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Douša M, Slavíková M, Kubelka T, Černý J, Gibala P, Zezula J. HPLC/UV/MS method application for the separation of obeticholic acid and its related compounds in development process and quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 149:214-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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2
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Gikas E, Derventi M, Panderi I, Vavayannis A, Kazanis M, Parissi-Poulou M. A NEW FLUOROGENIC REAGENT FOR LABELLING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS IN HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120008753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Gikas
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis , School of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - M. Derventi
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis , School of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - I. Panderi
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis , School of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - A. Vavayannis
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis , School of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - M. Kazanis
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis , School of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Athens, 157 71, Greece
| | - M. Parissi-Poulou
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis , School of Pharmacy, University of Athens , Athens, 157 71, Greece
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Toyo’oka T. Fluorescent tagging of physiologically important carboxylic acids, including fatty acids, for their detection in liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Chapter 10 HPLC methods for the determination of mycotoxins and phycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(00)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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James KJ, Bishop AG, Healy BM, Roden C, Sherlock IR, Twohig M, Draisci R, Giannetti L, Lucentini L. Efficient isolation of the rare diarrhoeic shellfish toxin, dinophysistoxin-2, from marine phytoplankton. Toxicon 1999; 37:343-57. [PMID: 10078864 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The rare diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin, dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), which is an okadaic acid (OA) isomer, has been isolated from a marine phytoplankton biomass that consisted mainly of Dinophysis acuta. Using a large double plankton net (length 5.9 m), bulk phytoplankton samples were collected off the south-west coast of Ireland and extracted with methanol and chloroform. Liquid chromatography coupled with ionspray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS, LC-MS-MS) showed the sample contained DTX-2 and OA, at a concentration of 80 pg/cell and 60 pg/cell, respectively. Flash chromatography using silica, sephadex LH20 and C18-silica, followed by preparative reversed-phase LC, separated DTX-2 from OA. The efficiency of the separation procedures was substantially improved by the use of a bioscreen to detect DSP toxins in eluate fractions and the application of a new derivatisation procedure for the chromatographic elucidation of toxin profiles with fluorimetric detection (LC-FLD). Thus, 1/1000th aliquots of eluate fractions were assayed using protein phosphatase-2A for the presence of inhibitory compounds. Positive fractions were further analysed for DSP toxins by LC-FLD following derivatisation using the hydrazine reagent, luminarine-3. The identity and purity of the free isolated DTX-2 was confirmed using flow injection analysis (FIA) and liquid chromatography (FIA-MS, LC-MS and LC-MS-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- K J James
- Chemistry Department, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
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7
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Roda A, Piazza F, Baraldini M. Separation techniques for bile salts analysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:263-78. [PMID: 9832249 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of bile salts in biological samples has remained a difficult task, due to the complex nature of the salts and also to their low concentration in common sample fluids such as plasma and urine. Given their importance, the development of accurate and sensitive methods of instrumental analysis has been the subject of intensive research, and recent advances have eliminated or lessened some of the difficulties. Currently available techniques are the following: thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (thermospray, fast atom bombardment, electrospray and ionspray), a method undergoing continuous improvement, is also being applied to bile salts analysis. In this paper, these various techniques, which differ greatly in specificity, accuracy and simplicity, are reviewed and discussed, in terms of analytical performance, applicability to a given sample fluid, major limitations, ability to identify uncommon bile salts, including unsaturated oxo derivatives, glucuronides, sulfates, glycosides and bile alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy
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8
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Peldszus S, Huck PM, Andrews SA. Quantitative determination of oxalate and other organic acids in drinking water at low microgram/1 concentrations. J Chromatogr A 1998; 793:198-203. [PMID: 9468657 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a recently developed ion chromatography method for organic acids was expanded to include oxalate. A major challenge was that oxalate elutes between inorganic anions such as sulfate, phosphate, bromide and nitrate, which are often present in much higher concentrations than oxalate. Optimization of the previously reported method made it possible to determine oxalate in these matrices. However, for those samples in which higher inorganic anion concentrations caused the oxalate peak to be obscured, a "heart-cut" column switching technique was used as an alternative. The method detection limit for oxalate was 9 micrograms/l with the direct approach and 6 micrograms/l for the "heat-cut" technique. These modifications represent a valuable supplement to a recently developed method for monitoring ozonation by-products in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peldszus
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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9
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James KJ, Bishop AG, Gillman M, Kelly SS, Roden C, Draisci R, Lucentini L, Giannetti L, Boria P. Liquid chromatography with fluorimetric, mass spectrometric and tandem mass spectrometric detection for the investigation of the seafood-toxin-producing phytoplankton, Dinophysis acuta. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Bouaïcha N, Hennion MC, Sandra P. Determination of okadaic acid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Toxicon 1997; 35:273-81. [PMID: 9080584 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was applied for the determination of non-derivatized phycotoxins associated with diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning. A detection limit for 40 pg of okadaic acid (OA) was achieved. The UV intensities of this toxin measured at 200 nm showed good linearity in the range 40-640 pg. OA was detected in mussels spiked with 10 ng/g whole tissue. The presence of OA and dinophysistoxin-2 was observed in the crude extract of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bouaïcha
- CEMATMA, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, ESPCI, Paris, France
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11
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Comesaña-Losada M, Gago-Martínez A, Leao-Martins JM, Rodríguez-Vázquez JA. High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for determination of marine biotoxins. Analyst 1996; 121:1665-70. [PMID: 8952453 DOI: 10.1039/an9962101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Paralysing and diarrhetic shellfish poisonings (PSP and DSP) are important intoxications caused by the consumption of shellfish, mainly bivalve molluscs, contaminated by certain species of toxic dinoflagellates present in the marine phytoplankton. Their appearance and massive reproduction take place in some periods of the year, causing the phenomenon commonly known as 'red tide'. This causes significant problems to health and to the economy of the Galician region. The AOAC mouse bioassay is the most commonly used method of analysis for these toxic compounds, being the official method in most countries. Owing to the lack of sensitivity and selectivity of the biological assay, HPLC methods were developed as an alternative methodology. In this paper work carried out on the improvement of the chromatographic conditions in order to achieve accurate information about the PSP and DSP compounds present in the studied samples is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Comesaña-Losada
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, Spain
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12
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Kelly SS, Bishop AG, Carmody EP, James KJ. Isolation of dinophysistoxin-2 and the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of diarrhetic shellfish toxins using derivatisation with 1-bromoacetylpyrene. J Chromatogr A 1996; 749:33-40. [PMID: 8921593 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The rare diarrhetic shellfish toxin, dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), was isolated from the digestive glands of mussels (Mytilus edulis). This was achieved by chromatography on silica and Sephadex LH-20 followed by reversed-phase solid phase extraction and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an Ultremex C18 column. Using 1-bromoacetylpyrene (BAP), as a precolumn derivatisation reagent, the diarrhetic shellfish toxins, okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) and DTX-2, were determined by HPLC with fluorimetric detection. Derivatisation using BAP was compared with 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) and, although the latter exhibited a four-fold better sensitivity, the BAP method gave fewer artefact peaks from reagent decomposition. The limits of detection of OA and DTX-2 were 0.4 ng on-column using BAP, which permits this method to be used for the regulatory control of these toxins in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kelly
- Chemistry Department, Cork RTC, Bishopstown, Ireland
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13
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Gutnikov G. Fatty acid profiles of lipid samples. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:71-89. [PMID: 8520704 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Most lipids are best characterized by their fatty acids which differ in chain length, the degree of unsaturation, configuration and position of the double bonds, and the presence of other functionalities. The fatty acid profiles are currently most frequently determined by capillary gas chromatography of the methyl esters which are prepared by a variety of methods. These are discussed with an emphasis on more recent developments, along with the stationary phases used for the separations and the methods employed for identification of the fatty acids. HPLC is applied less frequently for ascertaining fatty acid profiles than GC, but a very large number of derivatives for ultraviolet and fluorescence detection have been proposed. This method continues to evoke increasing interest, particularly in conjunction with fluorescence detection. This technique enables attainment of greater sensitivities than with standard GC methods employing flame ionization detection. Extensive applications of it to the analysis of free fatty acids in blood and other biomedical samples are clearly discernible. Other methods, including supercritical fluid chromatography, have found only limited application for fatty acid profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gutnikov
- Department of Chemistry, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 91768, USA
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14
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Ohkura Y, Kai M, Nohta H. Fluorogenic reactions for biomedical chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 659:85-107. [PMID: 7820282 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A number of fluorogenic reactions, which have been used for HPLC detection systems by means of pre- and/or postcolumn derivatization, are surveyed with respect to both sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of biomedically important substances. For the derivatization of the substances, two types of fluorogenic reactions, fluorescence-generating and fluorescence-tagging, have been studied. The former are usable in most instances for both pre- and postcolumn derivatization methods, and the latter only for precolumn derivatization methods. HPLC methods utilizing the fluorogenic reactions allow analytes to be detected at picomole-subfemtomole levels. In the fluorescence-generating reactions, several fluorogenic reagents possessing two or more reactive sites in the molecule, which show molecular recognition for a variety of analytes, permit facile and reproducible detection in HPLC because there are fewer interferences from biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohkura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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15
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Marr JC, McDowell LM, Quilliam MA. Investigation of derivatization reagents for the analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. NATURAL TOXINS 1994; 2:302-11. [PMID: 7866666 DOI: 10.1002/nt.2620020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several derivatization reagents for the conversion of okadaic acid and related DSP toxins to fluorescent derivatives for analysis by liquid chromatography have been examined, viz: 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM), 1-pyrenyldiazomethane (PDAM), 4-diazomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin (DMMC), 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin (BrMMC), 4-bromomethyl-7,8-benzcoumarin (BrMBC), 4-bromomethyl-7-acetoxycoumarin (BrMAC), and 4-bromomethyl-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (BrDMC). The ADAM reagent provides the greatest selectivity and sensitivity, but its application on a routine basis has been limited by its instability and cost. Improvement of this method was achieved through the production of ADAM in situ from the stable 9-anthraldehyde hydrazone. A detection limit of 30 ng/g hepatopancreas (equivalent to 6 ng/g whole tissue) was achieved. The other aryldiazomethane reagents were found to have insufficient reactivity. Of the bromomethylcoumarin reagents, BrDMC was found to have the greatest promise. The reagent is inexpensive and has excellent stability and purity. Quantitative derivatization may be achieved in a 2 hour reaction at 45 degrees C with N,N-diisopropylethylamine as a catalyst. Unfortunately, the lower reaction selectivity of BrDMC compared to that of ADAM limits its application to isolated toxins, plankton samples, and shellfish tissues with high levels of DSP toxins. The use of BrDMC for the determination of how toxin levels in shellfish tissues will require development of a more extensive clean-up prior to derivatization. Successful application of the ADAM and coumarin derivatization methods to real-world samples has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Marr
- Fenwick Laboratories Limited, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia
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16
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Zhou FX, Krull I, Feibush B. Solid-phase derivatization of amino acids and peptides in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Cavrini V, Gatti R, Roda A, Cerrè C, Roveri P. HPLC-fluorescence determination of bile acids in pharmaceuticals and bile after derivatization with 2-bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:761-70. [PMID: 8257742 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
2-Bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene was used as a pre-chromatographic fluorescent labelling reagent for the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of bile acids. The derivatization reaction was performed in an aqueous medium in the presence of tetrahexylammonium bromide by ultrasonication at 40 degrees C to give fluorescent esters which were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected fluorimetrically (lambda ex = 300 nm, lambda em = 460 nm). Applications to the determination of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in their pharmaceutical formulations are described. The method was also applied to the determination of free and conjugated bile acids in human bile samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cavrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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18
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Chapter 8 Hplc Methods For The Determination Of Mycotoxins And Phycotoxins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(08)70128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chelminska-Bertilsson M, Allenmark S. Liquid chromatographic monitoring of pseudocholinesterase activity: comparison of methods. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 575:237-42. [PMID: 1629299 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80151-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the activity of pseudocholinesterase in vitro, two liquid chromatographic techniques have been developed. One is based on phase transfer-catalyzed (PTC) esterification of the carboxylic acid formed during hydrolysis of the substrate, and the other on the use of a radioisotopically labeled substrate. In both cases, the substrate used was a long-chain choline ester. The PTC method, utilizing (N-9-acridinyl)bromoacetamide as a fluorogenic labeling reagent in an aqueous-organic two-phase system, gives esters with very high fluorescence intensity. The radiochromatographic method makes use of on-line radioactivity monitoring of the substrate and product in order to follow the hydrolysis reaction. In both methods reversed-phase liquid chromatography is used. A method for the synthesis of 3H-labeled choline esters is also described. Both techniques are compared with regard to sensitivity, reproducibility and practical considerations.
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Iohan F, Vincze I, Monder C, Cohen S. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cortolic and cortolonic acids as pyrenyl ester derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 564:27-41. [PMID: 1860920 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80067-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure is described for the detection of the acidic metabolites of cortisol (cortoic acids) as the pyrenylmethyl-21-oic esters. The derivatizing reagent, diazomethylpyrene, was prepared by an improved procedure. The reagent was used at room temperature, required no catalyst, and was not restricted by stoichiometric requirements. The steroid esters were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed simultaneously by their ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence characteristics. Identities of the products were confirmed using the photodiode array detector to determine spectral profiles, absorbance maxima, and absorbance ratios. Further confirmation of identity of the cortoic acid esters used mass spectrometry under normal and collision-activated dissociation conditions. With the method described, a linear spectral response was obtained between 8 and 1680 fmol. Application of the technique to the analysis of steroid acids in human urine indicated the presence of cortoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Iohan
- Population Council, New York, NY 10021
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Kwakman PJM, van Schaik HP, Brinkman UAT, de Jong GJ. N-(bromoacetyl)-N′-[5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulphonyl]piperazine as a sensitive labelling reagent for the determination of carboxylic acids by liquid chromatography with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection. Analyst 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/an9911601385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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