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Petersson BA, Hansen EH, Ruzicka J. Enzymatic Assay by Flow Injection Analysis with Detection by Chemiluminescence: Determination of Glucose, Creatinine, Free Cholesterol and Lactic Acid Using an Integrated Fia Microconduit. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718608064527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Vodopivec M, Podgornik A, Berovic M, Strancar A. Characterization of CIM monoliths as enzyme reactors. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 795:105-13. [PMID: 12957174 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of the enzymes citrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase to CIM monolithic supports was performed. The long-term stability, reproducibility, and linear response range of the immobilized enzyme reactors were investigated along with the determination of the kinetic behavior of the enzymes immobilized on the CIM monoliths. The Michaelis-Menten constant K(m) and the turnover number k(3) of the immobilized enzymes were found to be flow-unaffected. Furthermore, the K(m) values of the soluble and immobilized enzyme were found to be comparable. Both facts indicate the absence of a diffusional limitation in immobilized CIM enzyme reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vodopivec
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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He ZK, Fuhrmann B, Spohn U. Calibrationless determination of creatinine and ammonia by coulometric flow titration. Anal Biochem 2000; 283:166-74. [PMID: 10906237 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A precise and sensitive working microflow titration procedure was developed to determine creatinine and ammonia in urine samples. This procedure is based on enzymatic conversion of creatinine, gas diffusional membrane separation of the released ammonia into an acid acceptor stream, and coulometric titration of ammonia with hypobromite. The hypobromite is formed after the electrogeneration of bromine in an electrolyte containing 1.0 M NaBr and 0.1 M sodium borate adjusted to pH 8.5. The electrolysis current follows a triangle-programmed current-time course. An amperometric flow detector records the resulting mirror symmetrical titration curves, which show two equivalence points. The analyte concentration is calculated from the time difference between the equivalence points. For quantitative conversion of creatinine and quantitative separation of present and released ammonia no calibration is necessary to get accurate results. Both ammonia/ammonium and creatinine were determined in the range between 2 microM and 2 mM with relative standard deviations between 3.0 and 1.0% (n = 5). High recoveries were obtained for the analysis of diluted urine samples for both creatinine and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K He
- Institute of Biotechology, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, Hall, D-06120, Germany
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Nilsson GS, Andersson M, Ruzgas T, Gorton L. Oligosaccharide dehydrogenase-catalyzed assay for the determination of polysaccharides. Anal Biochem 1998; 265:151-6. [PMID: 9866719 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharide dehydrogenase (ODH), an enzyme known to have a broad selectivity for reducing sugars of low molecular weight, was investigated to determine its catalytic properties with larger polysaccharides. Six substrates were studied: pullulan standards with molecular weights of between 5,400 and 90,900, debranched starch, and dextran. In addition, maltotriose, isomaltotriose, maltose, and glucose were used as substrates for comparison. ODH catalyzed the oxidation of the large pullulans with a degree of polymerization of at least 560. Isomaltotriose and dextran were not oxidized. ODH activity for the pullulans, expressed as the rate constant Kps, was only three times lower than that for maltose. When the oxidation of sugars with ODH was coupled to a color-forming reaction, quantitative spectrophotometric determination of sugars was possible using either Meldola's blue or N-methylphenazinium as electron acceptors in combination with nitrotetrazolium blue. Linear calibration curves for maltose, maltotriose, and debranched starch were obtained using this ODH method and compared with curves from the conventional spectrophotometric copper sulfate method. This work demonstrates that ODH can be advantageously used for the determination of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden.
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van der Pol JJ, de Gooijer CD, Biselli M, Wandrey C, Tramper J. Automation of selective assays for on-line bioprocess monitoring by flow-injection analysis. Trends Biotechnol 1996; 14:471-7. [PMID: 8987916 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(96)10065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
On-line analysis of one component in a complex media used for bioprocesses requires the application of selective tests such as enzymes assays. Because these assays are susceptible to interference by other medium components and have a limited detection range, automatic sample pretreatment is a prerequisite. The progress made with automatic sample pretreatment in flow-injection analysis makes this technique particularly suitable for on-line monitoring of bioprocesses. Moreover, newly developed software control systems may improve the necessary robustness of flow-infection analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J van der Pol
- Institute of biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany.
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Růzicka J. Discovering flow injection: journey from sample to a live cell and from solution to suspension. Analyst 1994; 119:1925-34. [PMID: 7978328 DOI: 10.1039/an9941901925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years after its inception, flow injection is seen as an ever-expanding method, as new modifications are discovered such as flow injection cytoanalysis and the flow injection on renewable surfaces technique. In this review, a personal view of the future rather than the history of flow injection is given, with comment on how research is actually being conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Růzicka
- Department of Chemistry BG-10 University of Washington, Seattle 98116
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Domínguez E, Marko-Varga G, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Gorton L. Optimization of enzyme ratios in a coimmobilized enzyme reactor for the analysis of D-xylose and D-xylulose in a flow system. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994; 16:216-22. [PMID: 7764599 DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A coupled enzyme system for the detection of D-xylose and D-xylulose is presented. The system is based on three consecutive enzymatic steps. The enzymes xylose isomerase (XI), mutarotase (MT), and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) are coimmobilized on controlled pore glass and packed in a bed reactor. The relative amount of enzymes, i.e., enzyme ratio, plays a critical role in driving the overall reaction, resulting in a system with linear response characteristics and an operational range of several orders of magnitude. Three different enzyme ratios are assayed to achieve maximum conversion efficiencies for xylose and xylulose. The highest enzyme unit ratio assayed, 13.4 of GDH to XI, gave the highest apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant showing the importance of the last enzymatic reaction in the coupled system to make the overall reaction thermodynamically favorable. A pH of 7.0 was found to be an optimum compromise for the multienzyme system. Sensitivity was dependent on NAD+ concentration. The study was carried out in a flow injection system. The optimized reactor has been applied for the catalytic detection of pentoses in flow injection analysis (FIA) and liquid chromatography (LC).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domínguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Maes P, Nagels L. Characterization of an immobilized hexose oxidase reactor for mono- and oligosaccharide determination by liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Comparison between different inorganic supports for the immobilization of amyloglucosidase and α-amylase to be used in enzyme reactors in flow-injection systems. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Emnéus J, Gorton L. Comparison between different inorganic supports for the immobilization of amyloglucosidase and α-amylase to be used in enzyme reactors in flow-injection systems. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Skoog M, Johansson G. Simultaneous enzymatic and tautomeric reactions of d-fructose in a reactor with immobilized hexokinase. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Marko-Varga GA. Column Liquid Chromatography in combination with immobilized enzymes and electrochemical detection and its applications in some industrial processes. ELECTROANAL 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kurtz K, Crouch S. Design and optimization of a flow-injection system for enzymatic determination of galactose. Anal Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(91)90027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maes P, Nagels L, Dewaele C, Alderweireldt F. Characterization of cellulase-based enzyme reactors for the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of β-d-glucan oligosaccharides. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(91)80002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Gorton L, Csöregi E, Domínguez E, Emnéus J, Jönsson-Pettersson G, Marko-Varga G, Persson B. Selective detection in flow analysis based on the combination of immobilized enzymes and chemically modified electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(91)85072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Yang X, Pfeiffer D, Johansson G, Scheller F. Nanomolar Level Amperometric Determination of ATP Through Substrate Recycling in an Enzyme Reactor in a FIA System. ANAL LETT 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719108052980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Fawer MS, Stierli J, Cliffe S, Fiechter A. The characterisation of immobilised lignin peroxidase by flow injection analysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1076:15-22. [PMID: 1986789 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90214-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immobilised lignin peroxidase has been investigated using a flow system in the steady state and by flow injection analysis (FIA). In the steady state, the extreme sensitivity of the enzyme towards inactivation by H2O2 resulted in a stable response only in the presence of saturating levels of organic substrate and at very low (10 microM) peroxide concentrations. By contrast, the low contact time during FIA led to a stable response to injections of 100 microM H2O2. At higher peroxide concentrations a reproducible inactivation was observed, allowing a study of factors affecting both activity and stability. Lignin peroxidase substrates that undergo at least semi-reversible oxidation/reduction, including high-molecular-weight lignin fractions, could be detected by electrochemical reduction of the oxidation products. With this detection system it was possible to demonstrate the role of veratryl alcohol as mediator. This mediated oxidation of lignin functioned only when all components were present simultaneously, and was not observed when lignin was separated from the site of veratryl alcohol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Fawer
- Institute of Biotechnology, ETH Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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Jian G, Sheng MP, Xiang LG. Immobilization of glucose oxidase and peroxidase and their application in flow-injection analysis for glucose in serum. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 613:435-8. [PMID: 2075991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb18195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Jian
- National Center for Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China
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Narinesingh D, Mungal R, Ngo TT. Flow injection analysis of serum urea using urease covalently immobilized on 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium salt-activated fractogel and fluorescence detection. Anal Biochem 1990; 188:325-9. [PMID: 2221381 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90614-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples were analyzed for their urea content using fluorescence flow injection analysis incorporating an immobilized urease bioreactor and a gas permeable separator. The urease was immobilized under mild and facile conditions to a hydrophilic 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium-activated support. The ammonia released as a result of urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis diffused through a gas permeable membrane into a constant stream of o-phthaldehyde solution to form a highly fluorescent product with lambda ex at 340 nm and lambda em at 455 nm. Up to 25 serum samples can be analyzed per hour. The within-day coefficient of variation (CV) was 1.12% and the day-to-day CV was 1.25% for serum containing 10.50 mg urea nitrogen dl-1. The bioreactor shows excellent storage (at 4 degrees C) and operational stabilities (at 37 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Narinesingh
- Chemistry Department, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad
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Selective post-column liquid chromatographic determination of sugars in spent sulphite liquor with two enzymatic electrochemical detectors in parallel. J Chromatogr A 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)91598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ortega F, Ballesteros M, Centenera JI, Domínguez E. Enzymatic flow injection method for determination of formate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1990; 8:991-4. [PMID: 2100655 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(90)80157-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ortega
- Departamento Farmacia Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Tzouwara-Karayanni S, Crouch S. Enzymatic determinations of glucose, sucrose and maltose in food samples by flow injection analysis. Food Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(90)90025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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van Opstal MA, Wolters R, Blauw JS, van Krimpen PC, van Bennekom WP, Bult A. Determination of penicillin in pharmaceutical formulations by flow injection analysis using an optimised immobilised penicillinase reactor and iodometric detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1990; 8:49-60. [PMID: 2102265 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(90)80006-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An automated assay for the determination of penicillin in formulations suitable for use in pharmaceutical quality control is presented. The method is based on the classical iodometric penicillin assay which is incorporated in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system. The required hydrolysis is performed on-line by using an immobilised penicillinase reactor. Packed-bed and single-bead-string enzyme reactors are compared. It turns out that a packed-bed penicillinase reactor (10 cm x 1.5 mm i.d.) provides complete hydrolysis within short residence time, while only little back-pressure is generated. This enzyme reactor is stable for at least 9 months. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring results in the formation of the corresponding penicilloic acid, which consumes iodine. The iodine consumption is determined colorimetrically by measuring the decrease of the absorbance of the blue coloured iodine/starch complex. The optimum reactor length and flow rate for the colourimetrical detection reaction are determined. The optimised method is applied to the assay of penicillin in formulations and the results are compared with the "true" results obtained with a reference method: a mercurimetric titration. The reliability of the flow injection method is evaluated quantitatively by determining the maximum total error (MTE). The reliability is shown to be highest when measuring at a 0.3-mM level. Eight formulations including capsules, tablets and injectables containing penicillin G, amoxicillin or flucloxacillin are assayed. The MTE does not exceed the 6% level and the most probable MTE is between 1.5 and 3.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A van Opstal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Guo JA, Mo PS, Li GX. Immobilization of glucose oxidase and peroxidase and their application in flow-injection analysis for glucose in serum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1990; 23:15-24. [PMID: 2105696 DOI: 10.1007/bf02942049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucose oxidase (GOD) and Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were covalently coupled to alkylamine controlled pore glass by means of glutaraldehyde. About 700-800 U/g of immobilized GOD and 300-400 U/g of immobilized HRP were obtained. Some factors of affecting enzyme immobilization were discussed. The immobilized enzymes were packed into a plastic tube and used in flow-injection analysis (FIA) for glucose in serum. A good linearity range was observed for this immobilized enzyme system at 20 mg/mL to 1000 mg/dL D-glucose, the recovery was 95.4-103.5%, the within-batch imprecision was 0.8-2.2%, and the between-batch imprecision was 2.2-4.2%. More than 100 samples were measured within an hour. One enzyme column with five units of immobilized GOD and HRP, applied for 50 assays/d, has been used for more than 2 mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Guo
- National Center for Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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31
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Emnéus J, Gorton L. Effects on the hydrolysis of native starch and glycogen by a thermostable α-amylase after immobilization on solid supports. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Domínguez E, Marko-Varga G, Carlsson M, Gorton L. Liquid chromatographic separation and stereoselective detection of L- and D-amino acids with catalytic reaction detection using immobilized enzymes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1990; 8:825-30. [PMID: 2129240 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(90)80127-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A post-column LC detection system is described for the stereoselective detection of L- and D-amino acids. The effluent of the LC column passes an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) containing either L- or D-amino acid oxidase. The hydrogen peroxide formed in this reactor by the oxidation of the amino acids is then transported to a second IMER containing horse-radish peroxidase. With the addition of 4-aminophenazone and dichlorophenosulphonyl chloride to the carrier, the hydrogen peroxide is reacted to form a red-coloured complex which is detected in a flow-through photometric cell at 514 nm. Applications to the analysis of amino acids in bovine and human sera are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Domínguez
- Department of Applied Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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34
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Tyrefors N, Carlsson A. Improvements in the separation and detection of acetylcholine and choline using liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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PUCHADES R, LEMIEUX L, SIMARD RE. Sensitive, Rapid and Precise Determination of L-Glutamic Acid in Cheese using a Flow-Injection System with Immobilized Enzyme Column. J Food Sci 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb03098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Huck H. On the characterization of packed-bed enzyme reactors by conversion experiments. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)87198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Huck H. On the characterization of packed-bed enzyme reactors by conversion experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(89)87012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Petersson BA. Evaluation of an Enzymatic Method For Determination of Glucose In Whole Blood Using Flow Injection Analysis With Detection By Chemiluminescence. ANAL LETT 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718908051187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Narinesingh D, Jaipersad D, Chang-Yen I. Immobilization of linamarase and its use in the determination of bound cyanide in cassava using flow injection analysis. Anal Biochem 1988; 172:89-95. [PMID: 3142290 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from the tubers (cortex and parenchyma) and leaves of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) were analyzed for their releasable cyanide content using flow injection analysis incorporating an immobilized linamarase bioreactor. Linamarase was immobilized under very mild conditions to an activated 2-fluoro-N-methylpyridinium Fractogel support. The released cyanide, which was monitored spectrophotometrically at 525 nm using an alkaline picrate reagent, was found to be highest in the cortex and lowest in the parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Narinesingh
- Chemistry Department, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad
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Larew LA, Mead DA, Johnson DC. Flow-injection determination of starch and total carbohydrate with an immobilized glucoamylase reactor and pulsed amperometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Skoog M, Johansson G, Olsson B, Appelqvist R. Fructose determination using immobilized enzymes in a flow system with special emphasis on the effect of isomerism. Mikrochim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01236098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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A flow-injection system for the amperometric determination of xylose and xylulose with co-immobilized enzymes and a modified electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)81348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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46
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Tyrefors N, Gillberg PG. Determination of acetylcholine and choline in microdialysates from spinal cord of rat using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 423:85-91. [PMID: 3443679 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of acetylcholine and choline in microdialysates from rat spinal cord has been developed using liquid chromatography, enzyme-catalysed post-column derivatization and electrochemical detection. The sensitivity required was achieved by a certain degree of miniaturization, careful temperature control and a slight modification of the amperometric detector. Determinations were performed on 5-microliter samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tyrefors
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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47
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Marko-Varga G. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of some mono- and disaccharides with detection by a post-column enzyme reactor and a chemically modified electrode. J Chromatogr A 1987; 408:157-70. [PMID: 3429519 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effluent from a chromatographic column was mixed with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzyme (NAD+) buffer and passed through a packed-bed reactor containing immobilized glucose dehydrogenase. Oxidation of the carbohydrates emerging from the column produced an equivalent amount of reduced coenzyme (NADH), which was detected electrochemically using an electrode modified with 7-dimethylamino-1,2-benzophenoxazine (Meldola Blue). Separation was effected in three different chromatographic systems containing a protonated ion exchanger, a calcium(II)-saturated or a lead(II)-saturated ligand exchange column. Separation, detection and k' values are reported for glucose, 2-deoxyglucose, xylose, mannose, cellobiose, lactose, ribose and glucosamine. The detection limit was 2 ng for a 20-microliter injection of glucose and the response was linear up to 6300 ng. Samples from fermentation of penicillin were analysed for lactose and glucose with the described detector. A comparison with the recordings from a refractive index detector showed that the selectivity of the enzymes and the modified electrodes are necessary for the determination of glucose and lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marko-Varga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Lund, Sweden
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48
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OLSSON BO, LUNDBÄCK HANS, JOHANSSON GILLIS. Packed-Bed Enzyme Reactors and On-Line Dialyzers in Flow Analysis for the Determination of Carbohydrates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb45773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Risinger L, Yang X, Johansson G. Deoxygenation of supporting electrolytes in stripping voltammetry by glocuse and co-immobilized glocuse oxidase and catalase in a flow system. Anal Chim Acta 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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50
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Dalgaard L. Immobilized enzymes as post-column reactors in high-performance liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(86)80031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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