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Cheng J, Guo J, Guo J. A Low-cost Creatinine Biosensor by Differential Optical Signal Readout for the Whole Blood Analysis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083605 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10341195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a low-cost paper-based biosensor for point-of-care (POC) detection of blood creatinine by using differential optical signal readout. Dual-channel photochemical paper-based test strips were fabricated with stackable multilayer films containing pre-immobilized enzymes and reagents for the identification and conversion of creatinine and creatine. Enzyme-linked reactions generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which formed a blue oxidized condensate with aniline derivatives. The color depth was quantified via the differential optical signal of the two channels and positively correlated with the concentration of the analyte. This method was first proposed to address the issue of endogenous interferences in the enzymatic assay of creatinine, greatly improving the detection accuracy. The proposed biosensor was calibrated with spiked blood samples, and achieved a wide detection range of 31-1483 μmol/L, showing superior detection performance to general enzymatic methods, especially in the low concentration range. Creatine interference testing demonstrated that the biosensor could resist the interference of ≤ 300 μmol/L endogenous creatine. It is believed that the proposed optical differential biosensor for blood creatinine could enable to pave the way for a daily monitoring system for renal diseases.Clinical Relevance- This stackable multilayer paper-based biosensor provides an enzymatic colorimetric assay of creatinine in whole blood, which can be read out by the differential optical signal to exclude interference from endogenous creatine.
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Cheng J, Guo J, Li X, Guo J. A smartphone-connected point-of-care photochemical biosensor for the determination of whole blood creatinine by differential optical signal readout. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 235:115410. [PMID: 37236011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The level of creatinine in the human body has clinical implications with regard to a potential association with kidney, muscle, and thyroid dysfunction, hence necessitating fast and accurate detection, especially at the point-of-care (POC) level. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and feasibility of a compact, low-cost and reliable POC photochemical biosensor connected to a smartphone for the determination of whole blood creatinine by differential optical signal readout. Disposable, dual-channel paper-based test strips were fabricated using stackable multilayer films pre-immobilized with enzymes and reagents for the identification and conversion of creatinine and creatine, resulting in dramatic colorimetric signals. A handheld optical reader was integrated with dual-channel differential optical readout to address endogenous interferences in the enzymatic assay of creatinine. We demonstrated this differential concept with spiked blood samples, obtaining a wide detection range of 20-1483 μmol/L and a low detection limit of 0.03 μmol/L. Further interference experiments displayed the differential measuring system's excellent performance against endogenous interference. Furthermore, the sensor's high reliability was confirmed through comparison with the laboratory method, with the results of 43 clinical tests consistent with the bulky automatic biochemical analyzer, with its correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9782. Additionally, the designed optical reader is Bluetooth-enabled and can connect to a cloud-based smartphone to transmit test data, enabling active health management or remote monitoring. We believe the biosensor has the potential to be an alternative to the current creatinine analysis conducted in hospitals and clinical laboratories, and it has promising prospects for contributing to the development of POC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Clinical Molecular Medicine Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China; The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Biosensors and Microfluidic Biosensors: From Fabrication to Application. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070543. [PMID: 35884346 PMCID: PMC9313327 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are ubiquitous in a variety of disciplines, such as biochemical, electrochemical, agricultural, and biomedical areas. They can integrate various point-of-care applications, such as in the food, healthcare, environmental monitoring, water quality, forensics, drug development, and biological domains. Multiple strategies have been employed to develop and fabricate miniaturized biosensors, including design, optimization, characterization, and testing. In view of their interactions with high-affinity biomolecules, they find application in the sensitive detection of analytes, even in small sample volumes. Among the many developed techniques, microfluidics have been widely explored; these use fluid mechanics to operate miniaturized biosensors. The currently used commercial devices are bulky, slow in operation, expensive, and require human intervention; thus, it is difficult to automate, integrate, and miniaturize the existing conventional devices for multi-faceted applications. Microfluidic biosensors have the advantages of mobility, operational transparency, controllability, and stability with a small reaction volume for sensing. This review addresses biosensor technologies, including the design, classification, advances, and challenges in microfluidic-based biosensors. The value chain for developing miniaturized microfluidic-based biosensor devices is critically discussed, including fabrication and other associated protocols for application in various point-of-care testing applications.
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Dong Y, Luo X, Liu Y, Yan C, Li H, Lv J, Yang L, Cui Y. A disposable printed amperometric biosensor for clinical evaluation of creatinine in renal function detection. Talanta 2022; 248:123592. [PMID: 35671549 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, sera creatinine level is regarded as a crucial biomarker for the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of kidney disease. An amperometric biosensor is rapid, accurate, and cost-effective, with a portability and a simple operation. Herein, we report for the firsttime a disposable, printed amperometric biosensor for the clinical evaluation of creatinine in renal function detection. The sensor is constructed based on Prussian blue/carbon-graphite paste as the working electrode and the immobilization of creatinine amidohydrolase, creatine amidinohydrolase and sarcosine oxidase. The creatinine biosensor shows a linear detection range from 0.05 to 1.4 mM with a detection time of about 3 min. In addition, the sensor shows a high stability that can maintain above 86% of the initial activity after being stored for over 4 months. Moreover, the sensor shows almost the same results as those with the Jaffe method for measuring the real blood samples. We anticipate that the creatinine biosensor could be widely used in the medical and healthcare areas, especially for at-home testing and onsite medical examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Dong
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Hospital 1, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Xiaojin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Yiqun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Cunling Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital 1, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hospital 1, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Jicheng Lv
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Hospital 1, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, PR China.
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Hospital 1, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yue Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
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Siddiq F, Umer Farooq M, Aslam Shad M, Badaruddin Ahmad H, Ashraf M, Majeed S. Magnetic chitosan membrane as an effective analytical tool for adsorptive removal of creatinine from biological samples. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2042073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Siddiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Aslam Shad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Saadat Majeed
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakarya University, Multan Pakistan
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6
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Non-enzymatic and Electrochemical Detection of Creatine in Food Supplements. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-022-00710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Caliskan S, Yildirim E, Anakok DA, Cete S. Design of a new biosensor platform for creatinine determination. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Rakesh Kumar RK, Shaikh MO, Chuang CH. A review of recent advances in non-enzymatic electrochemical creatinine biosensing. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1183:338748. [PMID: 34627521 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Creatinine biosensing is a rapidly developing field owing to the clinical relevance of creatinine as a vital biomarker for several diseases associated with renal, thyroidal, and muscular dysfunctions. Over the years, we have observed numerous creatinine biosensing strategies, including the most widely studied enzymatic creatinine biosensors. Though the enzymatic approach provides excellent selectivity and reliability, it has certain drawbacks, which include high fabrication cost and poor storage stability (that is inherent to every enzyme-based biosensors). This has led to the development of non-enzymatic creatinine biosensors, of which electrochemical sensors are the most promising for point-of-care applications. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted and there is a lack of reviews addressing the recent advances in this research area. Herein, we present for the first time, a review with a prime focus on the various strategies implemented in non-enzymatic electrochemical creatinine biosensing. We aim to offer a comprehensive context on the achievements and limitations of currently available non-enzymatic electrochemical creatinine biosensors and address the underlying factors pertaining to the interplay of modification/fabrication techniques with the sensitivity, selectivity, interferences, and long-term storage stability of the biosensor. We hope that this work shall prove to be seminal in the conception and advancement of future non-enzymatic electrochemical creatinine biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Rakesh Kumar
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Hsin Chuang
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan.
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Pedrozo-Peñafiel MJ, Lópes T, Gutiérrez-Beleño LM, Da Costa MEM, Larrudé DG, Aucelio RQ. Voltammetric determination of creatinine using a gold electrode modified with Nafion mixed with graphene quantum dots-copper. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Pundir CS, Kumar P, Jaiwal R. Biosensing methods for determination of creatinine: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:707-724. [PMID: 30551062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Creatinine is a metabolic product of creatine phosphate in muscles, which provides energy to muscle tissues. Creatinine has been considered as indicator of renal function specifically after dialysis, thyroid malfunction and muscle damage. The normal level of creatinine in the serum and its excretion through urine in apparently healthy individuals is 45-140 μM and 0.8-2.0 gm/day respectively. The level of creatinine reaches >1000 μM in serum during renal, thyroid and kidney dysfunction or muscle disorder. A number of conventional methods such as colorimetric, spectrophotometric and chromatographic are available for determination of creatinine. Besides the advantages of being highly sensitive and selective, these methods have some drawbacks like time-consuming, requirement of sample pre-treatment, high cost instrumental set-up and skilled persons to operate. The sensors/biosensors overcome these drawbacks, as these are fast, easy, cost effective and highly sensitive. This review article describes the classification, operating principles, merits and demerits of various creatinine sensors/biosensors, specifically nanomaterials based biosensors. Creatinine biosensors work optimally within 2-900 s, potential range 0.1-1.0 V, pH range 4.0-10.0, temperature range 25-35 °C and had linear range, 0.004-30000 µM for creatinine with the detection limit between 0.01.01 µM and 520 µM. These biosensors measured creatinine level in sera and urine samples and had storage stability between 4 and 390 days, while being stored dry at 4 °C. The future perspective for further improvement and commercialization of creatinine biosensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Pundir
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, India.
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, India; Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Ranjana Jaiwal
- Department of Zoology, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, India
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11
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Development of Ratiometric Fluorescent Biosensors for the Determination of Creatine and Creatinine in Urine. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17112570. [PMID: 29117119 PMCID: PMC5712879 DOI: 10.3390/s17112570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the oxazine 170 perchlorate (O17)-ethylcellulose (EC) membrane was successfully exploited for the fabrication of creatine- and creatinine-sensing membranes. The sensing membrane exhibited a double layer of O17-EC membrane and a layer of enzyme(s) entrapped in the EC and polyurethane hydrogel (PU) matrix. The sensing principle of the membranes was based on the hydrolytic catalysis of urea, creatine, and creatinine by the enzymes. The reaction end product, ammonia, reacted with O17-EC membrane, resulting in the change in fluorescence intensities at two emission wavelengths (λem = 565 and 625 nm). Data collected from the ratio of fluorescence intensities at λem = 565 and 625 nm were proportional to the concentrations of creatine or creatinine. Creatine- and creatinine-sensing membranes were very sensitive to creatine and creatinine at the concentration range of 0.1–1.0 mM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.015 and 0.0325 mM, respectively. Furthermore, these sensing membranes showed good features in terms of response time, reversibility, and long-term stability. The interference study demonstrated that some components such as amino acids and salts had some negative effects on the analytical performance of the membranes. Thus, the simple and sensitive ratiometric fluorescent sensors provide a simple and comprehensive method for the determination of creatine and creatinine concentrations in urine.
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12
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Rahman MM, Hussain MM, Asiri AM. Ultrasensitive and label-free detection of creatine based on CdO nanoparticles: a real sample approach. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj04101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs) were prepared by a facile wet-chemical method, which later electrochemically investigated for the determination of selective creatine and measured the analytical sensor parameters such as sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), linear dynamic range (LDR), long-term stability, and real-sample validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
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13
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Viswanath KB, Devasenathipathy R, Wang SF, Vasantha VS. A New Route for the Enzymeless Trace Level Detection of Creatinine Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide/Silver Nanocomposite Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Balaji Viswanath
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry; Madurai Kamaraj University; Madurai India
| | - Rajkumar Devasenathipathy
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - V. S. Vasantha
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry; Madurai Kamaraj University; Madurai India
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Kozitsina AN, Dedeneva SS, Shalygina ZV, Okhokhonin AV, Chizhov DL, Matern AI, Brainina KZ. Determination of urea and creatinine by chronoamperometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814080048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Wang N, Burugapalli K, Song W, Halls J, Moussy F, Ray A, Zheng Y. Electrospun fibro-porous polyurethane coatings for implantable glucose biosensors. Biomaterials 2013; 34:888-901. [PMID: 23146433 PMCID: PMC3511670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study reports methods for coating miniature implantable glucose biosensors with electrospun polyurethane (PU) membranes, their effects on sensor function and efficacy as mass-transport limiting membranes. For electrospinning fibres directly on sensor surface, both static and dynamic collector systems, were designed and tested. Optimum collector configurations were first ascertained by FEA modelling. Both static and dynamic collectors allowed complete covering of sensors, but it was the dynamic collector that produced uniform fibro-porous PU coatings around miniature ellipsoid biosensors. The coatings had random fibre orientation and their uniform thickness increased linearly with increasing electrospinning time. The effects of coatings having an even spread of submicron fibre diameters and sub-100 μm thicknesses on glucose biosensor function were investigated. Increasing thickness and fibre diameters caused a statistically insignificant decrease in sensor sensitivity for the tested electrospun coatings. The sensors' linearity for the glucose detection range of 2-30 mM remained unaffected. The electrospun coatings also functioned as mass-transport limiting membranes by significantly increasing the linearity, replacing traditional epoxy-PU outer coating. To conclude, electrospun coatings, having controllable fibro-porous structure and thicknesses, on miniature ellipsoid glucose biosensors were demonstrated to have minimal effect on pre-implantation sensitivity and also to have mass-transport limiting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Krishna Burugapalli
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Wenhui Song
- Wolfson Centre for Materials Processing, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Justin Halls
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Francis Moussy
- Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Asim Ray
- Wolfson Centre for Materials Processing, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - Yudong Zheng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
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Yadav S, Devi R, Bhar P, Singhla S, Pundir C. Immobilization of creatininase, creatinase and sarcosine oxidase on iron oxide nanoparticles/chitosan-g-polyaniline modified Pt electrode for detection of creatinine. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 50:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Isildak I, Cubuk O, Altikatoglu M, Yolcu M, Erci V, Tinkilic N. A novel conductometric creatinine biosensor based on solid-state contact ammonium sensitive PVC–NH2 membrane. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Hepel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Potsdam, New York 13676, U.S.A
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20
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Li TJ, Chen PY, Nien PC, Lin CY, Vittal R, Ling TR, Ho KC. Preparation of a novel molecularly imprinted polymer by the sol–gel process for sensing creatinine. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 711:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Yadav S, Kumar A, Pundir C. Amperometric creatinine biosensor based on covalently coimmobilized enzymes onto carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline composite film. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:277-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Yadav S, Devi R, Kumar A, Pundir C. Tri-enzyme functionalized ZnO-NPs/CHIT/c-MWCNT/PANI composite film for amperometric determination of creatinine. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Huang CJ, Lin JL, Chen PH, Syu MJ, Lee GB. A multi-functional electrochemical sensing system using microfluidic technology for the detection of urea and creatinine. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:931-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Abdul-Aziz A, Wong FL. Interference elimination of an amperometric glucose biosensor using poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membrane. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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25
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Catalytic systems based on the organic nickel(ii) complexes in chronoamperometric determination of urea and creatinine. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-009-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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New Chemistry Cartridge for the GEM Premier 4000 Critical Care Analyzer, Including Electrochemical Sensors for Creatinine, Urea, and Measured Bicarbonate. POINT OF CARE 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/poc.0b013e3181cebd38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Erden PE, Pekyardimci S, Kiliç E, Arslan F. An Amperometric Enzyme Electrode for Creatine Determination Prepared by the Immobilization of Creatinase and Sarcosine Oxidase in Poly(vinylferrocenium). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:223-39. [PMID: 16537176 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600581775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new enzyme electrode for the determination of creatine was developed by immobilizing creatinase (CI) and sarcosine oxidase (SO). The enzymes were co-immobilized in a poly(vinylferrocenium) matrix onto the surface of a platinum working electrode. Crosslinking with glutaraldehyte (GA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as the best immobilization method for the enzymatic system. Determination of creatine was performed by the oxidation of enzymatically generated H2O2 at + 0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The linear working range of the electrode was 2.0 x 10(-5) - 3.2 x 10(-4) M and the response time was about 50 s. The effects of pH, temperature, enzyme ratio and buffer concentration were investigated and optimum parameters were found to be 7.5, 37 degrees C, 2.5:1 (CI:SO) and 0.05 M, respectively. The stability and reproducibility of the enzyme electrode have been also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Esra Erden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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28
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Comparative study of the effect of various electrode membranes on biofouling and electrochemical measurements. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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A preparation of a single-layered enzyme-membrane using asymmetric pBPPO base film for development of pesticide detecting biosensor. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ramanavicius A. Amperometric biosensor for the determination of creatine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1899-906. [PMID: 17221239 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor for the determination of creatine was developed. The carbon rod electrode surface was coated with sarcosine oxidase (SOX) and creatine amidinohydrolase by cross-linking under glutaraldehyde vapour. The SOX from Arthrobacter sp. 1-1 N was purified and previously used for creation of a creatine biosensor. The natural SOX electron acceptor, oxygen, was replaced by an [Fe(CN)(6)](3-) /[ Fe(CN)(6)](4-) redox mediating system, which allowed amperometric detection of an analytical signal at +400-mV potential. The response time of the biosensor was less than 1 min. The biosensor showed a linear dependence of the signal vs. creatine concentration at physiological creatine concentration levels. The optimal pH in 0.1 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)-HCl buffer was found to be at pH 8.0. The half-life of the biosensor was 8 days in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) at 20 degrees C. Principal scheme of consecutively followed catalytic reactions used to design a biosensor for the determination of creatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramanavicius
- Centre of Nanotechnology and Material Science, Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, 2006 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Li C, Han J, Ahn CH. Flexible biosensors on spirally rolled micro tube for cardiovascular in vivo monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:1988-93. [PMID: 17052902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New flexible biosensors on a spirally rolled micro tube have been designed, fabricated and characterized for microcatheter-based cardiovascular in vivo monitoring. With this new microfabrication method, sensors, wires and circuits can be fabricated first on the flexible polymer substrate (Kapton film) and then rolled spirally to make micro tubes with different diameters. This approach provides a unique method for mounting multiple sensors on both the inside and outside the tube. So, the new spirally rolled polymer tube flexibly conceives physical, biomedical and physiological microsensors, elevating most problems arisen from wiring and assembling of microsensors in conventional microcatheters. As a demonstration vehicle, we fabricated glucose biosensors on the 25 microm thick Kapton film first, then the film was spirally rolled to make a polymer micro tube with the glucose sensors on the inside wall of the tube. To verify the performance of the spirally rolled glucose biosensor, we characterized it both in a planar unrolled and rolled conditions and compared their performances. The spirally rolled glucose sensors showed good performance in the typical glucose concentration range in human blood from 60 mg/dL to 120 mg/dL with different rolled diameters at different working temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Microsystems and BioMEMS Laboratory, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering & Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, 814 Rhodes Hall, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0030, USA.
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Yu B, Moussy Y, Moussy F. Lifetime Improvement of Glucose Biosensor by Epoxy-Enhanced PVC Membrane. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dutt J, Cardosi M, Livingstone C, Davis J. Diagnostic Implications of Uric Acid in Electroanalytical Measurements. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Radomska A, Bodenszac E, Głąb S, Koncki R. Creatinine biosensor based on ammonium ion selective electrode and its application in flow-injection analysis. Talanta 2004; 64:603-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sharma AC, Jana T, Kesavamoorthy R, Shi L, Virji MA, Finegold DN, Asher SA. A General Photonic Crystal Sensing Motif: Creatinine in Bodily Fluids. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:2971-7. [PMID: 14995215 DOI: 10.1021/ja038187s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new sensing motif for the detection and quantification of creatinine, which is an important small molecule marker of renal dysfunction. This novel sensor motif is based on our intelligent polymerized crystalline colloidal array (IPCCA) materials, in which a three-dimensional crystalline colloidal array (CCA) of monodisperse, highly charged polystyrene latex particles are polymerized within lightly cross-linked polyacrylamide hydrogels. These composite hydrogels are photonic crystals in which the embedded CCA diffracts visible light and appears intensely colored. Volume phase transitions of the hydrogel cause changes in the CCA lattice spacings which change the diffracted wavelength of light. We functionalized the hydrogel with two coupled recognition modules, a creatinine deiminase (CD) enzyme and a 2-nitrophenol (2NPh) titrating group. Creatinine within the gel is rapidly hydrolyzed by the CD enzyme in a reaction which releases OH(-). This elevates the steady-state pH within the hydrogel as compared to the exterior solution. In response, the 2NPh is deprotonated. The increased solubility of the phenolate species as compared to that of the neutral phenols causes a hydrogel swelling which red-shifts the IPCCA diffraction. This photonic crystal IPCCA senses physiologically relevant creatinine levels, with a detection limit of 6 microM, at physiological pH and salinity. This sensor also determines physiological levels of creatinine in human blood serum samples. This sensing technology platform is quite general. It may be used to fabricate photonic crystal sensors for any species for which there exists an enzyme which catalyzes it to release H(+) or OH(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjal C Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Hsiue GH, Lu PL, Chen JC. Multienzyme-immobilized modified polypropylene membrane for an amperometric creatinine biosensor. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nagy L, Nagy G, Gyurcsányi RE, Neuman MR, Lindner E. Development and study of an amperometric biosensor for the in vitro measurement of low concentration of putrescine in blood. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2002; 53:165-75. [PMID: 12406599 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(02)00105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor was developed for the in vitro determination of putrescine in blood samples because elevated level of putrescine in blood can be a diagnostic indicator of certain kinds of cancer. The electrochemical transducer consisted of a flat form, three electrode amperometric micro-cell fabricated with thin film photolithography on flexible Kapton substrate. An immobilized putrescine oxidase (PUO) layer provided the biocatalytic oxidation of the putrescine, while the generated hydrogen peroxide was detected on the platinum-working electrode. An electropolymerized poly(m-phenylenediamine) (pPDA) size-exclusion layer was used to protect the working electrode from fouling and to prevent signal generation by common electroactive interferents present in blood. The preparation of the biocatalytic enzyme- and outer protective layers was optimized for improved sensitivity and response time. A detection limit of 50 nM was achieved in pH-adjusted whole blood samples, which is below pathological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Nagy
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Group for Chemical Sensors, Ifjúság u.6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Magalhães JMCS, Machado AASC. Array of potentiometric sensors for the analysis of creatinine in urine samples. Analyst 2002; 127:1069-75. [PMID: 12195948 DOI: 10.1039/b201173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of potentiometric biosensors for creatinine based on creatinine iminohydrolase (E.C. 3.5.4.21) immobilized on chitosan membranes coupled to a nonactin based ammonium ion selective electrode is described. The response characteristics of three types of biosensors with the enzyme immobilized by three different procedures were evaluated. The biosensors with better response characteristics were obtained by coupling the ammonium ion selective electrodes to chitosan membranes with the enzyme immobilized by adsorption. The linear response range of these biosensors to creatinine was 10(-4) to 10(-2) M, the response time was between 30 and 60 s, they showed an operational lifetime of 44 days and the slope of the response to creatinine in the first day varied between 50 and 52 mV decade-1. An array of six potentiometric sensors, constituted by two creatinine biosensors and four ion selective electrodes for potassium, sodium, ammonium and calcium was calibrated and a multivariate model based on PLS1 for the response to creatinine was obtained and validated. The array was used for the analysis of creatinine in urine samples and the results were compared with the results of a clinical analysis laboratory, based on the Jaffé reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia M C S Magalhães
- LAQUIPAI, Chemistry Department, Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre no, 687-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Simultaneous flow-injection assay of creatinine and creatine in serum by the combined use of a 16-way switching valve, some specific enzyme reactors and a highly selective hydrogen peroxide electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Comparison of electrochemical, electrophoretic and spectrophotometric methods for creatinine determination in biological fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shin JN, Choi YS, Lee HJ, Choi SH, Ha J, Yoon IJ, Nam H, Cha GS. A planar amperometric creatinine biosensor employing an insoluble oxidizing agent for removing redox-active interferences. Anal Chem 2001; 73:5965-71. [PMID: 11791567 DOI: 10.1021/ac010497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A planar microchip-based creatinine biosensor employing an oxidizing layer (e.g., a PbO2 film), where interfering redox-active substances are broken (i.e., oxidized) to redox-inactive products, was developed to facilitate the microfabrication of the sensor and to provide improved, reliable determination of creatinine in physiological samples. The feasibility of using hydrophilic polyurethanes in permselective barrier membranes for creatinine biosensors and the effect of adding a silanizing agent (adhesion promoter) on the sensor performance (e.g., sensitivity, stability, and lifetime) are described. The proposed creatinine microsensor with a three-layer configuration, i.e., enzyme, protecting, and oxidizing layers, exhibits good electrochemical performance in terms of response time (t95% = 98 s at 100-->200 microM creatinine change), linearity (1-1000 microM, r = 0.9997), detection limit (0.8 microM), and lifetime (approximately 35 days). The creatinine biosensor devised in a differential sensing arrangement that compensates the erroneous results from creatine is considered to be suitable for assay of serum specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Micromachining is a powerful tool in constructing micro biosensors and micro systems which incorporate them. A sensing module for blood components was fabricated using the technology. The analytes include glucose, urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine. Transducers used to construct the corresponding sensors were a Severinghaus-type carbon dioxide electrode for the urea sensor and a Clark-type oxygen electrode for the other analytes. In these electrodes, detecting electrode patterns were formed on a glass substrate by photolithography and the micro container for the internal electrolyte solution was formed on a silicon substrate by anisotropic etching. A through-hole was formed in the sensitive area, where a silicone gas-permeable membrane was formed and an enzyme was immobilized. The sensors were characterized in terms of pH and temperature dependence and calibration curves along with detection limits. Furthermore, the sensors were incorporated in an acrylate flow cell. Simultaneous operation of these sensors was successfully conducted and distinct and stable responses were observed for respective sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba Science City 305-8573, Japan.
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Tombach B, Schneider J, Matzkies F, Schaefer RM, Chemnitius GC. Amperometric creatinine biosensor for hemodialysis patients. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 312:129-34. [PMID: 11580918 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatinine is an important clinical laboratory parameter for the evaluation of kidney function. It is essential to determine its concentration in serum of patients suffering from renal insufficiency. During hemodialysis treatment, the measurement of creatinine in the effluent dialysate or ultrafiltrate may give additional information on the efficiency of the extracorporal procedure. Therefore, enzyme sensors with co-immobilized creatinine amidohydrolase, creatine amidinohydrolase and sarcosine oxidase have been used to determine creatinine. METHODS Enzymatically generated hydrogen peroxide has amperometrically been detected at a platinum-working electrode. To exclude electroactive compounds of the sample matrix, which might interfere with the electrochemical measurement, the sensors have additionally been modified by a Nafion membrane. RESULTS Such sensors showed a linear detection range of 0.06-1.7 mg/dl for creatinine. Diluting the sample with measuring buffer, it has also been possible to measure pathological creatinine concentrations up to 11 mg/dl. A good correlation between creatinine concentrations in serum, dialysate and ultrafiltrate determined by the presented enzyme sensors and those obtained by both, conventional colorimetric Jaffé and enzymatic measurements have been achieved. CONCLUSION Further developments will aim at the integration of this measuring principle into the concept to low-cost disposable planar sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tombach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Westfalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48129, Münster, Germany
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Clark EA, Fanguy JC, Henry CS. High-throughput multi-analyte screening for renal disease using capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 25:795-801. [PMID: 11377062 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
End-state renal disease (ESRD) affects 300000 people in the United States each year. A large percentage of these individuals (approximately 20%) die within the first year after diagnosis. Current methods of determining renal function rely on the measurement of a single marker using slow and frequently non-specific colorimetric methods. In this report, capillary zone electrophoresis was used to perform a multi-analyte assay for markers of renal function in urine. This method tested for creatinine (Cr), creatine (Cn), uric acid (UA), and p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) levels. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were found to be 5 microM for Cr, 0.75 microM for Cn, and 1.5 microM for UA and PAH. Linear ranges were determined to be 5-500 microM for Cr, 0.75-500 microM for Cn, and 1.5-250 microM for UA and PAH. These ranges included the expected concentrations of the markers in human urine after 50-fold dilution. This screening method proved to be a simple and fast way to perform a high throughput analysis for multiple renal function indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Integrated Chemical Measurements, Mississippi State University, Box 9573, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Abstract
Creatinine biosensors, based on both potentiometric and amperometric devices, have been created. However, there are significant problems still to be addressed, including the balance between sensitivity and selectivity, interference rejection and sensor stability. In addition, many devices still rely on a dual-sensor approach for creatine and creatinine subtractive measurements. However, creatinine biosensors appear close to attaining the performance goals necessary for their widespread application. This article looks at the operating principle and design of both potentiometric and amperometric creatinine biosensors, and shows how the design of these devices affects their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Killard
- National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, 9, Dublin, Ireland.
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He ZK, Fuhrmann B, Spohn U. Calibrationless determination of creatinine and ammonia by coulometric flow titration. Anal Biochem 2000; 283:166-74. [PMID: 10906237 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A precise and sensitive working microflow titration procedure was developed to determine creatinine and ammonia in urine samples. This procedure is based on enzymatic conversion of creatinine, gas diffusional membrane separation of the released ammonia into an acid acceptor stream, and coulometric titration of ammonia with hypobromite. The hypobromite is formed after the electrogeneration of bromine in an electrolyte containing 1.0 M NaBr and 0.1 M sodium borate adjusted to pH 8.5. The electrolysis current follows a triangle-programmed current-time course. An amperometric flow detector records the resulting mirror symmetrical titration curves, which show two equivalence points. The analyte concentration is calculated from the time difference between the equivalence points. For quantitative conversion of creatinine and quantitative separation of present and released ammonia no calibration is necessary to get accurate results. Both ammonia/ammonium and creatinine were determined in the range between 2 microM and 2 mM with relative standard deviations between 3.0 and 1.0% (n = 5). High recoveries were obtained for the analysis of diluted urine samples for both creatinine and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z K He
- Institute of Biotechology, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, Hall, D-06120, Germany
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Muguruma H, Hiratsuka A, Karube I. Thin-film glucose biosensor based on plasma-polymerized film: simple design for mass production. Anal Chem 2000; 72:2671-5. [PMID: 10857654 DOI: 10.1021/ac000014n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We propose a simple thin-film glucose biosensor based on a plasma-polymerized film. The film is deposited directly onto the substrate under dry conditions. The resulting films are extreme thin, adhere well onto the substrate (electrode), and have a highly cross-linked network structure and functional groups, such as amino groups, which enable a large amount of enzyme to be immobilized. Since this design allows fabrication through a dry process, with the exception of the enzyme immobilization, which is the last stage of the process, the chip fabrication can be designed as a full-wafer process to achieve mass production compatibility. The resulting sensors produced using this film are more reproducible, exhibit lower noise, and reduce the effect of interference to a greater degree than sensors made using conventional immobilization methods, e.g., via 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. The obtained film is a good interfacial design between enzyme and electrode; enzyme two-dimensionally locates very close to the electrode in a manner that is quite reproducible. Therefore, a wide dynamic range (up to 60 mM) and rapid response time (11.5+/-0.8 s) were obtained. Because of its highly cross-linking network structure, the amperometric response due to interferences such as ascorbic acid and acetaminophen was reduced by size discrimination of plasma-polymerized films.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muguruma
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Japan.
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