Madrid, Diego de Leon, Spain
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5
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Görögh T, Lippert BM, Sprenger E, Saffran S, Heidorn K, Bergmann G, Henze E, Werner JA. DNA ploidy and protein synthesis in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of the head and neck. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997; 123:39-44. [PMID: 8996539 DOI: 10.1007/bf01212613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy as abnormal nuclear DNA content, is considered almost positive evidence of malignancy. In this study three diploid and three aneuploid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines were examined for DNA content by flow cytometry. The DNA indices of the SCC cell lines were found to range from 1.0 to 2.1. The mitotic activity of the diploid cell lines was 1.6 times higher and the cells were smaller than aneuploid cells. To find a molecular basis for these differences, the pattern of the de-novo synthesized proteins was analyzed by means of [35S]methionine incorporation, electrophoresis, and autoradiography. In all aneuploid SCC cell lines tested in this experiment, the increase of nuclear DNA content is associated with the synthesis of a novel protein with a molecular mass of approximate 55 kDa as well as with altered synthesis rates of two preexisting proteins (50 kDa and 100 kDa). For determination of the amino acid uptake in diploid and aneuploid cells, the accumulation of [35S]methionine was measured as a function of time by liquid scintillation counting. No significant difference was found in the uptake rate between diploid and aneuploid cells with the same protein content. However, discrepancies were revealed when equal numbers of cells with different DNA index were used, suggesting, that protein turnover is different in diploid and aneuploid SCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Görögh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kiel, Germany
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6
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King WW, Lam PK, Li AK. DNA ploidy as a predictor of cervical metastasis in advanced squamous carcinoma of the tongue. Acta Otolaryngol 1995; 115:455-8. [PMID: 7653271 DOI: 10.3109/00016489509139347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content was performed in 34 squamous cell carcinomas of oral cavity and base of tongue tumours using archived paraffin-embedded tissues. The DNA content was correlated with the presence of cervical metastasis. Ten and 24 patients were classified as early (I & II) and advanced (III & IV) clinical stages, respectively. The DNA index (DI) was grouped into diploid (DI 0.85-1.15) and non-diploid. Seven (70%) tumours were non-diploid in clinical stages I & II. Four out of 7 (57%) developed initial and late cervical lymph node metastasis (p > 0.05). There were 15 (62.5%) non-diploid tumours in clinical stages III & IV. Thirteen out of 15 (86.7%) had cervical lymph node metastases (p < 0.05). However, the survival period and the incidence of recurrent disease for the whole group did not show any association with DNA ploidy. Our results suggest that DNA content may be useful as a reliable predictor of regional metastasis in advanced stage carcinoma of the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W King
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Syms CA, Eibling DE, McCoy JP, Barnes L, Emanuel B, Fowler C, Wagner R, Johnson JT. Flow cytometric analysis of primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Laryngoscope 1995; 105:149-55. [PMID: 8544594 DOI: 10.1288/00005537-199502000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from patients with histologically confirmed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was performed using flow cytometry. Ninety-eight sets of specimens from previously untreated patients with an oral cavity or oropharyngeal tumor and a simultaneous cervical metastatic deposit were analyzed. Normal mucosa and cervical lymph nodes were processed identically and run as controls. All patients underwent surgical resection at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center or The Eye and Ear Hospital of Pittsburgh between 1980 and 1986. The specimens from 94 patients were technically adequate for interpretation. Diploid histograms in both the primary and metastatic tumors were present in 49 (52%) of 94 patients. Aneuploid histograms in either the primary and metastatic tumors were noted in 45 (47%) of 94 patients. In this group of 45 patients, the primary tumor and cervical metastasis were both aneuploid in 21 (46%), and aneuploid histograms occurred with equal incidence in either the primary or metastasis in the remaining 24 cases. No statistically significant prediction of survival could be made from any correlation with the histograms of either the primary or metastasis. The potential technical problems and limitations of flow cytometry in the determination of DNA content of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and the selection of patients with advanced disease warrant caution in the interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Syms
- Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center, San Antonio, Tex., USA
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Arnoletti JP, Albo D, Jhala N, Granick MS, Solomon MP, Atkinson B, Rothman VL, Tuszynski GP. Computer-assisted image analysis of tumor sections for a new thrombospondin receptor. Am J Surg 1994; 168:433-6. [PMID: 7526719 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cell surface receptor (50 kd) has been recently identified in malignant cells that recognizes the tumor cell adhesive domain (ie, cysteine-serine-valine-threonine-cysteine-glycine [CSVTCG]) of thrombospondin (TSP). This CSVTCG-specific TSP receptor can be considered as a new tumor marker, and its concentration on the cell surface may correlate directly with the capacity of tumor cells to invade and metastasize. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six patients with primary, stages III and IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck were studied. Tumor sections were specifically stained for this receptor with immunohistochemical techniques. The stained specimens were then subjected to computer-assisted image analysis. The area of positive staining and the heterogeneity of the pattern of staining were compared to peritumoral angiogenesis and clinical outcome of the patients. RESULTS The results indicate that those patients with a high and homogenous positive stain score (mean +/- standard error [SE] 78 +/- 5%) for the CSVTCG-specific TSP receptor had high microvessel density and died from metastatic disease within 12 months of initial treatment (correlation coefficients = 0.95 and 1, respectively). Patients with a low and heterogenous positive stain score for receptor (mean +/- SE 8 +/- 2%; P < 0.001) had low microvessel counts and remained disease-free for at least 2 years. There was no relationship between receptor density and histologic classification of the primary tumors. CONCLUSION The CSVTCG-specific TSP receptor, quantified through image analysis of immunohistochemical stained tissue sections, is highly predictive of clinical outcome in patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Arnoletti
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129
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Suzuki K, Chen RB, Nomura T, Nakajima T. Flow cytometric analysis of primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and maxillofacial region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994; 52:855-61; discussion 861-2. [PMID: 8040741 DOI: 10.1016/0278-2391(94)90237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate characteristic changes in nuclear DNA content and cell kinetics in primary lesions and metastatic lymph nodes of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral and maxillofacial region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials used were paraffin-embedded tissue specimens obtained from 96 primary lesions of 96 patients and 85 metastatic lymph nodes of 41 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral and maxillofacial region. Single cell suspensions for flow cytometry analysis were prepared, and cell cycle analysis was performed. RESULTS The incidence of aneuploidy in 41 carcinomas with metastasis was 39%, which was significantly higher than the 16% incidence in 55 carcinomas without metastasis. In terms of T classification and mode of invasion, the incidence of aneuploidy and metastasis increased with the increase in gradings. Forty-four of 46 metastatic lymph nodes associated with 25 diploid primary tumors remained diploid, whereas a shift down to diploidy was observed in 25 of 39 metastatic lymph nodes associated with 16 aneuploid primary tumors. The incidence of aneuploidy and S-phase fractions of 85 metastatic lymph nodes in 41 patients were 19% and 9.6%, respectively. The values were significantly lower than the 39% and 14.3% of the corresponding primary lesions. CONCLUSIONS The chance of evolution of metastatic cell lines is higher in aneuploid carcinomas than diploid carcinomas, possibly because the former are more heterogenous; however, most cell lines responsible for causing lymph node metastasis are diploid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Niigata University, Japan
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Slootweg PJ, Giessen MC, Rutgers DH, Wils IS. DNA heterogeneity in metastasizing squamous cell head and neck cancer. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1993; 21:348-50. [PMID: 8113428 DOI: 10.1016/s1010-5182(05)80496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine whether analysis of DNA content of tumour cells (expressed as DNA-index: DI) from patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and lung squamous cell cancer (LSCC) could be helpful in distinguishing HNSCC patients with LSCC as a second primary from those in which LSCC represents a distant metastasis. Based on the assumption that metastasizing tumours retain their original DNA content, the same DI at both locations would suggest LSCC to be a distant metastasis from HNSCC, whereas a difference in DI at both tumour locations makes LSCC to be a second primary more likely. The study comprised 21 cases with HNSCC as well as LSCC. However, the basic assumption that the identity of a tumour can be inferred from its DI proved to be false as 7 of the 21 cases were characterized by more than one DI signifying several tumour cell populations. This DNA heterogeneity was further substantiated by differences in DI between the primary tumour and cervical lymph node metastasis in a second series composed of 16 HNSCC patients. These data indicate that due to variation in DI within one and the same tumour, DNA-analysis does not offer reliable information when trying to differentiate between lung cancer as a second primary or a distant metastasis in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Slootweg
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Metz DC, Kuchnio M, Fraker DL, Venzon DJ, Jaffe G, Jensen RT, Stetler-Stevenson M. Flow cytometry and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: relationship to clinical course. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:799-813. [PMID: 8359651 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90898-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With successful means of controlling gastric acid secretion in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, the gastrinoma itself is becoming the major determinant of long-term survival. No methods have yet been described to predict which tumors will have more malignant courses thereby indicating which patients should undergo aggressive surgery or antitumor therapy. Because DNA analysis, using flow cytometry, has proved helpful in this regard in other tumors, the current study was designed to evaluate its utility in gastrinoma patients. METHODS Flow cytometry was performed on 81 paraffin-embedded gastrinoma specimens from 59 patients. Results were compared with preoperative patient characteristics, findings at surgery, and postoperative follow up. RESULTS Tumors were diploid in 54% of patients, near diploid in 15%, pure tetraploid in 0%, nontetraploid aneuploid in 25%, and multiple stem line aneuploid in 5%. All patients with multiple stem line aneuploid tumors had wide-spread metastases whereas all patients with nontetraploid aneuploid tumors had localized or regional disease. Median S phase percentage was 3.6. S phase percentages were higher in patients with widespread metastatic disease than in patients with localized or regional disease. Disease extent also correlated closely with fasting serum gastrin level. After removing this variable with logistic regression analysis, the significant correlation between disease extent and DNA analysis persisted. CONCLUSIONS DNA analysis of gastrinoma tissue specimens correlates independently with the extent of disease and may be useful in planning therapeutic strategies for patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Metz
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Truelson JM, Fisher SG, Beals TE, McClatchey KD, Wolf GT. DNA content and histologic growth pattern correlate with prognosis in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Laryngeal Cancer Study Group. Cancer 1992; 70:56-62. [PMID: 1606547 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19920701)70:1<56::aid-cncr2820700110>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in DNA content, nuclear morphologic characteristics, and histologic grading have been associated with prognosis in several types of solid malignant neoplasms. METHODS To determine the potential usefulness of these factors in predicting tumor behavior in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, tumor specimens from 88 previously untreated patients with Stage III or IV cancers were studied. The DNA content and nuclear area (NA) were measured for individual nuclei of each tumor with the use of Azure A-stained frozen sections. An adjusted DNA index (aDI) for each patient was calculated from the slope of the linear regression analysis of nuclear DNA index on NA. Hematoxylin and eosinstained sections were examined and graded systematically for histologic growth pattern. All patients were enrolled in a prospective clinical trial and had laryngectomy and postoperative radiation therapy. RESULTS The disease-free survival length was longer and the relapse rates were lower in patients with a low aDI (P less than 0.005) and with tumors exhibiting low-grade growth patterns (P less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These parameters were independent of staging variables and were better predictors of tumor relapse than traditional clinical staging classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Truelson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Dreyfuss AI, Clark JR. Analysis of Prognostic Factors in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(18)30410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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