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Li D, Cui Z, Li G, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Zhang S, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Men F, Zhao S, Shao J, Du D, Huang H, Wang K, Hu G, Li T, Zhao Y. Antiviral effect of copper chloride on feline calicivirus and synergy with ribavirin in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:231. [PMID: 32631322 PMCID: PMC7336648 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common and highly prevalent pathogen causing upper respiratory diseases in kittens and felines in recent years. Due to the substantial genetic variability of the viral genes, existing vaccines cannot provide complete protection. Therefore, research on FCV antiviral drugs has received much attention. Results In this study, we found that copper chloride had dose-dependent antiviral effects on FCV in F81 cells. We also found that the combination of copper chloride and ribavirin had a synergistic protective effect against FCV in F81 cells. In contrast, the combination of copper chloride and horse anti-FCV immunoglobulin F (ab’)2 showed an antagonistic effect, likely because copper chloride has an effect on F (ab’)2 immunoglobulin; however, further research is needed to clarify this supposition. Conclusions In summary, we found that copper chloride had low cytotoxicity and significant antiviral effects on FCV in F81 cells, providing a new drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of FCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengliang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhanding Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Liangting Zhang
- College of Continuing Education, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, China.,College of Wildlife and Protected Area Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Han Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanbing Guo
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Fanxing Men
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shihui Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dongju Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Guixue Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Tiansong Li
- College of Science, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, China.
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, China.
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Johansson BE, Cox MMJ. Influenza viral neuraminidase: the forgotten antigen. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1683-95. [PMID: 22085172 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is the most common cause of vaccine-preventable morbidity and mortality despite the availability of the conventional trivalent inactivated vaccine and the live-attenuated influenza vaccine. These vaccines induce an immunity dominated by the response to hemagglutinin (HA) and are most effective when there is sufficient antigenic relatedness between the vaccine strain and the HA of the circulating wild-type virus. Vaccine strategies against influenza may benefit from inclusion of other viral antigens in addition to HA. Epidemiologic evidence and studies in animals and humans indicate that anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity will provide protection against severe illness or death in the event of a significant antigenic change in the HA component of the vaccine. However, there is little NA immunity induced by trivalent inactivated vaccine and live-attenuated influenza vaccine. The quantity of NA in influenza vaccines is not standardized and varies significantly among manufacturers, production lots and tested strains. The activity and stability of the NA enzyme is influenced by concentration of divalent cations. If immunity against NA is desirable, a better understanding of how the enzymatic properties affect the immunogenicity is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert E Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul H Foster School of Medicine and El Paso Children?s Hospital, 4825 Alameda Avenue El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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Horie M, Ogawa H, Yoshida Y, Yamada K, Hara A, Ozawa K, Matsuda S, Mizota C, Tani M, Yamamoto Y, Yamada M, Nakamura K, Imai K. Inactivation and morphological changes of avian influenza virus by copper ions. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1467-72. [PMID: 18592130 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The infectivity of the H9N2 virus to MDCK cells was time-dependently inhibited by Cu(2+) at concentrations of 2.5-250 microM. In 25 microM Cu(2+) solution, the virus titer decreased by approximately 3 and 4 log within 3 and 6 h, respectively. Compared to Cu(2+), Zn(2+) was much less effective in virus inactivation. The H9N2 virus hemagglutinin activity was not affected by 2.5-250 microM Cu(2+). The H9N2 virus neuraminidase (NA) activity was drastically reduced by 25 mM Cu(2+), marginally reduced by 250 microM Cu(2+), and not affected by 25 microM Cu(2+). Thus, we found that copper ions suppress the infectivity of influenza virus at lower concentrations at which neither NA nor hemagglutination inhibition occurs. Electron microscopic analysis revealed morphological abnormalities of the Cu(2+)-treated H9N2 virus. Additional studies should be undertaken to clarify the mechanism underlying the antiviral effect of copper ions on influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horie
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Brett IC, Johansson BE. Variation in the divalent cation requirements of influenza A virus N1 neuraminidases. J Biochem 2007; 139:439-47. [PMID: 16567409 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic kinetic parameters of influenza A virus N1 neuraminidases (NA) chromatographically purified from several vaccine candidate strains were tested. With ionic strength held constant, Ca2+ or Mg2+ increased the initial rate of enzymatic activity. The 1934 and 1943 strains had statistically significant highest initial velocities, V(max)/K(m) and V(max). There were no significant differences among the influenza virus strains from 1947 to 1991. Measured K(m) for the 1943 strain (6.2 x 10(-5) M) was significantly higher than other strains (3.1-4.7 x 10(-5) M). V(max)/K(m) varied from 0.78 M(-1) s(-1) to 0.91 M(-1) s(-1) and V(max) varied from 3.0 s(-1) to 5.5 s(-1) before the addition of a divalent cation and increased approximately 2-fold for each of these kinetic parameters for each strain after the addition of exogenous Ca2+ or Mg2+. Dialysis reduced the initial velocity and immunogenicity of each strain with significant differences found among strains. Enzymatic activity and immunogenicity were partially restored by the addition of exogenous Ca2+. Nucleic acid sequence analysis could not predict these differences. Selection of vaccine strains must include analysis of antigenic changes, but also enzymatic studies and determination of the requirement of divalent cations to maintain immunogenicity and activity during production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Brett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th St., New York, NY 10021, USA
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Arora DJ, Gabriel LF. Characterization of influenza virus neuraminidase with hemagglutinin activity and its comparison with that of viral neuraminidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 884:73-83. [PMID: 3533157 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(86)90229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuraminidase associated with the bifunctional protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase, of influenza virus has been characterized. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 4.5, does not require Ca2+ and is inactivated (98%) by incubation at 50 degrees C. The enzyme has a Km of 2.00 X 10(-3) M and 0.06 X 10(-3) M with the substrates 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetylneuraminic acid and fetuin, respectively. The Ki is 400 X 10(-6) with the inhibitor 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid. The incorporation of labeled cysteine, valine and leucine in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein is different from that of viral neuraminidase. A comparison of the properties of the neuraminidase associated with protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase with that of viral neuraminidase or sialidase showed that the former is biochemically different and an antigenically distinct enzyme. The unique feature of the new enzyme is that it has the hemagglutinin activity as well. The two biological activities could not be separated from each other in all systems used. Apparently, protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase is genetically transferable and it is detectable in a laboratory recombinant virus E-2971 (H3 Aichi X N7). These results suggest that protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase is a unique surface protein of the influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2).
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Loss of enzyme activity in a site-directed mutant of influenza neuraminidase compared to expressed wild-type protein. Virology 1986; 148:74-83. [PMID: 2417413 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Full-length double-stranded DNA copies of the neuraminidase (NA) gene of influenza virus A/Tokyo/3/67 (N2) and a mutant generated in vitro by site-specific, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis with a substitution of leucine for tryptophan at position 178 were cloned into an SV40 late replacement expression vector. Indirect immunofluorescence of cells infected with these recombinant vectors showed the presence of NA protein in the cytoplasm and on the surface of infected cells. Cells expressing the wild-type protein showed neuraminidase enzyme activity for both fetuin, a sialated glycoprotein (mol wt = 50,000) and N-acetylneuraminyl lactose, a trisaccharide (mol wt = 600). This enzyme activity was inhibited by 44% toward N-acetylneuraminyl lactose and by 98% toward fetuin by adding anti-NA antibody before substrate. In contrast, cells expressing the mutant NA had no detectable enzyme activity for either substrate. The conserved nature of the tryptophan at position 178 in all known NA strains, its location in the substrate binding pocket in the three-dimensional structure and the lack of activity of the mutant protein indicate that this residue is essential for enzyme activity.
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Shaw MW, Lamb RA, Erickson BW, Briedis DJ, Choppin PW. Complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase gene of influenza B virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:6817-21. [PMID: 6294654 PMCID: PMC347224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the neuraminidase gene of influenza virus B/Lee/40 was derived from a cloned cDNA copy of virion RNA segment 6 and its corresponding mRNA. The RNA segment contains 1,557 virus-specific nucleotides, and the protein encoded by the longest open reading frame has a total of 466 amino acids with a molecular weight of 51,721. As is the case with the influenza A virus neuraminidases, the deduced amino acid sequence of the influenza B protein includes a single hydrophobic region near the amino terminus which would be capable of spanning the lipid bilayer of the viral or cell membrane. There are four potential glycosylation sites in the protein, two of which are near the amino-terminal hydrophobic region. Comparisons of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences with those of influenza A virus neuraminidases revealed seven regions of extensive homology within the central portion of the molecules, including 12 conserved cysteine residues. Five other cysteine residues in the terminal portions were also conserved.
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Markoff L, Lai CJ. Sequence of the influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) virus neuraminidase gene as determined from cloned full-length DNA. Virology 1982; 119:288-97. [PMID: 7080447 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Perrin DD, Stünzi H. Viral chemotherapy: antiviral actions of metal ions and metal-chelating agents. Pharmacol Ther 1981; 12:255-97. [PMID: 7232497 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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10
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Abstract
The neuraminidases of different strains of influenza virus varied in their stability at 37 degrees C. The enzymes of the strains with N1 neuraminidases were found to be unstable during incubation at 37 degrees C whereas the enzymes of the strains with the N2 neuraminidases were stable. Among the strains with N2 neuraminidases, the enzymes of some strains were inactivated during dialysis at 37 degrees C whereas the enzymes of others were stable. This observed loss of enzyme activity during dialysis at 37 degrees C was not restricted to a single substrate as the same loss of enzyme activity was observed irrespective of the size of the substrate used in the assay. The enzymically inactive neuraminidase was found to be non-antigenic and non-immunogenic. The inactivation of the enzyme could be prevented by the addition of Ca++ but not Mg++. Out results suggest that Ca++ is essential for the stability of the enzyme at 37 degrees C. The results would also suggest that the enzymic, antigenic and immunogenic sites are either the same or very closely situated on the surface of the neuraminidase molecule.
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Masurel N, Baars AJ, Frankena H. Vaccination and protection experiments in mice with the human A-1957 and A-1968 strains, and the Equi-2 strain of influenza virus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1973; 39:461-71. [PMID: 4543055 DOI: 10.1007/bf02578889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Kendal AP, Kiley MP. Characterization of influenza virus neuraminidases: peptide changes associated with antigenic divergence between early and late N2 neuraminidases. J Virol 1973; 12:1482-90. [PMID: 4761727 PMCID: PMC356791 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.6.1482-1490.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidases (EC 3.2.1.18) of 1957, 1960, and 1969 influenza virus strains were isolated after proteolytic digestion of viral hemagglutinin. Each neuraminidase was recovered with a final yield of about 15% and had similar specific activities. Immunization of rabbits with the neuraminidases elicited monospecific neuraminidase antibodies, with no antibodies to viral hemagglutinin. Further evidence of purity was the existence of only a single component, about 50,000 daltons in size, when reduced neuraminidase preparations were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, storage of neuraminidase in solution resulted in the appearance of slightly smaller degradation products. Preparations of each neuraminidase were denatured under reducing conditions, and exposed sulfhydryl residues were blocked by reaction with (14)C-iodoacetamide. After tryptic digestion, peptide maps were prepared for the neuraminidases, and the (14)C-labeled cysteinyl peptides were then identified by autoradiography. About 20 peptides were present, in agreement with the number predicted from amino acid analysis for neuraminidase subunits of only one type. The 1957 and 1960 neuraminidases exhibited a small antigenic divergence from each other, and maps of their cysteinyl peptides appeared to be identical. The 1969 neuraminidase exhibited considerable antigenic divergence from the other two neuraminidases, and maps of 1969 neuraminidase peptides revealed two major and several minor differences from the other maps. Thus, antigenic divergence between the neuraminidases of Asian and Hong Kong influenza viruses is associated with a small number of changes in the primary structure of the neuraminidase subunit.
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Kendal AP, Kiley MP, Eckert EA. Isoelectric focusing studies of A2-1957 influenza neuraminidase and its subunits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 317:28-33. [PMID: 4723246 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(73)90196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
A coupled-enzyme assay for determining viral neuraminidase activity is described. All reactants-viral neuraminidase, the initial substrate (fetuin), N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-are combined in a single cuvette. Thus, in a single coupled system neuraminidase releases N-acetylneuraminic acid, which is cleaved to N-acetyl-D-mannosamine and pyruvic acid; finally, pyruvate is reduced to lactate as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is oxidized. The rate of change of absorbance at 340 nm, as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is oxidized, is a measure of the rate of reaction of the coupled system. This procedure, which measures the rate of release of N-acetylneuraminic acid by neuraminidase, is an alternate method for those procedures which require multistep, colorimetric determinations.
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Kendal AP, Eckert EA. The preparation and properties of 14 C-carboxamidomethylated subunits from A 2 -1957 influenza neuraminidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 258:484-95. [PMID: 5062247 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)90240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wassilewa L. The synthesis and the role of NDV-neuraminidase. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1971; 18:824-7. [PMID: 5004611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1971.tb01659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cuatrecasas P, Illiano G. Membrane Sialic Acid and the Mechanism of Insulin Action in Adipose Tissue Cells. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Cuatrecasas P, Illiano G. Purification of neuraminidases from Vibrio Cholerae, Clostridium Perfringens and influenza virus by affinity chromatography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 44:178-84. [PMID: 4330046 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(71)80175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kendal AP, Madeley CR. Flocculation of influenza virus by specific anti-neuraminidase antibody. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 31:219-29. [PMID: 4099195 DOI: 10.1007/bf01253756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kendal AP, Madeley CR. A comparative study of influenza virus neuraminidases, using automated techniques. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 185:163-77. [PMID: 5816010 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(69)90292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Concentrated Sendai virus, when adsorbed to erythrocytes at 4 C, caused invaginations in the plasma membrane. Following elevation of the temperature to 37 C, the plasma membrane became fused with the viral envelope before dissolution of the virions and rupture of the cells. Cell lysis was accompanied by rapid and total loss of hemoglobin to the extracellular space. Following aqueous pyridine extraction, the hemoglobin-free ghosts remaining were found to be devoid of N-acetylneuraminic acid and to have solubility properties different from those of normal erythrocyte ghosts. By the action of viral neuraminidase, bound N-acetylneuraminic acid was also liberated from purified virus receptor substance whose electrophoretic mobility was thereby substantially reduced. Cu(++) selectively inhibited hemolysis and neuraminidase without interfering with hemagglutination and attachment. Neuraminidase appeared to be essential for Sendai virus hemolysis; viral particle size may also be a critical factor in this process.
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Greiff D, Seifert P. Cryotolerance of selected sites on the surfaces of membranes of cells. I. Mucopolysaccharides of erythrocytes. Cryobiology 1968; 4:295-302. [PMID: 4247376 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-2240(68)80127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Wilson VW, Rafelson MR. Studies on the neuraminidases of influenza virus. 3. Stimulation of activity by bivalent cations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 146:160-6. [PMID: 6060460 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(67)90082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Taha BH, Carubelli R. Mammalian neuraminidase: intracellular distribution and changes of enzyme acitivity during lactation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1967; 119:55-61. [PMID: 6052445 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(67)90428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Seto JT, Okuda K, Hokama Y. Role of sialidase in the initial phase of infection with influenza virus. Nature 1967; 213:188-9. [PMID: 6030580 DOI: 10.1038/213188a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Isolation and characterization of two structural isomers of N-acetylneuraminyllactose from bovine colostrum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gerbeck CM, Rafelson ME, Bezkorovainy A. Studies on a glycopeptide obtained from human haptoglobin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1965; 101:229-32. [PMID: 5852523 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6534(65)90057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kelly R, Greiff D. Neuraminidase and neuraminidase-labile substrates in experimental influenza virus encephalitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6593(65)80068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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