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Mishra KP, Ganju L, Sairam M, Banerjee PK, Sawhney RC. A review of high throughput technology for the screening of natural products. Biomed Pharmacother 2007; 62:94-8. [PMID: 17692498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput screening is commonly defined as automatic testing of potential drug candidates at a rate in excess of 10,000 compounds per week. The aim of high throughput drug discovery is to test large compound collections for potentially active compounds ('hits') in order to allow further development of compounds for pre-clinical testing ('leads'). High throughput technology has emerged over the last few years as an important tool for drug discovery and lead optimisation. In this approach, the molecular diversity and range of biological properties displayed by secondary metabolites constitutes a challenge to combinatorial strategies for natural products synthesis and derivatization. This article reviews the approach of High throughput technique for the screening of natural products for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Mishra
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
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Jacobsen EJ, Mitchell MA, Hendges SK, Belonga KL, Skaletzky LL, Stelzer LS, Lindberg TJ, Fritzen EL, Schostarez HJ, O'Sullivan TJ, Maggiora LL, Stuchly CW, Laborde AL, Kubicek MF, Poorman RA, Beck JM, Miller HR, Petzold GL, Scott PS, Truesdell SE, Wallace TL, Wilks JW, Fisher C, Goodman LV, Kaytes PS. Synthesis of a series of stromelysin-selective thiadiazole urea matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1525-36. [PMID: 10229623 DOI: 10.1021/jm9803222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and enzyme inhibition data for a series of thiadiazole urea matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors are described. A broad screening effort was utilized to identify several thiadiazoles which were weak inhibitors of stromelysin. Optimization of the thiadiazole leads to include an alpha-amino acid side chain with variable terminal amide substituents provided a series of ureas which were moderately effective stromelysin inhibitors, with Ki's between 0.3 and 1.0 microM. The most effective analogues utilized an L-phenylalanine as the amino acid component. In particular, unsubstituted 46 had a Ki of 710 nM, while the p-fluoro analogue 52 displayed increased potency (100 nM). Stromelysin inhibition was further improved using a pentafluorophenylalanine substituent which resulted in 70, a 14 nM inhibitor. While gelatinase inhibition was generally poor, the use of 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine as the amide component usually provided for enhanced activity, with 71 inhibiting gelatinase with a Ki of 770 nM. The combination of this heterocycle with a p-fluorophenylalanine substituent provided the only analogue, 69, with collagenase activity (13 microM). The SAR for analogues described within this series can be rationalized through consideration of the X-ray structure recently attained for70 complexed to stromelysin. Uniquely, this structure showed the inhibitor to be completely orientated on the left side of the enzyme cleft. These results suggest that thiadiazole urea heterocycles which incorporate a substituted phenylalanine can provide selective inhibitors of stromelysin. Careful selection of the amide substituent can also provide for analogues with modest gelatinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Jacobsen
- Department of Structural, Analytical and Medicinal Chemistry, Michigan 49007, USA
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Cummings RT, McGovern HM, Zheng S, Park YW, Hermes JD. Use of a phosphotyrosine-antibody pair as a general detection method in homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence: application to human immunodeficiency viral protease. Anal Biochem 1999; 269:79-93. [PMID: 10094778 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay has been developed for human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) protease. The assay utilizes a peptide substrate, differentially labeled on either side of the scissile bond, to bring two detection components, streptavidin-cross-linked XL665 (SA/XL665) and a europium cryptate (Eu(K))-labeled antiphosphotyrosine antibody, into proximity allowing fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to occur. Cleavage of the doubly labeled substrate by HIV protease precludes complex formation, thereby decreasing FRET, and allowing enzyme activity to be measured. Potential substrates were evaluated by HTRF with the best results being obtained using (LCB)K4AVSQNbeta-NapPIVpYA(NH2) and Eu(K)-pY20 where the peptide titrated with an EC50 of 7.7 +/- 0.3 nM under optimized detection conditions. Using these HTRF detection conditions, HIV protease cleaved the substrate in 50 mM NaOAc, 150 mM KF, 0.05% Tween 20, pH 5.5, with apparent first-order kinetics with a Km of 37.8 +/- 8.7 microM and a kcat of 0.95 +/- 0.07 s-1. Examination of the first-order rate constant versus enzyme concentration suggested a Kd of 9.4 +/- 2.7 nM for the HIV protease monomer-dimer equilibrium. The HTRF assay was also utilized to measure the inhibition of the enzyme by two known inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Cummings
- Department of Molecular Design and Diversity, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, USA.
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Jungheim LN, Shepherd TA, Baxter AJ, Burgess J, Hatch SD, Lubbehusen P, Wiskerchen M, Muesing MA. Potent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors that utilize noncoded D-amino acids as P2/P3 ligands. J Med Chem 1996; 39:96-108. [PMID: 8568831 DOI: 10.1021/jm950576c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Noncoded D-amino acids have been designed to replace the quinaldic amide-asparaginyl moiety (P2/P3 ligand) found in several potent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors such as LY289612. The substituted nitrogen, optimally an N-methanesulfonyl moiety, served as a CH2CONH2 (asparagine side chain mimic), while the amino acid side chain became the backbone and P3 ligand of these novel inhibitors. Compounds derived from S-aryl-D-cysteine proved to be potent HIV protease inhibitors which also exhibited potent whole cell antiviral activity. Oxidation of the cysteines to the sulfoxide or sulfone oxidation states resulted in significant improvements in potency. For example, the compound derived from N-(methyl-sulfonyl)-2-S-naphthylcysteine sulfone, 17c, was a 3.5 nM inhibitor of HIV protease which inhibited the spread of virus in MT4 cells with an IC50 = 4.3 nM. Compounds 17c,g,i were found to be orally bioavailable in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Jungheim
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-1523, USA
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Heinz BA, Tang J, Labus JM, Chadwell FW, Kaldor SW, Hammond M. Simple in vitro translation assay to analyze inhibitors of rhinovirus proteases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:267-70. [PMID: 8787922 PMCID: PMC163099 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.1.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a simple in vitro translation method to analyze compounds that inhibit the rhinovirus 3C protease in peptide substrate assays but demonstrate no antiviral activity. This complementary assay, which provides both qualitative and quantitative results, detects the inhibition of the 3CD protease in the native polyprotein form.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Heinz
- Infectious Disease Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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Hornback WJ, Munroe JE, Shepherd TA, Hatch SD, Muesing MA, Wiskerchen M, Colacino JM, Baxter AJ, Su KS, Campanale KM. Synthesis and pharmacokinetics of potent carbamate HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing novel high affinity hydroxyethylamine isosteres. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00507-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Munroe JE, Hornback WJ, Campbell JB, Ouellette MA, Hatch SD, Muesing MA, Wiskerchen MA, Baxter AJ, Su K, Campanale K. Ly316340: A potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor containing a high affinity octahydrothienopyridine hydroxyethylamine isostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00506-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Munroe JE, Shepherd TA, Jungheim LN, Hornback WJ, Hatch SD, Muesing MA, Wiskerchen M, Su KS, Campanale KM, Baxter AJ, Colacino JM. Potent, orally bioavailable HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing noncoded D-amino acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00508-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kaldor SW, Hammond M, Dressman BA, Labus JM, Chadwell FW, Kline AD, Heinz BA. Glutamine-derived aldehydes for the inhibition of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00345-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kaldor SW, Dressman BA, Hammond M, Appelt K, Burgess JA, Lubbehusen PP, Muesing MA, Hatch SD, Wiskerchen MA, Baxter AJ. Isophthalic acid derivatives: amino acid surrogates for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kaldor SW, Appelt K, Fritz JE, Hammond M, Crowell TA, Baxter AJ, Hatch SD, Wiskerchen M, Muesing MA. A systematic study of P1–P3 spanning sidechains for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kaldor SW, Hammond M, Dressman BA, Fritz JE, Crowell TA, Hermann RA. New dipeptide isosteres useful for the inhibition of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cho S, Jungheim LN, Baxter AJ. Novel HIV01 protease inhibitors containing A β-hydroxy sulfide isostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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