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Lelou E, Corlu A, Nesseler N, Rauch C, Mallédant Y, Seguin P, Aninat C. The Role of Catecholamines in Pathophysiological Liver Processes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061021. [PMID: 35326472 PMCID: PMC8947265 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, the number of research publications about the role of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the development of liver diseases such as liver fibrosis, fatty liver diseases, or liver cancers is constantly increasing. However, the mechanisms involved in these effects are not well understood. In this review, we first recapitulate the way the liver is in contact with catecholamines and consider liver implications in their metabolism. A focus on the expression of the adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors by the liver cells is also discussed. Involvement of catecholamines in physiological (glucose metabolism, lipids metabolism, and liver regeneration) and pathophysiological (impact on drug-metabolizing enzymes expression, liver dysfunction during sepsis, fibrosis development, or liver fatty diseases and liver cancers) processes are then discussed. This review highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms through which catecholamines influence liver functions in order to draw benefit from the adrenergic and dopaminergic antagonists currently marketed. Indeed, as these molecules are well-known drugs, their use as therapies or adjuvant treatments in several liver diseases could be facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lelou
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Anne Corlu
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Nicolas Nesseler
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
- CHU Rennes, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Claudine Rauch
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Yannick Mallédant
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
- CHU Rennes, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Seguin
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
- CHU Rennes, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Caroline Aninat
- INSERM, Université Rennes, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan, Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; (E.L.); (A.C.); (N.N.); (C.R.); (Y.M.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-23-23-48-68
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Kang SS, Liu X, Ahn EH, Xiang J, Manfredsson FP, Yang X, Luo HR, Liles LC, Weinshenker D, Ye K. Norepinephrine metabolite DOPEGAL activates AEP and pathological Tau aggregation in locus coeruleus. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:422-437. [PMID: 31793911 DOI: 10.1172/jci130513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Tau inclusions in the locus coeruleus (LC) are the earliest detectable Alzheimer's disease-like (AD-like) neuropathology in the human brain. However, why LC neurons are selectively vulnerable to developing early Tau pathology and degenerating later in disease and whether the LC might seed the stereotypical spread of Tau pathology to the rest of the brain remain unclear. Here, we show that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, which is produced exclusively in noradrenergic neurons by monoamine oxidase A metabolism of norepinephrine, activated asparagine endopeptidase that cleaved Tau at residue N368 into aggregation- and propagation-prone forms, thus leading to LC degeneration and the spread of Tau pathology. Activation of asparagine endopeptidase-cleaved Tau aggregation in vitro and in intact cells was triggered by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, resulting in LC neurotoxicity and propagation of pathology to the forebrain. Thus, our findings reveal that norepinephrine metabolism and Tau cleavage represent the specific molecular mechanism underlying the selective vulnerability of LC neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L Cameron Liles
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Burke WJ, Chung HD, Li SW. Quantitation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, the monoamine oxidase metabolites of dopamine and noradrenaline, in human tissues by microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 1999; 273:111-6. [PMID: 10452806 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the chemical synthesis of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, the monamine oxidase metabolites of dopamine and noradrenaline, respectively. We demonstrated the neurotoxicity of these compounds. Catecholamine nerve cells which synthesize these aldehydes die in degenerative brain diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Here we describe a sensitive method for separating these catecholaldehydes from catecholamines and their other oxidative and methylated metabolites by microcolumn high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. We then quantitate catecholamines and their major metabolites in human brain, plasma, and urine. The method can be used to determine the role of these catecholaldehydes in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Saint Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Burke WJ, Li SW, Schmitt CA, Xia P, Chung HD, Gillespie KN. Accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde, the neurotoxic monoamine oxidase A metabolite of norepinephrine, in locus ceruleus cell bodies in Alzheimer's disease: mechanism of neuron death. Brain Res 1999; 816:633-7. [PMID: 9878889 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL) is the neurotoxic monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) metabolite of norepinephrine (NE). NE neurons in the locus ceruleus (LC) die in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To determine if DOPEGAL could contribute to NE neuron death in AD we measured levels of DOPEGAL, NE and their synthesizing enzymes in LC from AD and matched controls. We found 2.8- and 3.6-fold increases in DOPEGAL and MAO-A in AD LC neuronal cell bodies compared to controls. NE and dopamine beta-hydroxylase were increased by 3.8- and 10.7-fold, respectively. Implications for the mechanism of neuron death in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis University Medical School, 3635 Vista at Grand, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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5
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Burke WJ, Kristal BS, Yu BP, Li SW, Lin TS. Norepinephrine transmitter metabolite generates free radicals and activates mitochondrial permeability transition: a mechanism for DOPEGAL-induced apoptosis. Brain Res 1998; 787:328-32. [PMID: 9518674 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL) is the monoamine oxidase A metabolite of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine. DOPEGAL, but neither NE nor its other metabolites induces apoptosis in differentiated PC-12 cells by an unknown mechanism. To study the mechanism of DOPEGAL-induced apoptosis, we tested DOPEGAL and NE for their capacity to generate free radicals and to induce mitochondrial permeability transition (PT). Results show that DOPEGAL but not NE forms reactive free radical intermediates under oxidative stress and enhances Ca2+-mediated induction of the mitochondrial PT. Linkage of these events to apoptosis is described. Implications for degenerative diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Saint Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Kawamura M, Kopin IJ, Kador PF, Sato S, Tjurmina O, Eisenhofer G. Effects of aldehyde/aldose reductase inhibition on neuronal metabolism of norepinephrine. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1997; 66:145-8. [PMID: 9406118 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1838(97)00086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
After norepinephrine (NE) is deaminated by monoamine oxidase (MAO), the aldehyde formed is either metabolized to 3,4-dihydroxy-mandelic acid (DHMA) by aldehyde dehydrogenase or is converted to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) by aldehyde or aldose reductase. The present study examined the effects of inhibition of aldehyde and aldose reductase on production of DHPG and DHMA in rats. Mean (+/- S.E.) baseline plasma concentrations of DHPG (4.73 +/- 0.21 pmol/ml) were 60-fold higher than those of DHMA (0.08 +/- 0.01 pmol/ml). Inhibition of aldose and aldehyde reductase reduced plasma DHPG concentrations to 1.88 +/- 0.14 pmol/ml and increased plasma DHMA to 4.43 +/- 0.29 pmol/ml; additional inhibition of MAO reduced plasma DHPG to 0.16 +/- 0.06 pmol/ml and DHMA to 0.19 +/- 0.02 pmol/ml. Inhibition of aldehyde and aldose reductase also increased brain tissue levels of DHMA from 8 +/- 2 to 384 +/- 47 pmol/g and decreased levels of DHPG from 70 +/- 9 to 44 +/- 5 pmol/g. The results show that DHMA is normally a minor metabolite of NE, but becomes a major metabolite after aldehyde/aldose reductase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawamura
- Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Burke WJ, Schmitt CA, Miller C, Li SW. Norepinephrine transmitter metabolite induces apoptosis in differentiated rat pheochromocytoma cells. Brain Res 1997; 760:290-3. [PMID: 9237550 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL) is the monoamine oxidase A metabolite of norepinephrine and epinephrine. DOPEGAL, but not other metabolites, kills differentiated PC-12 cells. However, the type of DOPEGAL induced cell death, whether necrosis or apoptosis, is not known. To determine the type of cell death triggered by DOPEGAL, PC-12 cells cultured in the presence or absence of 30 microM DOPEGAL were examined by electron microscopy and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis for characteristic features of apoptosis. Results indicate that DOPEGAL induces apoptosis in these cells. Implications for degenerative diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis University Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, MO 63110, USA
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Burke WJ, Schmitt CA, Gillespie KN, Li SW. Norepinephrine transmitter metabolite is a selective cell death messenger in differentiated rat pheochromocytoma cells. Brain Res 1996; 722:232-5. [PMID: 8813375 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde (DOPEGAL) is the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) metabolite of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi). Oxidative metabolites of amines are predicted toxins. In this study we determine the toxicity of DOPEGAL, its tautomer 2',3,4-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) as well as NE, Epi and their oxidative and methylated metabolites in cultures of differentiated PC-12 cells. At 59.5 microM DOPEGAL, THAP and Epi, but not NE or other NE or Epi metabolites decreased PC-12 cells by 43.8%, 26.7% and 16.8% respectively. DOPEGAL toxicity was concentration and time dependent. Possible implications for degenerative diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis University Medical School, MO, USA
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Burke WJ, Galvin NJ, Chung HD, Stoff SA, Gillespie KN, Cataldo AM, Nixon RA. Degenerative changes in epinephrine tonic vasomotor neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 1994; 661:35-42. [PMID: 7834382 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The C-1 region in the rostral ventral lateral medulla contains mainly epinephrine (Epi) neurons. These neurons are the tonic vasomotor center of the brain. We previously demonstrated changes in the enzymatic activity of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in axon terminals and cell bodies of Epi neurons from the medulla of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. In this study, we investigated the perikarya of C-1 neurons for the morphometric, immunohistochemical and histochemical changes that are seen in severely affected regions of Alzheimer brain. The mean areas and size distributions of C-1 neurons from 6 AD and 6 neurologically normal patients were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov z tests respectively. Additional brain sections from the C-1 region of AD and control individuals were stained with cresyl violet or immunostained with antibodies to the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin D, Tau-2, Alz-50 and beta-amyloid protein. The average area of C-1 neurons in AD brains was decreased 18.3% (P < 0.001) compared to the areas of the same cell population in age-matched control brains. A shift toward smaller sized C-1 neurons was seen in the AD cases. Nissl stain demonstrated a central chromatolytic appearance in 3.7% of AD neurons sampled. No beta-amyloid deposits were detected histologically or immunocytochemically in the C-1 region of AD brains. Both Tau-2 and Alz-50 immunoreactivity was observed in occasional (1%) C-1 neurons from AD brains but not in controls. A small proportion (30%) of the C-1 neurons showing atrophy displayed increased cathepsin D immunoreactivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis University Medical School, MO 63110
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Burke WJ, Park DH, Chung HD, Marshall GL, Haring JH, Joh TH. Evidence for decreased transport of tryptophan hydroxylase in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 1990; 537:83-7. [PMID: 1707735 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin and a specific marker for serotonergic neurons. These neurons are affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in several ways: serotonin is decreased in axon terminals, serotonin neurons accumulate neurofibrillary protein, and these neurons are lost in AD brains. One subcellular mechanism which may underlie degeneration of neurons in AD is decreased axonal transport with accumulation of enzymes and their potentially toxic metabolites in the cell body. To determine whether there is a defect in axonal transport in serotonin neurons in AD we measured TPH activity, serotonin and its oxidative metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in dorsal raphe cell bodies from Alzheimer and control cases. TPH activity is increased 4.7-fold in raphe neuron cell bodies in Alzheimer brains. Serotonin and 5-HIAA are increased by 4.0- and 2.0-fold, respectively in Alzheimer compared to control raphe cell bodies. In contrast, in synaptic terminals of the amygdala 5-HT and 5-HIAA were decreased by 41% and 50%, respectively in the same AD cases. We propose that the accumulation of TPH and its products in the raphe perikarya in AD results from a diminished transport of TPH to axon terminals. The accumulation of oxidative metabolites of serotonin may contribute to the degeneration of serotonergic neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
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Burke WJ, Chung HD, Marshall GL, Gillespie KN, Joh TH. Evidence for decreased transport of PNMT protein in advanced Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990; 38:1275-82. [PMID: 2254565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb03448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of epinephrine and a specific marker for adrenergic neurons. PNMT protein is decreased in axon terminals in brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease due to retrograde degeneration of epinephrine neurons. To determine the subcellular mechanism underlying retrograde degeneration, the distribution of PNMT between axon terminal and cell body was calculated in early and advanced Alzheimer cases compared with age-matched controls. In early Alzheimer's disease there is a decrease in PNMT in axon terminals and in total PNMT in epinephrine cell bodies and terminals compared with control values. There is no difference in the ratio of PNMT in cell body/axon terminal compared with controls. In contrast, in advanced Alzheimer's disease, PNMT activity increases by 124% in epinephrine neuronal cell bodies compared with controls. Immunochemical titration shows that this increased enzyme activity is due to an increase in PNMT protein. The cell body/axon terminal ratio of PNMT is increased 2.5-fold in advanced Alzheimer's disease compared with controls. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in early Alzheimer's disease there is a decreased synthesis or increased degradation of PNMT. However, in advanced Alzheimer's disease we propose that the accumulation of this enzyme in the perikarya results from a diminished transport of PNMT to axon terminals. We further postulate that epinephrine, the product of PNMT, and its further metabolites are endogenous neurotoxins. Therefore, the accumulation of PNMT in epinephrine cell bodies may contribute to the degeneration of these neurons in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Burke
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri
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