1
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Sun Y, Giacomello G, Girreser U, Steff J, Bureik M, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Parr MK. Characterization and quantitation of a sulfoconjugated metabolite for detection of methyltestosterone misuse and direct identification by LC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 242:106527. [PMID: 38710312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic androgenic steroids detected in doping control analysis. The metabolism of MT in humans leads to several phase І metabolites and their corresponding phase Ⅱ conjugates. Previous studies have postulated the 3α-sulfoconjugate of 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (S2) as principal sulfate metabolite of MT, with a detection window exceeding 10 days. However, a final direct and unambiguous confirmation of the structure of this metabolite is missing until now. In this study, we established an approach to detect and identify S2, using intact analysis by liquid chromatography hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) without complex sample pretreatment. An in vitro study yielded the LC-MS/MS reference retention times of all 3-sulfated 17-methylandrostane-3,17-diol diastereomers, allowing for accurate structure assignment of potentially detected metabolites. In an in vivo excretion study with a single healthy male volunteer, the presence of the metabolite S2 was confirmed after a single oral dose of 10 mg MT. The reference standard was chemically synthesized, characterized by accurate mass mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and quantified by quantitative NMR (qNMR). Thus, this study finally provides accurate structure information on the S2 metabolite and a direct analytical method for detection of MT misuse. The availability of the reference material is expected to facilitate further evaluation and subsequent analytical method validation in anti-doping research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ginevra Giacomello
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jakob Steff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Lu, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome 00197, Italy,; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany,.
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2
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Liu L, Karim Z, Schlörer N, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Zoschke C, Parr MK. Biotransformation of anabolic androgenic steroids in human skin cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 237:106444. [PMID: 38092130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In comparison to well-known drug-metabolizing organs such as the liver, the metabolic capacity of human skin is still not well elucidated despite the widespread use of topical drug application. To gain a comprehensive insight into anabolic steroid metabolism in the skin, six structurally related anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone, metandienone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, and methylclostebol, were applied to human keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from the juvenile foreskin. Phase I metabolites obtained from incubation media were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 5α-reductase activity was predominant in the metabolic pathways as supported by the detection of 5α-reduced metabolites after incubation of testosterone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, and methylclostebol. Additionally, the stereochemistry structures of fully reduced metabolites (4α,5α-isomers) of clostebol and methylclostebol were newly confirmed in this study by the help of inhouse synthesized reference materials. The results provide insights into the steroid metabolism in human skin cells with respect to the characteristics of the chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziaul Karim
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Drugs, Gerichtstr. 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Zhang L, Sun J, Ding Y, Li L, Liu J. Simultaneous determination of methyltestosterone and its metabolite in fish by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 16:114-121. [PMID: 38086623 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone is one of the banned drugs in aquaculture, and it should be monitored in food-producing animals. 17α-Methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, as the main metabolite of methyltestosterone in vertebrates, could be used as another marker for controlling the administration of methyltestosterone, due to its high residual concentration and slow elimination rate. In this study, an analytical method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of methyltestosterone and its main metabolite in fish. After pretreatment by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane and solid phase extraction with C18 and NH2 columns, the target analytes in the muscle tissues were extracted and concentrated, and the influence of the sample matrix was eliminated. Then, the prepared samples were separated and detected with GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Methyltestosterone-D3 was chosen as the internal standard for quantitation. After optimization, the limits of detection for methyltestosterone and 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol were 20 μg kg-1 and 15 μg kg-1, respectively. The limits of quantitation were both 50 μg kg-1. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the concentration range from 50.0 ng mL-1 to 500.0 ng mL-1. The correlation coefficients of methyltestosterone and 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol were more than 0.9990. The recoveries of the analytes in real samples were in the range of 99.7-116.6% with the relative standard deviation of 5.2-8.3%. The established method could meet the demand for simultaneous detection of methyltestosterone and its major metabolite, and it could be used to provide more information on the abuse of methyltestosterone in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Jiangsu Nanjing Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210041, China
| | - Yinmeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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4
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Pranata A, Yamada S, Weththasinghe S, Caldwell K, Zahra PW, Karamatic SL, Gardiner MG, McLeod MD. The in vivo metabolism of Jungle Warfare in greyhounds. Steroids 2023; 190:109150. [PMID: 36511323 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Δ6-Methyltestosterone was reported as the main active ingredient of the purported "dietary supplement" Jungle Warfare. This compound is structurally similar to 17α-methyltestosterone, containing an additional Δ6 double bond, and is reported to possess notable androgenic activity, raising concerns over the potential for abuse of Jungle Warfare in sport. The in vivo metabolism of Δ6-methyltestosterone in greyhounds was investigated. Urinary phase I (unconjugated) and phase II (glucuronide) metabolites were detected following oral administration using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. No phase II sulfate metabolites were detected. The major phase I metabolite was confirmed as 16α,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one by comparison with a synthetically-derived reference material. Minor amounts of the parent drug were also confirmed. Glucuronide conjugated metabolites were also observed, but were found to be resistant to hydrolysis using the Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase enzyme. Qualitative excretion profiles, limits of detection, and extraction recoveries were determined for the parent drug and the major phase I metabolite. These results provide a method for the detection of Jungle Warfare abuse in greyhounds suitable for incorporation into routine screening methods conducted by anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sean Yamada
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | - Sumudu Weththasinghe
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Albion, QLD 4010, Australia
| | - Paul W Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | | | - Michael G Gardiner
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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5
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VAZHAT RAMEESABDULLA, FAROOK NAMOHAMED, NALAKATH J, K PRASEENO. Identification of in vitro metabolites of boldenone using Camel liver microsomes – A HR-LCMS approach. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v93i1.117992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids are widely abused in animal sports to improve their performance. The present study identifies the possible metabolites of boldenone in camel liver. A high-resolution accurate QE mass spectrometer was used to identify the parent boldenone and its metabolites. To investigate the phase 1 biotransformation of boldenone in camel, sodium phosphate buffer and NADPH were used. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Thermo Hypersil C18 column using acetonitrile and formic acid as mobile phases. The current study, helped in unequivocal detection of six metabolites (Phase 1) for boldenone. The 17b-boldenone is an 3-oxo-Delta (1), Delta(4)-steroid substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. It is prone to oxidation, which results in three hydroxylated metabolites with protonated parent ion of m/z 303.1954 (C19H27O3)+. Androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione [M+H]+ of m/z 285.1848 (C19H25O2+), hydroxyandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione [M+H]+ of m/z 301.1797 (C19H25O3+) in addition to 17-hydroxy-androsta-1-en-3-one [M+H]+ of m/z 289.2162 (C19H29O2+) were also identified. The structures of the detected metabolites were identified based on their accurate mass, fragmentation pattern, and chromatographic retention time. In this research, camel liver was successfully used for in vitro experiments as an alternative to liver microsomes.
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6
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Fitzgerald CCJ, Bowen C, Elbourne M, Cawley A, McLeod MD. Energy-Resolved Fragmentation Aiding the Structure Elucidation of Steroid Biomarkers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1276-1281. [PMID: 35791638 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification and confirmation of steroid sulfate metabolites in biological samples are essential to various fields, including anti-doping analysis and clinical sciences. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) is the leading method for the detection of intact steroid conjugates in biofluids, but because of the inherent complexity of biological samples and the low concentration of many targets of interest, metabolite identification based solely on mass spectrometry remains a major challenge. The confirmation of new metabolites typically depends on a comparison with synthetically derived reference materials that encompass a range of possible conjugation sites and stereochemistries. Herein, energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) is used as part of UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis to distinguish between regio- and stereo-isomeric steroid sulfate compounds. This wholly MS-based approach was employed to guide the synthesis of reference materials to unambiguously confirm the identity of an equine steroid sulfate biomarker of testosterone propionate administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C J Fitzgerald
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher Bowen
- Mass Spectrometry Business Unit, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (Australasia), Rydalmere, New South Wales 2116, Australia
| | - Madysen Elbourne
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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7
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Fitzgerald CCJ, McLeod MD. Synthesis of stable isotope labelled steroid bis(sulfate) conjugates and their behaviour in collision induced dissociation experiments. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3311-3322. [PMID: 35354200 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroid bis(sulfate) metabolites derived from the two-fold sulfation of unconjugated precursors represent an important yet understudied portion of the steroid profile. The investigation of these compounds in fields such as medicine or anti-doping science relies on mass spectrometry (MS) as the principal tool to identify and quantify biomarkers of interest and depends in turn on access to steroid reference materials and their stable isotope labelled (SIL) derivatives. A new [18O] stable isotope label for sulfate metabolites is reported, which allows for the selective, late-stage and 'one-pot' synthesis of a variety of SIL-steroid conjugates suitable as MS probes and internal standards. The method is applied to more comprehensively study the MS behaviour of steroid bis(sulfate) compounds through collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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8
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Loke S, de la Torre X, Iannone M, La Piana G, Schlörer N, Botrè F, Bureik M, Parr MK. Controlled administration of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone in humans: Urinary excretion and long-term detection of metabolites for anti-doping purpose. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105978. [PMID: 34418529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that was developed by Jenapharm in the 1960s and was marketed as Oral Turinabol®. It is prohibited in sports at all times; nevertheless, there are several findings by anti-doping laboratories every year. New long-term metabolites have been proposed in 2011/12, which resulted in adverse analytical findings in retests of the Olympic games of 2008 and 2012. However, no controlled administration trial monitoring these long-term metabolites was reported until now. In this study, DHCMT (5 mg, p.o.) was administered to five healthy male volunteers and their urine samples were collected for a total of 60 days. The unconjugated and the glucuronidated fraction were analyzed separately by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The formation of the described long-term metabolites was verified, and their excretion monitored in detail. Due to interindividual differences there were several varieties in the excretion profiles among the volunteers. The metabolite M3, which has a fully reduced A-ring and modified D-ring structure, was identified by comparison with reference material as 4α-chloro-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-5α-androstan-13-en-3α-ol. It was found to be suitable as long-term marker for the intake of DHCMT in four of the volunteers. In one of the volunteers, it was detectable for 45 days after single oral dose administration. However, in two of the volunteers M5 (already published as long-term metabolite in the 1990s) showed longer detection windows. In one volunteer M3 was undetectable but another metabolite, M2, was found as the longest detectable metabolite. The last sample clearly identified as positive was collected between 9.9 and 44.9 days. Furthermore, the metabolite epiM4 (partially reduced A-ring and a modified D-ring structure which is epimerized in position 17 compared to M3) was identified in the urine of all volunteers with the help of chemically synthesized reference as 4-chloro-17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-androsta-4,13-dien-3β-ol. It may serve as additional confirmatory metabolite. It is highly recommended to screen for all known metabolites in both fractions, glucuronidated and unconjugated, to improve identification of cheating athletes. This study also offers some deeper insights into the metabolism of DHCMT and of 17α-methyl steroids in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe La Piana
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Universität zu Köln, NMR facility, Department of Chemistry, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise in antiDoping Sciences, ISSUL - Institute des Sciences du Sport, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Bureik
- Tianjin University, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Shimko KM, Piatkowski T, Thomas KV, Speers N, Brooker L, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW. Performance- and image-enhancing drug use in the community: use prevalence, user demographics and the potential role of wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126340. [PMID: 34171672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Performance- and image-enhancing drug (PIED) misuse is a significant public health issue. Currently, seizure data, surveys, anti-doping testing, and needle service provider data are used to estimate PIED use in populations. These methods are time consuming, single point-in-time measurements that often consist of small sample sizes and do not truly capture PIED prevalence. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used globally to assess and monitor licit and illicit drug consumption within the general community. This method can objectively cover large populations as well as specific subpopulations (gyms, music festivals, prisons), and has potential as a complementary monitoring method for PIED use. Information obtained through WBE could be used to aid public health authorities in developing targeted prevention and education programmes. Research on PIED analysis in wastewater is limited and presents a significant gap in the literature. The focus is on anabolic steroids, and one steroid alternative currently growing in popularity; selective androgenic receptor modulators. This encompasses medical uses, addiction, prevalence, user typology, and associated public health implications. An overview of WBE is described including its benefits, limitations and potential as a monitoring method for PIED use. A summary of previous work in this field is presented. Finally, we summarise gaps in the literature, future perspectives, and recommendations for monitoring PIEDs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Naomi Speers
- Sport Integrity Australia (SIA), Unit 14, 5 Tennant Street, Fyshwick, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL), National Measurement Institute (NMI), 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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10
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Pranata A, Curtis B, Waller CC, Caldwell K, Zahra PW, Karamatic SL, McLeod MD. The in vivo metabolism of Furazadrol in greyhounds. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1749-1757. [PMID: 34254454 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Samples of the 'dietary supplement' Furazadrol sourced through the internet have been reported to contain the designer anabolic androgenic steroids [1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol (furazadrol F) and [1',2']isoxazolo[4',3':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol (isofurazadrol IF). These steroids contain an isoxazole fused to the A-ring and were designed to offer anabolic activity while evading detection, raising concerns over the potential for abuse of this preparation in sports. The metabolism of Furazadrol (F:IF, 10:1) was studied by in vivo methods in greyhounds. Urinary phase II Furazadrol metabolites were detected as glucuronides after a controlled administration. These phase II metabolites were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase to afford the corresponding phase I metabolites. Using a library of synthetically derived reference materials, the identities of seven urinary Furazadrol metabolites were confirmed. Major confirmed metabolites were isofurazadrol IF, 4α-hydroxyfurazadrol 4α-HF and 16α-hydroxy oxidised furazadrol 16α-HOF, whereas the minor confirmed metabolites were furazadrol F, 4β-hydroxyfurazadrol 4β-HF, 16β-hydroxyfurazadrol 16β-HF and 16β-hydroxy oxidised furazadrol 16β-HOF. One major hydroxyfurazadrol and two dihydroxyfurazadrol metabolites remained unidentified. Qualitative excretion profiles, limits of detection and extraction recoveries were established for furazadrol F and major confirmed metabolites. These investigations identify the key urinary metabolites of Furazadrol following oral administration, which can be incorporated into routine screening by anti-doping laboratories to aid the regulation of greyhound racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Blake Curtis
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Albion, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul W Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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11
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Loke S, Liu L, Wenzel M, Scheffler H, Iannone M, de la Torre X, Schlörer N, Botrè F, Keiler AM, Bureik M, Parr MK. New Insights into the Metabolism of Methyltestosterone and Metandienone: Detection of Novel A-Ring Reduced Metabolites. Molecules 2021; 26:1354. [PMID: 33802606 PMCID: PMC7961831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metandienone and methyltestosterone are orally active anabolic-androgenic steroids with a 17α-methyl structure that are prohibited in sports but are frequently detected in anti-doping analysis. Following the previously reported detection of long-term metabolites with a 17ξ-hydroxymethyl-17ξ-methyl-18-nor-5ξ-androst-13-en-3ξ-ol structure in the chlorinated metandienone analog dehydrochloromethyltestosterone ("oral turinabol"), in this study we investigated the formation of similar metabolites of metandienone and 17α-methyltestosterone with a rearranged D-ring and a fully reduced A-ring. Using a semi-targeted approach including the synthesis of reference compounds, two diastereomeric substances, viz. 17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol and its 5α-analog, were identified following an administration of methyltestosterone. In post-administration urines of metandienone, only the 5β-metabolite was detected. Additionally, 3α,5β-tetrahydro-epi-methyltestosterone was identified in the urines of both administrations besides the classical metabolites included in the screening procedures. Besides their applicability for anti-doping analysis, the results provide new insights into the metabolism of 17α-methyl steroids with respect to the order of reductions in the A-ring, the participation of different enzymes, and alterations to the D-ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Heike Scheffler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität zu Köln, Grenstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
- REDs–Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, ISSUL–Institute del Sciences du Sport de l’Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis & Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Dresdner Str. 12, 01731 Kreischa, Germany;
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
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12
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Savill R, Baues H, Voigt E, Zierau O, Thieme D, Keiler AM. Cell culture as a toolbox to generate phase I metabolites for antidoping screening. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1169-1177. [PMID: 33527655 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the biotransformation of compounds prohibited by the World Anti Doping Agency is of high concern as doping analyses are mostly based on the detection of metabolites instead of the parent compounds abused by athletes. While the self-administration of doping-relevant compounds is from an ethical point of view a rather problematic method to investigate metabolism, the usage of cell culture systems allows for studies on biotransformation in vitro. Five cell culture models with different tissue origin (liver, ovary, skin, kidney, and testis) were comparatively incubated with testosterone and epitestosterone as well as with the synthetic testosterone derivatives 17α-methyltestosterone and 4-chlorotestosterone to investigate the impact of synthetic modifications on phase I metabolic pathways. Cell culture supernatants were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All cell lines possessed the default steroid phase I biotransformation reactions. The highest conversion rate was observed in ovarian (BG-1) and liver cells (HepG2). For BG-1 and skin cells (HaCaT), the 5α-reductase products 5α-dihydrotestosterone (for both) and 5α-androstane-3α/β,17β-diol (for BG-1 solely) were found to be prevailing after testosterone incubation. In kidney (COS-1) and HepG2 cells, the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was predominant as supported by the observation that the 17α-OH (epitestosterone) and the methyl group (17α-methyltestosterone) impeded the conversion rate in these cell lines. In conclusion, future work should extend the characterization of the BG-1 and HepG2 cells on phase II metabolic pathways to examine whether they are suitable models for the generation of metabolite reference collections comparable to those obtained by human excretion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Savill
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helge Baues
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmely Voigt
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
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13
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Galba J, Piešťanský J, Kováč A, Olešová D, Cehlár O, Kertys M, Kozlík P, Chaľová P, Tirčová B, Slíž K, Mikuš P. Fast and Sensitive Screening of Oxandrolone and Its Major Metabolite 17-Epi-Oxandrolone in Human Urine by UHPLC-MS/MS with On-Line SPE Sample Pretreatment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020480. [PMID: 33477515 PMCID: PMC7831107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxandrolone, a synthetic testosterone analog, is used for the treatment of several diseases associated with weight loss. Unfortunately, oxandrolone is abused by many athletes and bodybuilders due to its strong anabolic effect. We have developed and validated a highly sensitive and rapid on-line SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of oxandrolone and simultaneous identification of its major metabolite 17-epi-oxandrolone in urine matrices. Enrichment of the analytes via an integrated solid-phase extraction was achieved using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 Column. Subsequently, the chromatographic separation of the on-line preconcentrated sample fraction was achieved using an Acquity HSS T3 C18 Column. For the structural identification of these analytes, a high-resolution mass spectrometer Synapt-G2Si coupled to the Acquity M-class nano-LC system with ionKey source was used. A highly sensitive determination of oxandrolone was achieved using a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer XEVO TQD. The method was successfully validated in the linear range of oxandrolone from 81.63 pg·mL−1 (limit of quantification, LOQ) to 5000 pg·mL−1 in the human urine matrix. It was applied to the analysis of real urine samples obtained from a healthy volunteer after the oral administration of one dose (10 mg) of oxandrolone. Concentration vs. time dependence was tested in the time interval of 4 h–12 days (after oral administration) to demonstrate the ability of the method to detect the renal elimination of oxandrolone from the human body. Favorable performance parameters along with successful application indicate the usefulness of the proposed method for its routine use in antidoping control labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Galba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Piešťanský
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kováč
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (D.O.); (O.C.)
| | - Dominika Olešová
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (D.O.); (O.C.)
| | - Ondrej Cehlár
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (D.O.); (O.C.)
| | - Martin Kertys
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Petr Kozlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Chaľová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
| | - Barbora Tirčová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, 974 09 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia;
| | - Kristián Slíž
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-50-117-243
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de la Torre X, Colamonici C, Iannone M, Jardines D, Molaioni F, Botrè F. Detection of clostebol in sports: Accidental doping? Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1561-1569. [PMID: 33119965 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The detection of clostebol misuse in sports has been growing recently, especially in Italy, due to the ample availability of pharmaceutical formulations containing clostebol acetate (Trofodermin®) and the use of more sensitive instrumentation by the antidoping laboratories. Most of these cases have been claimed to be related to a nonconscious use of the drug or through contact with relatives or teammates using it. We have investigated, through the application of the well-known and currently used gas chromatographic mass spectrometric procedures, the likelihood of these allegations and have demonstrated that after a single transdermal administration of 5 mg of clostebol acetate and a transient contact with the application area, it is possible to generate adverse analytical findings in antidoping controls. We have reviewed the Phase I and Phase II clostebol metabolism in order to generate evidences that may help the sport authorities reviewing these cases. The main clostebol metabolite (4-chloro-androst-4-en-3α-ol-17-one, M1) generally used at the screening level as well as other three metabolites (M2-M4) are mainly excreted as glucuronides, whereas M5 (4ζ-chloro-5ζ-androstan-3β-ol-17-one) is predominantly excreted as sulfate. Neither the 5α-reductases activity (impaired by the presence of the chlorine in C4) nor specific sulfotransferases present in the skin allowed a clear distinction of the administration route. Studies with a larger number of volunteers and probably investigating another physiological fluid allowed in antidoping such as blood are needed for a deeper investigation. It is not unreasonable to establish a reporting level for M1, maybe creating some false negatives but excluding nonintentional doping scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Molaioni
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Martinez-Brito D, Iannone M, Tatangelo MA, Molaioni F, de la Torre X, Botrè F. A further insight into methyltestosterone metabolism: New evidences from in vitro and in vivo experiments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8870. [PMID: 32570291 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the metabolism of methyltestosterone (MT) has been extensively studied since the 1950s using different techniques, the aim of this study was to investigate the hydroxylation in positions C2, C4 and C6 after in vitro experiments and in vivo excretion studies using gas chromatography time-of-flight (GC/TOF) and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The results could be influenced by the mass spectrometric analyser used. METHODS Incubations were carried out with human liver microsomes and six enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family using MT as a substrate. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of the samples were analysed using GC/TOF and GC/MS/MS once the correct MS/MS transitions had been selected, mainly for 6-hydroxymethyltestosterone (6-OH-MT) to avoid artefact interferences. A urinary excretion study was then performed after the administration of a 10 mg single oral dose of MT to a volunteer. RESULTS The formation of hydroxylated metabolites of MT in the C6, C4 and C2 positions after both in vitro and in vivo experiments was observed. Sample evaluation using GC/TOF showed an interference for 6-OH-MT that could only be resolved in GC/MS/MS by monitoring specific transitions. The transitory detection of these hydroxylated metabolites in urine agrees with previous investigations that had described this metabolic route as being of little significance. CONCLUSIONS In doping analysis, the formation of 4-hydroxymethyltestosterone (oxymesterone) from MT cannot be underestimated. Although it is only detected as a minor and short-term excretion metabolite, it cannot be overlooked as it was found in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The use of a combination of different mass spectrometric instruments allowed reliable conclusions to be reached, and it was shown that special attention must be given to artefact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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16
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Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Lyris E, Petrou M, Georgakopoulos C, Angelis YS. Alternative markers for Methylnortestosterone misuse in human urine. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1544-1553. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
- Faculty of Biology, Schoole of Science National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, Zografou Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| | - Argyro G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| | - Emmanouil Lyris
- Novartis Technical Operations, Biotechnology & Aseptics, Sandoz GmbH, Schaftenau site Biochemiestrasse 10, Bau 531, 6336 Langkampfen Langkampfen AT Austria
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus Anti‐Doping Authority Makarion Athletic Center Avenue, Engomi Nicosia CY 2400 Cyprus
| | | | - Yiannis S. Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
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17
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Harvey DJ, Vouros P. MASS SPECTROMETRIC FRAGMENTATION OF TRIMETHYLSILYL AND RELATED ALKYLSILYL DERIVATIVES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:105-211. [PMID: 31808199 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the mass spectral fragmentation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and related alkylsilyl derivatives used for preparing samples for analysis, mainly by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The review is divided into three sections. The first section is concerned with the TMS derivatives themselves and describes fragmentation of derivatized alcohols, thiols, amines, ketones, carboxylic acids and bifunctional compounds such as hydroxy- and amino-acids, halo acids and hydroxy ethers. More complex compounds such as glycerides, sphingolipids, carbohydrates, organic phosphates, phosphonates, steroids, vitamin D, cannabinoids, and prostaglandins are discussed next. The second section describes intermolecular reactions of siliconium ions such as the TMS cation and the third section discusses other alkylsilyl derivatives. Among these latter compounds are di- and trialkyl-silyl derivatives, various substituted-alkyldimethylsilyl derivatives such as the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers, cyclic silyl derivatives, alkoxysilyl derivatives, and 3-pyridylmethyldimethylsilyl esters used for double bond location in fatty acid spectra. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 0000:1-107, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Vouros
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, Massachusetts, 02115
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18
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Piper T, Fusshöller G, Schänzer W, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Thevis M. Studies on the in vivo metabolism of methylstenbolone and detection of novel long term metabolites for doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1644-1655. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | | | - Dirk Kuehne
- Crop Science DivisionBayer AG Monheim Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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19
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Stoll A, Loke S, Joseph JF, Machalz D, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Wolber G, Bureik M, Parr MK. Fine-mapping of the substrate specificity of human steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105446. [PMID: 31404637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are capable of catalyzing regio- and stereo-specific oxy functionalization reactions, which otherwise are major challenges in organic chemistry. In order to make the best possible use of these biocatalysts it is imperative to understand their specificities. Human CYP21A2 (steroid 21-hydroxylase) acts on the side-chain attached to C-17 in ring D of a steroid substrate, but the configuration of ring A also plays a prominent role in substrate cognition. Here, we comprehensively investigated this relationship using sixteen 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-13-ene steroids with different arrangements of hydroxy-, oxo-, fluoro- and chloro-groups and in the presence or absence of double bonds (Δ1 and/or Δ4) and heteroatoms in ring A. The results show that presence of a 3-oxo group is a strict requirement for a CYP21A2 substrate, while the other configurations tested were all tolerated. This was also confirmed by control experiments using endogenous steroids. While progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were hydroxylated at C-21, (17-hydroxy-) pregnenolone did not react. Molecular docking experiments indicate that the interaction of the carbonyl group at C-3 to the side-chain Arg234 of the enzyme is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stoll
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Steffen Loke
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Felix Joseph
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David Machalz
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy; 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Computer-Aided Drug Design), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bureik
- Tianjin University, Health Science Platform, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Koenigin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Obukhova EN, Buryak AK. Determination of Isomers in Doping Control by Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819090077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Albertsdóttir AD, Coppieters G, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Gas chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis of non‐hydrolyzed sulfated steroids by degradation product formation. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1656-1665. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | | | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
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22
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Shimko KM, O'Brien JW, Barron L, Kayalar H, Mueller JF, Tscharke BJ, Choi PM, Jiang H, Eaglesham G, Thomas KV. A pilot wastewater‐based epidemiology assessment of anabolic steroid use in Queensland, Australia. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:937-949. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja M. Shimko
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Jake W. O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Leon Barron
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
| | - Hasan Kayalar
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Ben J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Phil M. Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Hui Jiang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Geoff Eaglesham
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
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23
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Pranata A, Fitzgerald CC, Khymenets O, Westley E, Anderson NJ, Ma P, Pozo OJ, McLeod MD. Synthesis of steroid bisglucuronide and sulfate glucuronide reference materials: Unearthing neglected treasures of steroid metabolism. Steroids 2019; 143:25-40. [PMID: 30513322 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Doubly or bisconjugated steroid metabolites have long been known as minor components of the steroid profile that have traditionally been studied by laborious and indirect fractionation, hydrolysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Recently, the synthesis and characterisation of steroid bis(sulfate) (aka disulfate or bis-sulfate) reference materials enabled the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) study of this metabolite class and the development of a constant ion loss (CIL) scan method for the direct and untargeted detection of steroid bis(sulfate) metabolites. Methods for the direct LC-MS/MS detection of other bisconjugated steroids, such as steroid bisglucuronide and mixed steroid sulfate glucuronide metabolites, have great potential to reveal a more complete picture of the steroid profile. However, access to steroid bisglucuronide or sulfate glucuronide reference materials necessary for LC-MS/MS method development, metabolite identification or quantification is severely limited. In this work, ten steroid bisglucuronide and ten steroid sulfate glucuronide reference materials were synthesised through an ordered combination of chemical sulfation and/or enzymatic glucuronylation reactions. All compounds were purified and characterised using NMR and MS methods. Chemistry for the preparation of stable isotope labelled steroid {13C6}-glucuronide internal standards has also been developed and applied to the preparation of two selectively mono-labelled steroid bisglucuronide reference materials used to characterise more completely MS fragmentation pathways. The electrospray ionisation and fragmentation of the bisconjugated steroid reference materials has been studied. Preliminary targeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis of the reference materials prepared revealed the presence of three steroid sulfate glucuronides as endogenous human urinary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Olha Khymenets
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erin Westley
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Natasha J Anderson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Ma
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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24
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Gill AD, Perez L, Salinas INQ, Byers SR, Liu Y, Hickey BL, Zhong W, Hooley RJ. Selective Array‐Based Sensing of Anabolic Steroids in Aqueous Solution by Host–Guest Reporter Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:1740-1745. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Gill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Lizeth Perez
- Department of Chemistry University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Isaac N. Q. Salinas
- Department of Statistics University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Samantha R. Byers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Environmental Toxicology Program University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Briana L. Hickey
- Department of Chemistry University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Environmental Toxicology Program University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Richard J. Hooley
- Department of Chemistry University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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25
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Piper T, Dib J, Putz M, Fusshöller G, Pop V, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Studies on thein vivometabolism of the SARM YK11: Identification and characterization of metabolites potentially useful for doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1646-1656. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Josef Dib
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Marlen Putz
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Valentin Pop
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, National Anti‐Doping Agency Bvd. Basarabia, nr. 37‐39 022103 Bucuresti, sector 2 Romania
| | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division Alfred‐Nobel‐Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Dirk Kuehne
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division Alfred‐Nobel‐Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA) Cologne/Bonn Germany
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26
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Mazzarino M, Khevenhüller-Metsch FL, Fiacco I, Parr MK, de la Torre X, Botrè F. Drug-drug interaction and doping: Effect of non-prohibited drugs on the urinary excretion profile of methandienone. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1554-1565. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Rome Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Fiacco
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Rome Italy
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy; Freie Universität Berlin; Germany
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; “Sapienza” Università di Roma; Rome Italy
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27
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Khatri Y, Jóźwik IK, Ringle M, Ionescu IA, Litzenburger M, Hutter MC, Thunnissen AMWH, Bernhardt R. Structure-Based Engineering of Steroidogenic CYP260A1 for Stereo- and Regioselective Hydroxylation of Progesterone. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1021-1028. [PMID: 29509407 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The production of regio- and stereoselectively hydroxylated steroids is of high pharmaceutical interest and can be achieved by cytochrome P450-based biocatalysts. CYP260A1 from Sorangium cellulosum strain So ce56 catalyzes hydroxylation of C19 or C21 steroids at the very unique 1α-position. However, the conversion of progesterone (PROG) by CYP260A1 is very unselective. In order to improve its selectivity we applied a semirational protein engineering approach, resulting in two different, highly regio- and stereoselective mutants by replacing a single serine residue (S276) of the substrate recognition site 5 with an asparagine or isoleucine. The S276N mutant converted PROG predominantly into 1α-hydroxy-PROG, while the S276I mutant led to 17α-hydroxy-PROG. We solved the high-resolution crystal structures of the PROG-bound S276N and S276I mutants, which revealed two different binding modes of PROG in the active site. The orientations were consistent with the exclusive 1α- (pro-1α binding mode) and 17α-hydroxylation (pro-17α-binding mode) of S276N and S276I, respectively. We observed that water-mediated hydrogen bonds contribute to the stabilization of the polar C3 and C17 substituents of PROG. Both binding modes of PROG may be stabilized in the wild-type enzyme. The change in regioselectivity is mainly driven by destabilizing the alternative binding mode due to steric hindrance and hydrogen bond disruption, caused by the mutations of Ser276. Thus, for the first time, the change in the selectivity of cytochrome P450-mediated steroid hydroxylation created by rational mutagenesis can be explained by the obtained 3D structures of the substrate-bound mutants, providing the basis for further experiments to engineer the biocatalyst toward novel steroid hydroxylation positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ilona K. Jóźwik
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ringle
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Martin Litzenburger
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Andy-Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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28
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Janeczko T, Popłoński J, Kozłowska E, Dymarska M, Huszcza E, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. Application of α- and β-naphthoflavones as monooxygenase inhibitors of Absidia coerulea KCh 93, Syncephalastrum racemosum KCh 105 and Chaetomium sp. KCh 6651 in transformation of 17α-methyltestosterone. Bioorg Chem 2018; 78:178-184. [PMID: 29574302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, 17α-methyltestosterone was effectively hydroxylated by Absidia coerulea KCh 93, Syncephalastrum racemosum KCh 105 and Chaetomium sp. KCh 6651. A. coerulea KCh 93 afforded 6β-, 12β-, 7α-, 11α-, 15α-hydroxy derivatives with 44%, 29%, 6%, 5% and 9% yields, respectively. S. racemosum KCh 105 afforded 7α-, 15α- and 11α-hydroxy derivatives with yields of 45%, 19% and 17%, respectively. Chaetomium sp. KCh 6651 afforded 15α-, 11α-, 7α-, 6β-, 9α-, 14α-hydroxy and 6β,14α-dihydroxy derivatives with yields of 31%, 20%, 16%, 7%, 5%, 7% and 4%, respectively. 14α-Hydroxy and 6β,14α-dihydroxy derivatives were determined as new compounds. Effect of various sources of nitrogen and carbon in the media on biotransformations were tested, however did not affect the degree of substrate conversion or the composition of the products formed. The addition of α- or β-naphthoflavones inhibited 17α-methyltestosterone hydroxylation but did not change the percentage composition of the resulting products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Popłoński
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Huszcza
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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29
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Fungi as a source of marker compounds for the control of illicit use of drugs: mesterolone as a case study. Metabolomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Khatri Y, Carius Y, Ringle M, Lancaster CRD, Bernhardt R. Structural characterization of CYP260A1 fromSorangium cellulosumto investigate the 1α-hydroxylation of a mineralocorticoid. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4638-4648. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Yvonne Carius
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Michael Ringle
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - C. Roy D. Lancaster
- Department of Structural Biology; Institute of Biophysics and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB); Saarland University; Homburg Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
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31
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Balcells G, Matabosch X, Ventura R. Detection of stanozolol O-
and N-
sulfate metabolites and their evaluation as additional markers in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1001-1010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
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32
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Piper T, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Revisiting the metabolism of 19-nortestosterone using isotope ratio and high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:80-91. [PMID: 26699683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid 19-nortestosterone is prohibited in sports according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to its performance-enhancing effects. Today, doping controls focus predominantly on one main urinary metabolite, 19-norandrosterone glucuronide, which offers the required detection windows for an appropriate retrospectivity of sports drug testing programs. As 19-norandrosterone can also be found in urine at low concentrations originating from in situ demethylation of other abundant steroids or from endogenous production, the exogenous source of 19-norandrosterone needs to be verified, which is commonly accomplished by carbon isotope ratio analyses. The aim of this study was to re-investigate the metabolism of 19-nortestosterone in order to probe for additional diagnostic long-term metabolites, which might support the unambiguous attribution of an endo- or exogenous source of detected 19-nortestosterone metabolites. Employing a recently introduced strategy for metabolite identification, threefold deuterated 19-nortestosterone (16,16,17-(2)H3-NT) was administered to one healthy male volunteer and urine samples were collected for 20 days. Samples were prepared with established methods separating unconjugated, glucuronidated and sulfated steroids, and analytes were further purified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography before trimethylsilylation. Deuterated metabolites were identified using gas chromatograph/thermal conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometer comprising an additional single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Additional structural information was obtained by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. In general, sulfo-conjugated metabolites were excreted for a longer time period than the corresponding glucuronides. Several unexpected losses of the arguably stable isotope labels were observed and characterized, attributed to metabolic reactions and sample preparation procedures. The detection window of one of the newly detected metabolites was higher than currently used metabolites. The suitability of this metabolite to differentiate between endo- or exogenous sources could however not be verified conclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research-Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
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33
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Efficient approach for the detection and identification of new androgenic metabolites by applying SRM GC-CI-MS/MS: a methandienone case study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:524-534. [PMID: 27434811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is a vital issue in doping control and toxicology, and searching for metabolites with longer detection times remains an important task. Recently, a gas chromatography chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-CI-MS/MS) method was introduced, and CI, in comparison with electron ionization (EI), proved to be capable of increasing the sensitivity significantly. In addition, correlations between AAS structure and fragmentation behavior could be revealed. This enables the search for previously unknown but expected metabolites by selection of their predicted transitions. The combination of both factors allows the setup of an efficient approach to search for new metabolites. The approach uses selected reaction monitoring which is inherently more sensitive than full scan or precursor ion scan. Additionally, structural information obtained from the structure specific CI fragmentation pattern facilitates metabolite identification. The procedure was demonstrated by a methandienone case study. Its metabolites have been studied extensively in the past, and this allowed an adequate evaluation of the efficiency of the approach. Thirty three metabolites were detected, including all relevant previously discovered metabolites. In our study, the previously reported long-term metabolite (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methyl-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one) could be detected up to 26 days by using GC-CI-MS/MS. The study proves the validity of the approach to search for metabolites of new synthetic AAS and new long-term metabolites of less studied AAS and illustrates the increase in sensitivity by using CI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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34
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Gas chromatography/chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis of anabolic steroids: ionization and collision-induced dissociation behavior. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:511-522. [PMID: 26777682 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The detection of new anabolic steroid metabolites and new designer steroids is a challenging task in doping analysis. Switching from electron ionization gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS/MS) to chemical ionization (CI) has proven to be an efficient way to increase the sensitivity of GC/MS/MS analyses and facilitate the detection of anabolic steroids. CI also extends the possibilities of GC/MS/MS analyses as the molecular ion is retained in its protonated form due to the softer ionization. In EI it can be difficult to find previously unknown but expected metabolites due to the low abundance or absence of the molecular ion and the extensive (and to a large extent unpredictable) fragmentation. The main aim of this work was to study the CI and collision-induced dissociation (CID) behavior of a large number of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) as their trimethylsilyl derivatives in order to determine correlations between structures and CID fragmentation. Clarification of these correlations is needed for the elucidation of structures of unknown steroids and new metabolites. METHODS The ionization and CID behavior of 65 AAS have been studied using GC/CI-MS/MS with ammonia as the reagent gas. Glucuronidated AAS reference standards were first hydrolyzed to obtain their free forms. Afterwards, all the standards were derivatized to their trimethylsilyl forms. Full scan and product ion scan analyses were used to examine the ionization and CID behavior. RESULTS Full scan and product ion scan analyses revealed clear correlations between AAS structure and the obtained mass spectra. These correlations were confirmed by analysis of multiple hydroxylated, methylated, chlorinated and deuterated analogs. CONCLUSIONS AAS have been divided into three groups according to their ionization behavior and into seven groups according to their CID behavior. Correlations between fragmentation and structure were revealed and fragmentation pathways were postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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35
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He G, Yang S, Lu J, Xu Y. New long term metabolite in human urine for metenolone misuse by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Steroids 2016; 105:1-11. [PMID: 26519767 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, metenolone metabolic profiles were investigated. Metenolone was administered to one healthy male volunteer. Liquid-liquid extraction and direct-injection were applied to processing urine samples. Urinary extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS) using full scan and product ion scan with accurate mass measurement for the first time. Due to the lack of useful fragment ion for structural elucidation, GC-MS instrumentation was employed to obtain structural details of the trimethylsilylated phase I metabolite released after hydrolysis, and the EI mass spectrum was always informative in steroidal structure studies owing to more useful fragment ions than the ESI mass spectrum. 16 metabolites including 6 glucuronide and 9 unreported sulfate conjugates were characterized and tentatively identified. All the metabolites were evaluated in terms of how long they could be detected. The sulfate conjugate S6 (1-methylen-5α-androst-3,17-dione-2ξ-sulfate) was considered to be a new long term metabolite for metenolone misuse that could be detected 40 days by liquid-liquid extraction and up to 30 days by direct-injection analysis after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genye He
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China; Sport Science College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Youxuan Xu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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36
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Kiousi P, Angelis YS, Fragkaki AG, Abushareeda W, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C, Lyris E. Markers of mesterolone abuse in sulfate fraction for doping control in human urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1409-1419. [PMID: 26634976 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the direct detection of mesteroloe sulfo-conjugated metabolites by liquid chromatography/quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q/TOFMS) with special focus on evaluation of their retrospective detectability and their structure elucidation. A comparison of their long-term detectability, with the mesterolone main metabolite (1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) excreted in glucuronide fraction and detected by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS), is also presented. Studies on mesterolone were performed with samples obtained from two excretion studies after single oral administration of Proviron© by healthy volunteers. Potential sulfate metabolites were detected in post administration samples after liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate and LC/TOFMS analysis, in negative mode. Twelve mesterolone sulfate metabolites from the first excretion study and nine from the second were subsequently confirmed by LC/Q/TOFMS. Finally, six mesterolone sulfate metabolites were considered important taking into account their abundance and long-term detectability, encoded as M1, M2, M4, M5, M6 and M7. The proposed mesterolone sulfate metabolites M1, M2, M4 and M5 (excreted as sulfates) have the same retrospectivity with the main mesterolone metabolite, excreted in glucuronide fraction. For metabolite characterization, LC fractionation was performed. The metabolites were identified and characterized by GC/MS, after solvolysis and derivatization. Combined mass spectra data from trimethyl-silyl (TMS), TMS-enolTMS and methoxime-TMS derivatives were taken into account for the characterization of these metabolites. It was concluded that M1 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3β-ol-17 one, M2 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17 one, M4 is 1α-methyl-5a-androstan-3β, 16z-diol-17-one, M5 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-17z,4ξ-diol-3one, M6 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3z,6z-diol-17-one and M7 is 4z-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Y S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - W Abushareeda
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Alsayrafi
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - E Lyris
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
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Khatri Y, Ringle. M, Lisurek M, von Kries JP, Zapp J, Bernhardt R. Substrate Hunting for the Myxobacterial CYP260A1 Revealed New 1α-Hydroxylated Products from C-19 Steroids. Chembiochem 2015; 17:90-101. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Michael Ringle.
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Michael Lisurek
- Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Josef Zapp
- Universität des Saarlandes; Pharmazeutische Biologie; Campus C2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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Okano M, Sato M, Kojima A, Kageyama S. Determination of mepitiostane metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:236-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Thevis M, Dib J, Thomas A, Höppner S, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Sander M, Opfermann G, Schänzer W. Complementing the characterization ofin vivogeneratedN-glucuronic acid conjugates of stanozolol by collision cross section computation and analysis. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:1050-6. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Josef Dib
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Sebastian Höppner
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer CropScience AG; Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Dirk Kuehne
- Bayer CropScience AG; Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Mark Sander
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Georg Opfermann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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40
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Rzeppa S, Heinrich G, Hemmersbach P. Analysis of anabolic androgenic steroids as sulfate conjugates using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:1030-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rzeppa
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
| | - G. Heinrich
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
- University of Münster; Institute of Food Chemistry; Münster Germany
| | - P. Hemmersbach
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Norway
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41
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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Yang S, Lu J, Xu Y, Wang X. New oxymesterone metabolites in human by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and their application for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2015. [PMID: 26197789 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxymesterone (17α-methyl-4, 17β-dihydroxy-androst-4-ene-3-one) is one of the anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The biotransformation of oxymesterone is performed in vitro by human heptocytes and human urinary metabolic profiles are investigated after single dose of 20 mg to two adult males as well. Cell cultures and urine samples were hydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase, extracted, and reacted with N-Methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), ammonium iodide (NH4 I), and dithioerythritol. After derivatization, a gas chromatography triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) using full scan and MS/MS modes was applied. The total ion chromatographs of the blank and the positive samples are compared, and 7 new metabolites were found. In addition to the well-known 17-epioxymesterone, oxymesterone is metabolized by 4-ene-reduction, 3-keto-reduction, 11β-hydroxylation, and 16ξ-hydroxylation. Based on the behavior of the MS/MS results of product ion and precursor ion modes, a GC-MS/MS method has been developed monitoring these metabolites. The structures of metabolite 2 and 4 are tentatively identified as 17α-methyl-3β, 17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstane-4-one and 17α-methyl-3α, 4ξ, 17β-trihydroxy-5α-androstane, respectively. Detection of oxymesterone using new metabolites M2 and M4 can extend the detection window up to 4 days since the parent steroid was not detectable. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Youxuan Xu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Cawley AT, Blakey K, Waller CC, McLeod MD, Boyd S, Heather A, McGrath KC, Handelsman DJ, Willis AC. Detection and metabolic investigations of a novel designer steroid: 3-chloro-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:621-32. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
| | - Karen Blakey
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland; Department of Health, Queensland Government; Archerfield QLD Australia
| | - Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sue Boyd
- Magnetic Resonance Facility, School of Natural Sciences; Griffith University; Nathan QLD Australia
| | - Alison Heather
- Faculty of Science; University of Technology; Sydney NSW Australia
- Currently with the Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | | | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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Screening for anabolic steroids in sports: Analytical strategy based on the detection of phase I and phase II intact urinary metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1389:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Choi MH, Chung BC. Bringing GC-MS profiling of steroids into clinical applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:219-236. [PMID: 24965919 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of steroid biosynthesis and excretion are responsible for the development and prevention of endocrine disorders, such as metabolic syndromes, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to their biochemical roles in endocrine system, qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in various biological specimens is needed to elucidate their altered expression. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based steroid profiling can reveal the states of metabolites in biological systems and provide comprehensive insights by allowing comparisons between metabolites present in cells, tissues, or organisms. In addition, the activities of many enzymes related to steroid metabolism often lead to hormonal imbalances that have serious consequences, and which are responsible for the progress of hormone-dependent diseases. In contrast to immunoaffinity-based enzyme assays, MS-based methods are more reproducible in quantification. In particular, high-resolution gas chromatographic (GC) separation of steroids with similar chemical structures can be achieved to provide rapid and reproducible results with excellent purification. GC-MS profiling therefore has been widely used for steroid analysis, and offers the basis for techniques that can be applied to large-scale clinical studies. Recent advances in analytical technologies combined with inter-disciplinary strategies, such as physiology and bioinformatics, will help in understanding the biochemical roles of steroid hormones. Therefore, comprehensive analytical protocols in steroid analysis for different research purposes may contribute to the elucidation of complex metabolic processes relevant to steroid function in many endocrine disorders, and in the identification of diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ho Choi
- Future Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
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Lu J, Fernández-Álvarez M, Yang S, He G, Xu Y, Aguilera R. New potential biomarkers for mesterolone misuse in human urine by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:153-159. [PMID: 25601687 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, mesterolone metabolic profiles were investigated carefully. Mesterolone was administered to one healthy male volunteer. Urinary extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS) for the first time. Liquid-liquid extraction was applied to processing urine samples, and dilute-shoot analyses of intact metabolites were also presented. In LC-QTOFMS analysis, chromatographic peaks for potential metabolites were hunt down by using the theoretical [M-H](-) as target ions in full scan experiment, and their actual deprotonated ions were analyzed in targeted MS/MS mode. Ten metabolites including seven new sulfate and three glucuronide conjugates were found for mesterolone. Because of no useful fragment ion for structural elucidation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrumentation was employed to obtain structural details of the trimethylsilylated phase I metabolite released after solvolysis. Thus, their potential structures were proposed particularly by a combined MS approach. All the metabolites were also evaluated in terms of how long they could be detected, and S1 (1α-methyl-5α-androst-3-one-17β-sulfate) together with S2 (1α-methyl-5α-androst-17-one-3β-sulfate) was detected up to 9 days after oral administration, which could be the new potential biomarkers for mesterolone misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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Schweizer Grundisch C, Baume N, Saugy M. Degradation of methyltestosterone in urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1170-3. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Schweizer Grundisch
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Geneva and Lausanne, Ch. des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | - N. Baume
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Geneva and Lausanne, Ch. des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | - M. Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Geneva and Lausanne, Ch. des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
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Abstract
The abuse of unknown designer androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is considered to be an issue of significant importance, as AAS are the choice of doping preference according to World Anti-doping Agency statistics. In addition, unknown designer AAS are preferred since the World Anti-doping Agency mass spectrometric identification criteria cannot be applied to unknown molecules. Consequently, cheating athletes have a strong motive to use designer AAS in order to both achieve performance enhancement and to escape from testing positive in anti-doping tests. To face the problem, a synergy is required between the anti-doping analytical science and sports anti-doping regulations. This Review examines various aspects of the designer AAS. First, the structural modifications of the already known AAS to create new designer molecules are explained. A list of the designer synthetic and endogenous AAS is then presented. Second, we discuss progress in the detection of designer AAS using: mass spectrometry and bioassays; analytical data processing of the unknown designer AAS; metabolite synthesis; and, long-term storage of urine and blood samples. Finally, the introduction of regulations from sports authorities as preventive measures for long-term storage and reprocessing of samples, initially reported as negatives, is discussed.
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Barrón D, Pascual JA, Segura J, Barbosa J. Prediction of LC retention of steroids using solvatochromic parameters. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fankhauser M, Tan Y, Macintyre G, Haviv I, Hong MKH, Nguyen A, Pedersen JS, Costello AJ, Hovens CM, Corcoran NM. Canonical androstenedione reduction is the predominant source of signaling androgens in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5547-57. [PMID: 24771644 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been recognized for almost a decade that concentrations of signaling androgens sufficient to activate the androgen receptor are present in castration-resistant prostate cancer tissue. The source of these androgens is highly controversial, with three competing models proposed. We, therefore, wished to determine the androgenic potential of human benign and malignant (hormone-naïve and treated) prostate tissue when incubated with various precursors and examine concomitant changes in enzyme expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Freshly harvested prostate tissue [benign, hormone-naïve, and hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC)] was incubated in excess concentrations of cholesterol, progesterone, DHEA, androstenedione, or testosterone for 96 hours, and steroid concentrations in the conditioned media measured by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Changes in the expression of androgen synthetic and/or degradative enzymes were determined by expression microarray and qPCR. Significant changes were confirmed in an independent dataset. RESULTS Of the precursor molecules tested, only incubation with androstenedione gave rise to significant concentrations of signaling androgens. Although this was observed in all tissue types, it occurred to a significantly greater degree in hormone-refractory compared with hormone-naïve cancer. Consistent with this, gene set enrichment analysis of the expression microarray data revealed significant upregulation of 17HSD17B activity, with overexpression of the canonical enzyme AKR1C3 confirmed by qPCR in the same samples and in a publicly available expression dataset. Importantly, we found no evidence to support a significant contribution from either the "backdoor" or "5-α dione" pathway. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of androstenedione to testosterone by the canonical HSD17B AKR1C3 is the predominant source of signaling androgens in HRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuen Tan
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital
| | - Geoff Macintyre
- NICTA Victoria Research Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Parkville
| | - Izhak Haviv
- NICTA Victoria Research Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Parkville
| | | | - Anne Nguyen
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital
| | - John S Pedersen
- TissuPath Specialist Pathology, Mount Waverley; The Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne; and
| | - Anthony J Costello
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M Hovens
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Niall M Corcoran
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
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