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Pawlik V, Zhou S, Zhou S, Qin D, Xia Y. Silver Nanocubes: From Serendipity to Mechanistic Understanding, Rational Synthesis, and Niche Applications. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3427-3449. [PMID: 37181675 PMCID: PMC10173382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver has long been interwoven into human history, and its uses have evolved from currency and jewelry to medicine, information technology, catalysis, and electronics. Within the last century, the development of nanomaterials has further solidified the importance of this element. Despite this long history, there was essentially no mechanistic understanding or experimental control of silver nanocrystal synthesis until about two decades ago. Here we aim to provide an account of the history and development of the colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes, as well as some of their major applications. We begin with a description of the first accidental synthesis of silver nanocubes that spurred subsequent investigations into each of the individual components of the protocol, revealing piece by piece parts of the mechanistic puzzle. This is followed by a discussion of the various obstacles inherent to the original method alongside mechanistic details developed to optimize the synthetic protocol. Finally, we discuss a range of applications enabled by the plasmonic and catalytic properties of silver nanocubes, including localized surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, metamaterials, and ethylene epoxidation, as well as further derivatization and development of size, shape, composition, and related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pawlik
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department
of Nanoscience and Biomedical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Siyu Zhou
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dong Qin
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- The
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Wood-Black F, Blayney MB, Reid M, Montes I, Bayoumi AE, Sloan L, Rothbaum JO, Koudehi MF, Zibaseresht R, Bancroft L. Highlights: Multilingual Safety Resources, Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions, Ethylene Glycol Purification, and More. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B. Blayney
- Research Safety, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marc Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Montes
- University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931-2537, Puerto Rico
| | - Alaa Eldin Bayoumi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima,
P.O.B. 68, Code No. 11241 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lawrence Sloan
- American Industrial Hygiene Association, Falls Church, Virginia 22042, United States
| | - Jacob O. Rothbaum
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Masoumeh Foroutan Koudehi
- Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry Research Centre, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Zibaseresht
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Maritime University of Imam Khomeini, Noshahr, Iran
| | - Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Rycenga M, Cobley CM, Zeng J, Li W, Moran CH, Zhang Q, Qin D, Xia Y. Controlling the synthesis and assembly of silver nanostructures for plasmonic applications. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3669-712. [PMID: 21395318 PMCID: PMC3110991 DOI: 10.1021/cr100275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1332] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rycenga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Claire M. Cobley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Weiyang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Christine H. Moran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Dong Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Younan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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Wiley B, Sun Y, Xia Y. Polyol synthesis of silver nanostructures: control of product morphology with Fe(II) or Fe(III) species. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8077-80. [PMID: 16114903 DOI: 10.1021/la050887i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Adjusting the concentration of Fe(II) or Fe(III) in the polyol reduction of silver nitrate allows for the production of either nanocubes or nanowires. Reduction by ethylene glycol maintained the iron ions in the reduced Fe(II) form, which in turn reacted with and removed adsorbed atomic oxygen from the surface of silver nanoparticles. Relatively high concentrations (2.2 microM) of iron ions facilitated the growth of multiply twinned seeds to form nanowires by removing oxygen from the surface of twinned seeds and preventing their dissolution by oxidative etching. Lower concentrations (<0.44 microM) of iron ions only partially removed oxygen from the surface, resulting in selective etching of twinned seeds and accelerated formation of single-crystal nanocubes. In each case, the addition of chloride prevented rapid aggregation of seeds and facilitated their growth into discrete nanostructures.
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Aust NC, Fröhlich R, Hecht J, Würthwein EU. Unsaturated Hetero Chains, VI. ω-alkoxy- and ω-Amino-Substituted Oligonitriles – Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199719970742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ahkong QF, Baldwin JM, O'Reilly R, Lucy JA. Interactions between metal ions and poly(ethylene glycol) in the fusion of human erythrocytes. Mol Membr Biol 1994; 11:171-9. [PMID: 7742882 DOI: 10.3109/09687689409162236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of the fluorescent membrane probe, Dil-C16 (3), from labelled to unlabelled human erythrocytes has been employed to monitor hemi-fusion (membrane fusion) in monolayers of cells exposed to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Diffusion of the cytoplasmic probe, 6-carboxyfluorescein, was used similarly to monitor cell fusion (cytoplasmic mixing). Hemi-fusion, which is normally seen when erythrocytes are exposed to dehydrating concentrations of commercial PEG 6000, did not occur when the PEG was pretreated with Chelex 100 resin to remove metal ions. Cytoplasmic mixing, which is normally observed when the dehydrated erythrocytes are substantially rehydrated, also failed to occur when both PEG 6000 and the rehydrating buffer had been treated with Chelex 100. The re-addition to Chelex-treated PEG of components removed by the resin, and the addition of 10 mu mM concentrations of La3+ or Al3+, restored its ability to induce hemi-fusion and cell fusion. Higher concentrations of several other metals, including Ca2+, were also effective. These observations show that metal ions are required for hemi-fusion with erythrocytes in the presence of PEG, and that dehydration alone is insufficient to induce hemi-fusion. Phosphatidylserine was apparently not accessible in erythrocytes treated with PEG 6000 until the cells were rehydrated. This indicates that metal ions do not assist the hemi-fusion of erythrocytes by forming trans complexes with surface phosphatidylserine when the cells are dehydrated by PEG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Q F Ahkong
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Lentz BR, McIntyre GF, Parks DJ, Yates JC, Massenburg D. Bilayer curvature and certain amphipaths promote poly(ethylene glycol)-induced fusion of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine unilamellar vesicles. Biochemistry 1992; 31:2643-53. [PMID: 1547207 DOI: 10.1021/bi00125a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Unilamellar vesicles of varying and reasonably uniform size were prepared from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) by the extrusion procedure and sonication. Quasi-elastic light scattering was used to show that different vesicle preparations had mean (Z-averaged) diameters of 1340, 900, 770, 630, and 358 A (sonicated). Bilayer-phase behavior as detected by differential scanning calorimetry was consistent with the existence of essentially uniform vesicle populations of different sizes. The response of these different vesicles to treatment with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was monitored using fluorescence assays for lipid transfer, contents leakage, and contents mixing, as well as quasi-elastic light scattering. No fusion, as judged by vesicle contents mixing and change in vesicle size, was detected for vesicles of diameter greater than 770 A. The diameters of smaller vesicles increased dramatically when treated with high concentrations of PEG, although mixing of their contents could not be detected both because of their small trapped volumes and because of the extensive leakage induced in small vesicles by high concentrations of PEG. Lipid transfer was detected between vesicles of all sizes. We conclude the high bilayer curvature does encourage fusion of closely juxtaposed membrane bilayers but that highly curved vesicles appear also to rupture and form larger structures when diluted from high PEG concentration, a process that can be confused with fusion. Despite the failure of PEG to induce fusion of large, uncurved vesicles composed of a single phosphatidylcholine, these vesicles can be induced to fuse when they contain small amounts of certain amphiphathic compounds thought to play a role in cellular fusion processes. Thus, vesicles which contained 0.5 mol % L-alpha-lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, 5 mol % platelet activating factor, or 0.5 mol % palmitic acid fused in the presence of 30%, 25%, and 20% (w/w) PEG, respectively. However, vesicles containing 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, or monooleoyl-rac-glycerol at surface concentrations up to 5 mol % did not fuse in the presence or absence of PEG. There was no correlation between the abilities of these amphipaths to induce phase separation or nonlamellar phases and their abilities to support fusion of pure DPPC unilamellar vesicles in the presence of high concentrations of PEG. The results are discussed in terms of the type of disrupted lipid packing that could be expected to favor PEG-mediated fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Lentz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7260
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Brown DC, Collins KD. Dihydroorotase from Escherichia coli. Substitution of Co(II) for the active site Zn(II). J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
We examined the stability of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), alanine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2), alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2), and lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17) in urine prepared by gel filtration and supplemented with albumin, or ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol plus albumin during storage at -20 degrees C for a period of 12 months. The stability was assessed by linear regression analysis of monthly values versus time. All enzymes except for gamma-glutamyltransferase could be considered stable for about one year in all three control materials provided that maximum change of 10% of the starting enzyme activity is accepted as tolerable. If ethylene glycol is used as stabilizer, its suitability must be tested and its inhibitory effect on enzyme activities must be taken into account in intermethod comparisons, because in some methods, it may be removed in a pretreatment step.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jung
- Department of Experimental Organ Transplantation, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, German Democratic Republic
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Washabaugh MW, Collins KD. The systematic characterization by aqueous column chromatography of solutes which affect protein stability. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dihydroorotase from Escherichia coli. Cloning the pyrC gene and production of tryptic peptide maps. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Starting from known properties of non-specific salt effects on the surface tension at an air-water interface, we propose the first general, detailed qualitative molecular mechanism for the origins of ion-specific (Hofmeister) effects on the surface potential difference at an air-water interface; this mechanism suggests a simple model for the behaviour of water at all interfaces (including water-solute interfaces), regardless of whether the non-aqueous component is neutral or charged, polar or non-polar. Specifically, water near an isolated interface is conceptually divided into three layers, each layer being I water-molecule thick. We propose that the solute determines the behaviour of the adjacent first interfacial water layer (I1); that the bulk solution determines the behaviour of the third interfacial water layer (I3), and that both I1 and I3 compete for hydrogen-bonding interactions with the intervening water layer (I2), which can be thought of as a transition layer. The model requires that a polar kosmotrope (polar water-structure maker) interact with I1 more strongly than would bulk water in its place; that a chaotrope (water-structure breaker) interact with I1 somewhat less strongly than would bulk water in its place; and that a non-polar kosmotrope (non-polar water-structure maker) interact with I1 much less strongly than would bulk water in its place. We introduce two simple new postulates to describe the behaviour of I1 water molecules in aqueous solution. The first, the 'relative competition' postulate, states that an I1 water molecule, in maximizing its free energy (--delta G), will favour those of its highly directional polar (hydrogen-bonding) interactions with its immediate neighbours for which the maximum pairwise enthalpy of interaction (--delta H) is greatest; that is, it will favour the strongest interactions. We describe such behaviour as 'compliant', since an I1 water molecule will continually adjust its position to maximize these strong interactions. Its behaviour towards its remaining immediate neighbours, with whom it interacts relatively weakly (but still favourably), we describe as 'recalcitrant', since it will be unable to adjust its position to maximize simultaneously these interactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Ray WJ, Puvathingal JM. A simple procedure for removing contaminating aldehydes and peroxides from aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycols and of nonionic detergents that are based on the polyoxyethylene linkage. Anal Biochem 1985; 146:307-12. [PMID: 4025798 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Commercial samples of polyethylene glycol as well as detergents incorporating the polyoxyethylene linkage may contain substantial concentrations of peroxides and aldehydes, as well as aldehyde precursors. Facile procedures for essentially eliminating either the first or all three of these contaminants from concentrated aqueous stock solutions are described. Under some conditions, the purified solutions can be stored at room temperature under aerobic conditions for time periods of weeks without significant decomposition. Possible antioxidants that might be used under other conditions to stabilize such solutions during long-term aerobic studies are considered.
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Abstract
Aminotransferases are ubiquitous enzymes of mammalian cells and several are of important diagnostic use. The application of aspartate aminotransferase activity measurements in serum from individuals suffering from myocardial infarction brought about a new dimension in clinical laboratory testing in the 1950s. This review focuses on measurement techniques for aspartate aminotransferase and their application (a subsequent article will review other aminotransferases). Assay techniques measuring enzyme activity are direct spectrophotometric measurements, manometric techniques, assays using dye substances, coupled enzyme techniques, and radiometric procedures. Of these procedures, the one employing malate dehydrogenase and NADH is the most important and is covered in particular detail. The estimation of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase is also of clinical interest, in particular for estimating severity of disease or in specific applications (e.g., chronic alcoholism). Methods reviewed for estimation of this enzyme are electrophoresis, chromatography, differential kinetic behavior, and immunochemical separation. Determination of the enzyme protein by techniques independent of its catalytic activity are also reviewed.
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