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Páez-Franco JC, Torres-Ruiz J, Sosa-Hernández VA, Cervantes-Díaz R, Romero-Ramírez S, Pérez-Fragoso A, Meza-Sánchez DE, Germán-Acacio JM, Maravillas-Montero JL, Mejía-Domínguez NR, Ponce-de-León A, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Gómez-Martín D, Llorente L. Metabolomics analysis reveals a modified amino acid metabolism that correlates with altered oxygen homeostasis in COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6350. [PMID: 33737694 PMCID: PMC7973513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified the main changes in serum metabolites associated with severe (n = 46) and mild (n = 19) COVID-19 patients by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The modified metabolic profiles were associated to an altered amino acid catabolism in hypoxic conditions. Noteworthy, three α-hydroxyl acids of amino acid origin increased with disease severity and correlated with altered oxygen saturation levels and clinical markers of lung damage. We hypothesize that the enzymatic conversion of α-keto-acids to α- hydroxyl-acids helps to maintain NAD recycling in patients with altered oxygen levels, highlighting the potential relevance of amino acid supplementation during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Páez-Franco
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jiram Torres-Ruiz
- Emergency Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departament of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, C.P. 14000, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor A Sosa-Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Alfredo Pérez-Fragoso
- Departament of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, C.P. 14000, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David E Meza-Sánchez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Germán-Acacio
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy R Mejía-Domínguez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-León
- Department of Infectology and Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Departament of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, C.P. 14000, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Llorente
- Departament of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, C.P. 14000, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Yang Y, Fan TWM, Lane AN, Higashi RM. Chloroformate derivatization for tracing the fate of Amino acids in cells and tissues by multiple stable isotope resolved metabolomics (mSIRM). Anal Chim Acta 2017; 976:63-73. [PMID: 28576319 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids have crucial roles in central metabolism, both anabolic and catabolic. To elucidate these roles, steady-state concentrations of amino acids alone are insufficient, as each amino acid participates in multiple pathways and functions in a complex network, which can also be compartmentalized. Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM) is an approach that uses atom-resolved tracking of metabolites through biochemical transformations in cells, tissues, or whole organisms. Using different elemental stable isotopes to label multiple metabolite precursors makes it possible to resolve simultaneously the utilization of these precursors in a single experiment. Conversely, a single precursor labeled with two (or more) different elemental isotopes can trace the allocation of e.g. C and N atoms through the network. Such dual-label experiments however challenge the resolution of conventional mass spectrometers, which must distinguish the neutron mass differences among different elemental isotopes. This requires ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (UHR-FTMS). When combined with direct infusion nano-electrospray ion source (nano-ESI), UHR-FTMS can provide rapid, global, and quantitative analysis of all possible mass isotopologues of metabolites. Unfortunately, very low mass polar metabolites such as amino acids can be difficult to analyze by current models of UHR-FTMS, plus the high salt content present in typical cell or tissue polar extracts may cause unacceptable ion suppression for sources such as nano-ESI. Here we describe a modified method of ethyl chloroformate (ECF) derivatization of amino acids to enable rapid quantitative analysis of stable isotope labeled amino acids using nano-ESI UHR-FTMS. This method showed excellent linearity with quantifiable limits in the low nanomolar range represented in microgram quantities of biological specimens, which results in extracts with total analyte abundances in the low to sub-femtomole range. We have applied this method to profile amino acids and their labeling patterns in 13C and 2H doubly labeled PC9 cell extracts, cancerous and non-cancerous tissue extracts from a lung cancer patient and their protein hydrolysates as well as plasma extracts from mice fed with a liquid diet containing 13C6-glucose (Glc). The multi-element isotopologue distributions provided key insights into amino acid metabolism and intracellular pools in human lung cancer tissues in high detail. The 13C labeling of Asp and Glu revealed de novo synthesis of these amino acids from 13C6-Glc via the Krebs cycle, specifically the elevated level of 13C3-labeled Asp and Glu in cancerous versus non-cancerous lung tissues was consistent with enhanced pyruvate carboxylation. In addition, tracking the fate of double tracers, (13C6-Glc + 2H2-Gly or 13C6-Glc + 2H3-Ser) in PC9 cells clearly resolved pools of Ser and Gly synthesized de novo from 13C6-Glc (13C3-Ser and 13C2-Gly) versus Ser and Gly derived from external sources (2H3-Ser, 2H2-Gly). Moreover the complex 2H labeling patterns of the latter were results of Ser and Gly exchange through active Ser-Gly one-carbon metabolic pathway in PC9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40539, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40539, USA
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40539, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40539, USA.
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40539, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40539, USA
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40539, USA; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40539, USA.
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Vázquez-Fresno R, Llorach R, Urpi-Sarda M, Lupianez-Barbero A, Estruch R, Corella D, Fitó M, Arós F, Ruiz-Canela M, Salas-Salvadó J, Andres-Lacueva C. Metabolomic Pattern Analysis after Mediterranean Diet Intervention in a Nondiabetic Population: A 1- and 3-Year Follow-up in the PREDIMED Study. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:531-40. [PMID: 25353684 DOI: 10.1021/pr5007894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Vázquez-Fresno
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- INGENIO−CONSOLIDER
Programme, Fun-C-Food CSD2007-063, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Llorach
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- INGENIO−CONSOLIDER
Programme, Fun-C-Food CSD2007-063, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Urpi-Sarda
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- INGENIO−CONSOLIDER
Programme, Fun-C-Food CSD2007-063, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ascension Lupianez-Barbero
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- INGENIO−CONSOLIDER
Programme, Fun-C-Food CSD2007-063, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER
Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER
Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- CIBER
Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular
Risk and Nutrition Research Group, IMIM-Institut de Recerca del Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Arós
- CIBER
Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Cardiology, University Hospital of Alava, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Canela
- CIBER
Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER
Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Human
Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department and Hospital
Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d‘Investigació
Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomic Lab, Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Campus Torribera, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- INGENIO−CONSOLIDER
Programme, Fun-C-Food CSD2007-063, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Barcelona, Spain
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Huang JH, He RH, Yi LZ, Xie HL, Cao DS, Liang YZ. Exploring the relationship between 5'AMP-activated protein kinase and markers related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Talanta 2013; 110:1-7. [PMID: 23618167 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The importance of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in regulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism is increasing. Thus, it is regarded as a new pharmacological target for treatment of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In order to explore the relationships between AMPK and diabetes mellitus, urines samples from four groups of C57 mice, i.e., the normal male and female C57 mice, female C57-AMPK gene knocked-out mice, and male C57-AMPK gene knocked-out mice, were studied by coupling GC/MS with a powerful machine learning method, random forest. The experimentation has been designed as two steps: firstly, the normal male and female mice were compared with male and female C57-AMPK gene knocked-out mice, respectively; then the differences between male C57-AMPK gene knocked-out mice and female C57-AMPK gene knocked-out mice were further detected. Finally, not only the differences between the normal C57 mice and C57-AMPK gene knocked-out mice were observed, but also the gender-related metabolites differences of the C57-AMPK gene knocked-out mice were obviously visualized. The results obtained with this research demonstrate that combining GC/MS profiling with random forest is a useful approach to analyze metabolites and to screen the potential biomarkers for exploring the relationships between AMPK and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Huang
- Research Center of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
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5
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Ellis JK, Athersuch TJ, Thomas LDK, Teichert F, Pérez-Trujillo M, Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ, Singh R, Järup L, Bundy JG, Keun HC. Metabolic profiling detects early effects of environmental and lifestyle exposure to cadmium in a human population. BMC Med 2012; 10:61. [PMID: 22713677 PMCID: PMC3391181 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'exposome' represents the accumulation of all environmental exposures across a lifetime. Top-down strategies are required to assess something this comprehensive, and could transform our understanding of how environmental factors affect human health. Metabolic profiling (metabonomics/metabolomics) defines an individual's metabolic phenotype, which is influenced by genotype, diet, lifestyle, health and xenobiotic exposure, and could also reveal intermediate biomarkers for disease risk that reflect adaptive response to exposure. We investigated changes in metabolism in volunteers living near a point source of environmental pollution: a closed zinc smelter with associated elevated levels of environmental cadmium. METHODS High-resolution ¹H NMR spectroscopy (metabonomics) was used to acquire urinary metabolic profiles from 178 human volunteers. The spectral data were subjected to multivariate and univariate analysis to identify metabolites that were correlated with lifestyle or biological factors. Urinary levels of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine were also measured, using mass spectrometry, as a marker of systemic oxidative stress. RESULTS Six urinary metabolites, either associated with mitochondrial metabolism (citrate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, 4-deoxy-erythronic acid) or one-carbon metabolism (dimethylglycine, creatinine, creatine), were associated with cadmium exposure. In particular, citrate levels retained a significant correlation to urinary cadmium and smoking status after controlling for age and sex. Oxidative stress (as determined by urinary 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine levels) was elevated in individuals with high cadmium exposure, supporting the hypothesis that heavy metal accumulation was causing mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This study shows evidence that an NMR-based metabolic profiling study in an uncontrolled human population is capable of identifying intermediate biomarkers of response to toxicants at true environmental concentrations, paving the way for exposome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Ellis
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Toby J Athersuch
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Laura DK Thomas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friederike Teichert
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Miriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, SeRMN, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - David J Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Lars Järup
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jacob G Bundy
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Hector C Keun
- Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
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Appiah-Amponsah E, Shanaiah N, Nagana Gowda GA, Owusu-Sarfo K, Ye T, Raftery D. Identification of 4-deoxythreonic acid present in human urine using HPLC and NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:878-85. [PMID: 19615840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 1H NMR spectrum of urine exhibits a large number of detectable and quantifiable metabolites and hence urine metabolite profiling is potentially useful for the study of systems biology and the discovery of biomarkers for drug development or clinical applications. While a number of metabolites (50-100) are readily detectable in urine by NMR, a much larger number is potentially available if lower concentration species can be detected unambiguously. Lower concentration metabolites are thought to be more specific to certain disease states and thus it is important to detect these metabolites with certainty. We report the identification of 4-deoxythreonic acid, a relatively low concentration endogenous metabolite that has not been previously identified in the 1H NMR spectrum of human urine. The use of HPLC and NMR spectroscopy facilitated the unequivocal and non-invasive identification of the molecule in urine which is complicated by extensive peak overlap and multiple, similar resonances from other metabolites such as 3-hydroxybutanoic acid. High-resolution detection and good sensitivity were achieved by the combination of multiple chromatographic fraction collection, sample pre-concentration, and the use of a cryogenically cooled NMR probe.
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7
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Boza JJ, Dangin M, Moënnoz D, Montigon F, Vuichoud J, Jarret A, Pouteau E, Gremaud G, Oguey-Araymon S, Courtois D, Woupeyi A, Finot PA, Ballèvre O. Free and protein-bound glutamine have identical splanchnic extraction in healthy human volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G267-74. [PMID: 11408280 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.g267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine the splanchnic extraction of glutamine after ingestion of glutamine-rich protein ((15)N-labeled oat proteins) and to compare it with that of free glutamine and to determine de novo glutamine synthesis before and after glutamine consumption. Eight healthy adults were infused intravenously in the postabsorptive state with L-[1-(13)C]glutamine (3 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and L-[1-(13)C]lysine (1.5 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1)) for 8 h. Four hours after the beginning of the infusion, subjects consumed (every 20 min) a liquid formula providing either 2.5 g of protein from (15)N-labeled oat proteins or a mixture of free amino acids that mimicked the oat-amino acid profile and contained L-[2,5-(15)N(2)]glutamine and L-[2-(15)N]lysine. Splanchnic extraction of glutamine reached 62.5 +/- 5.0% and 66.7 +/- 3.9% after administration of (15)N-labeled oat proteins and the mixture of free amino acids, respectively. Lysine splanchnic extraction was also not different (40.9 +/- 11.9% and 34.9 +/- 10.6% for (15)N-labeled oat proteins and free amino acids, respectively). The main conclusion of the present study is that glutamine is equally bioavailable when given enterally as a free amino acid and when protein bound. Therefore, and taking into consideration the drawbacks of free glutamine supplementation of ready-to-use formulas for enteral nutrition, protein sources naturally rich in this amino acid are the best option for providing stable glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Boza
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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8
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Wilson DC, Rafii M, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Threonine requirement of young men determined by indicator amino acid oxidation with use of L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:757-64. [PMID: 10702170 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Threonine is an indispensable amino acid with a complex degradative pathway. Use of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique should provide an estimate of the threonine requirement that is not affected by its metabolic pathway. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the requirement for threonine in men by using the indicator amino acid oxidation method and to provide statistical estimates of the population mean and 95% CIs of the threonine requirement. We hypothesized that the current World Health Organization estimate of the threonine requirement, 7 mg*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1) (based on nitrogen balance studies), is too low. DESIGN Six healthy men each received 6 different threonine intakes while consuming an energy-sufficient diet with 1.0 g L-amino acid mixture*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1). The effect of graded alterations in dietary threonine intake on phenylalanine flux and oxidation was studied by using L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine as the indicator amino acid. RESULTS The results of two-phase linear regression crossover analysis showed that the mean threonine requirement, based on indicator oxidation, was 19.0 mg*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1) with an upper safe intake of 26.2 mg*kg(-)(1)*d(-)(1). CONCLUSIONS This is the first application of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique in humans to study the requirement for an indispensable amino acid with a complex degradative pathway. We found that the upper safe intake for 95% of the population is almost 4-fold higher than the current World Health Organization estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Wilson
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Canada
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9
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Floc'h NL, Obled C, Sève B. In vivo threonine oxidation in growing pigs fed on diets with graded levels of threonine. Br J Nutr 1996; 75:825-37. [PMID: 8774228 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19960189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Threonine oxidation to glycine was investigated in vivo in twelve growing pigs (27.4 kg live weight) fed on one of the following three diets with graded levels of threonine supply: a low-threonine diet (LT), a control well-balanced diet (C) or a high-threonine diet (HT), during 10 h constant infusion of L-[1-13C]threonine and [2-3H]glycine in the cranial vena cava and [1-14C]glycine in the portal vein. 13C-threonine and glycine enrichments and [3H]glycine and [14C]glycine specific radioactivities (SR) were determined at plateau in peripheral venous plasma, liver and pancreas. Glycine production rates calculated from plasma [2-3H]glycine or [1-14C]glycine SR gave similar values suggesting that [1-14C]glycine SR could be used in order to estimate whole-body glycine flux. The high pancreas [1-13C]glycine enrichment provided evidence that the pancreas may be, with the liver, a major site of threonine oxidation to glycine. Moreover, the present findings suggest that threonine transport into the liver could be the limiting step of threonine oxidation in this tissue when dietary threonine supply is low. Total threonine oxidation to glycine, calculated from plasma values of enrichment and specific radioactivity, was low and constant when the estimated absorbed threonine was lower than 4 g/d and increased for higher amounts of absorbed threonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Floc'h
- Station de Recherches Porcines, INRA, Saint Gilles, France
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Stämpfli AA, Ballèvre O, Fay LB. Determination of taurine metabolism by measurement of 15N-enriched taurine in cat urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 617:197-203. [PMID: 8408384 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80488-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To understand the biological function of taurine, a study of taurine kinetics in the cat was undertaken. This paper describes a method developed for the accurate determination of 15N-taurine enrichment in cat urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 15N-Taurine was given to six animals as an oral bolus dose of 20 mg/kg body weight, and the urine was pooled on a daily basis. The hydrolysed or non-hydrolysed urine samples (for total and free taurine, respectively) were directly derivatized without further purification. The N-pentafluorobenzoyl di-n-butyl amide derivative obtained was analysed, and the fragment [M-(di-n-butyl amide)]+, carrier of the labelled nitrogen atom, was selectively recorded at m/z 302 (14N-taurine) and m/z 303 (15N-taurine). Calibration curves prepared in hydrolysed and non-hydrolysed urine samples spiked with 15N-taurine gave similar slopes to the calibration curve prepared in water. The average coefficient of variation observed for the mole percent excess in the non-hydrolysed samples was 1.22% (n = 92) and for the hydrolysed urine 1.00% (n = 98). There was no significant difference between free and total taurine enrichment. The half-life of taurine in cat body was found to be 29.3 +/- 2.9 h and 35.0 +/- 1.4 h for free and total taurine, respectively (non-significant). The taurine body pool, calculated by extrapolation of the curve to zero time, had a value of 137 +/- 22 ng/kg and 157 +/- 11 mg/kg for free and total taurine, respectively.
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Ballèvre O, Houlier ML, Prugnaud J, Bayle G, Bercovici D, Seve B, Arnal M. Altered partition of threonine metabolism in pigs by protein-free feeding or starvation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 261:E748-57. [PMID: 1767836 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.6.e748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic aspects of threonine (Thr) metabolism were examined in growing pigs fed a well-balanced diet (C), an isocaloric protein-free diet (PF), or starved (S) for 48 h. With the use of continuous simultaneous infusion of L-[1-13C]Thr, [1-14C]sarcosine, and 2-[1-14C]ketobutyrate (KB) for 10 h, estimates were made of rates of Thr incorporated into protein (S), released from body proteins (B), and oxidized through the catabolic pathways of L-Thr 3-dehydrogenase (TDG) and threonine dehydratase (TDH). In the C group S was 185, B was 138, Thr disposal to glycine (DRThr-Gly) was 47, and Thr disposal to KB (DRThr-KB) was 7 mumol.h-1.kg-1. Consequently, Thr balance was +48 mumol.h-1.kg-1. In the PF-fed pigs, S, B, DRThr-Gly, and DRThr-KB were significantly reduced by 38, 15, 74, and 75%, respectively. In the S group, S, B, and DRThr-Gly were significantly reduced by 47, 17, and 55%, respectively, but DRThr-KB was similar to the C group. DRThr-Gly in all groups was highly correlated with TDG enzyme activity measured in liver homogenates. By contrast with in vivo results, TDH enzyme activity was increased by 88% (P less than 0.05) in the S group and decreased by 27% (not significant) in the PF group compared with the C group. The TDH pathway accounted for 13, 12, and 27% of total Thr oxidation in the C, PF, and S groups, respectively. These results suggest that Thr conservation in protein-depleted states (PF and S groups) occurred mainly by a decrease of Thr oxidation and that the partition through these pathways was only altered when energy was completely withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ballèvre
- Laboratoire d'Etudes du Métabolisme Azoté, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Theix, Ceyrat, France
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