1
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Hvinden IC, Cadoux-Hudson T, Schofield CJ, McCullagh JS. Metabolic adaptations in cancers expressing isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100469. [PMID: 35028610 PMCID: PMC8714851 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The most frequently mutated metabolic genes in human cancer are those encoding the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2; these mutations have so far been identified in more than 20 tumor types. Since IDH mutations were first reported in glioma over a decade ago, extensive research has revealed their association with altered cellular processes. Mutations in IDH lead to a change in enzyme function, enabling efficient conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG). It is proposed that elevated cellular R-2-HG inhibits enzymes that regulate transcription and metabolism, subsequently affecting nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial biochemistry. The significance of these biochemical changes for tumorigenesis and potential for therapeutic exploitation remains unclear. Here we comprehensively review reported direct and indirect metabolic changes linked to IDH mutations and discuss their clinical significance. We also review the metabolic effects of first-generation mutant IDH inhibitors and highlight the potential for combination treatment strategies and new metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Comfort Hvinden
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tom Cadoux-Hudson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - James S.O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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2
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Niehaus TD, Hillmann KB. Enzyme promiscuity, metabolite damage, and metabolite damage control systems of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. FEBS J 2020; 287:1343-1358. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Niehaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Katie B. Hillmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
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3
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Hariharan VA, Denton TT, Paraszcszak S, McEvoy K, Jeitner TM, Krasnikov BF, Cooper AJL. The Enzymology of 2-Hydroxyglutarate, 2-Hydroxyglutaramate and 2-Hydroxysuccinamate and Their Relationship to Oncometabolites. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6020024. [PMID: 28358347 PMCID: PMC5485471 DOI: 10.3390/biology6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes make "mistakes". Consequently, repair enzymes have evolved to correct these mistakes. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) slowly catalyze the reduction of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) to the oncometabolite l-2-hydroxyglutarate (l-2-HG). l-2-HG dehydrogenase corrects this error by converting l-2-HG to 2-OG. LDH also catalyzes the reduction of the oxo group of 2-oxoglutaramate (2-OGM; transamination product of l-glutamine). We show here that human glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the amidation of the terminal carboxyl of both the l- and d- isomers of 2-HG. The reaction of 2-OGM with LDH and the reaction of l-2-HG with GS generate l-2-hydroxyglutaramate (l-2-HGM). We also show that l-2-HGM is a substrate of human ω-amidase. The product (l-2-HG) can then be converted to 2-OG by l-2-HG dehydrogenase. Previous work showed that 2-oxosuccinamate (2-OSM; transamination product of l-asparagine) is an excellent substrate of LDH. Finally, we also show that human ω-amidase converts the product of this reaction (i.e., l-2-hydroxysuccinamate; l-2-HSM) to l-malate. Thus, ω-amidase may act together with hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenases to repair certain "mistakes" of GS and LDH. The present findings suggest that non-productive pathways for nitrogen metabolism occur in mammalian tissues in vivo. Perturbations of these pathways may contribute to symptoms associated with hydroxyglutaric acidurias and to tumor progression. Finally, methods for the synthesis of l-2-HGM and l-2-HSM are described that should be useful in determining the roles of ω-amidase/4- and 5-C compounds in photorespiration in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek A Hariharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA.
| | - Sarah Paraszcszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Kyle McEvoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Thomas M Jeitner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Boris F Krasnikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10590, USA.
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Ravasz D, Kacso G, Fodor V, Horvath K, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C. Catabolism of GABA, succinic semialdehyde or gamma-hydroxybutyrate through the GABA shunt impair mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:41-53. [PMID: 28300620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA is catabolized in the mitochondrial matrix through the GABA shunt, encompassing transamination to succinic semialdehyde followed by oxidation to succinate by the concerted actions of GABA transaminase (GABA-T) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH), respectively. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a neurotransmitter and a psychoactive drug that could enter the citric acid cycle through transhydrogenation with α-ketoglutarate to succinic semialdehyde and d-hydroxyglutarate, a reaction catalyzed by hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (HOT). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the elevation in matrix succinate concentration caused by exogenous addition of GABA, succinic semialdehyde or GHB shifts the equilibrium of the reversible reaction catalyzed by succinate-CoA ligase towards ATP (or GTP) hydrolysis, effectively negating substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP). Mitochondrial SLP was addressed by interrogating the directionality of the adenine nucleotide translocase during anoxia in isolated mouse brain and liver mitochondria. GABA eliminated SLP, and this was rescued by the GABA-T inhibitors vigabatrin and aminooxyacetic acid. Succinic semialdehyde was an extremely efficient substrate energizing mitochondria during normoxia but mimicked GABA in abolishing SLP in anoxia, in a manner refractory to vigabatrin and aminooxyacetic acid. GHB could moderately energize liver but not brain mitochondria consistent with the scarcity of HOT expression in the latter. In line with these results, GHB abolished SLP in liver but not brain mitochondria during anoxia and this was unaffected by either vigabatrin or aminooxyacetic acid. It is concluded that when mitochondria catabolize GABA or succinic semialdehyde or GHB through the GABA shunt, their ability to perform SLP is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Ravasz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kacso
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Fodor
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary
| | - Kata Horvath
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Hungary
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary; MTA-SE Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Hungary.
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5
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Abstract
Aims: Somatic mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 are described in glioblastomas (GBMs). Mutant IDH1 and IDH2 reduce α-KG to D-2HG which accumulates, and is proposed to promote tumorigenesis. HOT catalyzes the conversion of γ-hydroxybutyrate to succinic semialdehyde in a reaction that produces D-2HG. Since increased HOT enzyme activity could lead to an accumulation of D-2HG, coupled with the fact that only a minority of GBMs carry IDH1/2 mutations and 2HG accumulation has recently been described in IDH wild-type tumors, we analyzed a set of GBM samples for mutations in the HOT gene. Materials & methods: We screened 42 human GBM samples for mutations in HOT. Results: No mutations in HOT were identified in the 42 GBM samples screened. Conclusion: Mutations in the coding regions of HOT do not occur at an appreciable frequency in GBM. Genetic changes in genes called IDH have been shown to occur regularly in brain tumors. These changes result in the production of a chemical called D-2HG which accumulates to a high level in cells and is thought to damage normal cells, causing them to become cancer cells. Genetic changes in other genes may also result in the production of D-2HG and cause cancer in the same way as changes in IDH do. One such gene is called HOT. This study investigated whether genetic changes in HOT could be found in brain tumors.
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Krell D, Mulholland P, Frampton AE, Krell J, Stebbing J, Bardella C. IDH mutations in tumorigenesis and their potential role as novel therapeutic targets. Future Oncol 2014; 9:1923-35. [PMID: 24295421 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDHs) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Somatic mutations in genes encoding IDH1 and IDH2 were first identified in glioma and subsequently in acute myeloid leukemia and other solid tumors. These heterozygous point mutations occur at the arginine residue of the enzyme's active site and cause both loss of normal enzyme function and gain of function, causing reduction of α-KG to D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which accumulates. D-2-hydroxyglutarate may act as an oncometabolite through the inhibition of various α-KG-dependent enzymes, stimulating angiogenesis, histone modifications and aberrant DNA methylation. Possibly, IDH mutations may also cause oncogenic effects through dysregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, or by increasing susceptibility to oxidative stress. Clinically, IDH mutations may be useful diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and it is anticipated that a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IDH mutations will enable IDH-directed therapies to be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krell
- Molecular & Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Pietrak B, Zhao H, Qi H, Quinn C, Gao E, Boyer JG, Concha N, Brown K, Duraiswami C, Wooster R, Sweitzer S, Schwartz B. A tale of two subunits: how the neomorphic R132H IDH1 mutation enhances production of αHG. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4804-12. [PMID: 21524095 DOI: 10.1021/bi200499m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygously expressed single-point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2, respectively) render these dimeric enzymes capable of producing the novel metabolite α-hydroxyglutarate (αHG). Accumulation of αHG is used as a biomarker for a number of cancer types, helping to identify tumors with similar IDH mutations. With IDH1, it has been shown that one role of the mutation is to increase the rate of conversion from αKG to αHG. To improve our understanding of the function of this mutation, we have detailed the kinetics of the normal (isocitrate to αKG) and neomorphic (αKG to αHG) reactions, as well as the coupled conversion of isocitrate to αHG. We find that the mutant IDH1 is very efficient in this coupled reaction, with the ability to form αHG from isocitrate and NADP(+). The wild type/wild type IDH1 is also able to catalyze this conversion, though it is much more sensitive to concentrations of isocitrate. This difference in behavior can be attributed to the competitive binding between isocitrate and αKG, which is made more favorable for αKG by the neomorphic mutation at arginine 132. Thus, each partial reaction in the heterodimer is functionally isolated from the other. To test whether there is a cooperative effect resulting from the two subunits being in a dimer, we selectively inactivated each subunit with a secondary mutation in the NADP/H binding site. We observed that the remaining, active subunit was unaffected in its associated activity, reinforcing the notion of each subunit being functionally independent. This was further demonstrated using a monomeric form of IDH from Azotobacter vinelandii, which can be shown to gain the same neomorphic reaction when a homologous mutation is introduced into that protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Pietrak
- Departments of Biological Reagents and Assay Development, Screening and Compound Profiling, Statistical Sciences, Computational and Structural Sciences, and Cancer Metabolism, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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8
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Abstract
The discovery of somatic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes through a genome-wide mutational analysis in glioblastoma represents a milestone event in cancer biology. The nature of the heterozygous, point mutations mapping to arginine residues involved in the substrate binding inspired several research teams to investigate their impact on the biochemical activity of these enzymes. Soon, it became clear that the mutations identified impaired the ability of IDH1 and IDH2 to catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (αKG), whereas conferring a gain of a novel enzymatic activity leading to the reduction of αKG to the metabolite D2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG). Across glioma as well as several hematologic malignancies, mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 have shown prognostic value. Several hypotheses implicating the elevated levels of D-2HG and tumorigenesis, and the therapeutic potential of targeting mutant IDH enzymes will be discussed.
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9
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Bollans L, Bacsa J, O’Farrell DA, Waterson S, Stachulski AV. Syntheses of structurally diverse amino acids, including δ-hydroxylysine, using the acyl nitroso Diels–Alder reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Engqvist M, Drincovich MF, Flügge UI, Maurino VG. Two D-2-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenases in Arabidopsis thaliana with catalytic capacities to participate in the last reactions of the methylglyoxal and beta-oxidation pathways. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25026-37. [PMID: 19586914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.021253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana locus At5g06580 encodes an ortholog to Saccharomyces cerevisiae d-lactate dehydrogenase (AtD-LDH). The recombinant protein is a homodimer of 59-kDa subunits with one FAD per monomer. A substrate screen indicated that AtD-LDH catalyzes the oxidation of d- and l-lactate, d-2-hydroxybutyrate, glycerate, and glycolate using cytochrome c as an electron acceptor. AtD-LDH shows a clear preference for d-lactate, with a catalytic efficiency 200- and 2000-fold higher than that for l-lactate and glycolate, respectively, and a K(m) value for d-lactate of approximately 160 microm. Knock-out mutants showed impaired growth in the presence of d-lactate or methylglyoxal. Collectively, the data indicated that the protein is a d-LDH that participates in planta in the methylglyoxal pathway. Web-based bioinformatic tools revealed the existence of a paralogous protein encoded by locus At4g36400. The recombinant protein is a homodimer of 61-kDa subunits with one FAD per monomer. A substrate screening revealed highly specific d-2-hydroxyglutarate (d-2HG) conversion in the presence of an organic cofactor with a K(m) value of approximately 580 microm. Thus, the enzyme was characterized as a d-2HG dehydrogenase (AtD-2HGDH). Analysis of knock-out mutants demonstrated that AtD-2HGDH is responsible for the total d-2HGDH activity present in A. thaliana. Gene coexpression analysis indicated that AtD-2HGDH is in the same network as several genes involved in beta-oxidation and degradation of branched-chain amino acids and chlorophyll. It is proposed that AtD-2HGDH participates in the catabolism of d-2HG most probably during the mobilization of alternative substrates from proteolysis and/or lipid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Engqvist
- Botanisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Gyrhofstrasse 15, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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11
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Van Schaftingen E, Rzem R, Veiga-da-Cunha M. L: -2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a disorder of metabolite repair. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:135-42. [PMID: 19020988 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-1042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurometabolic disorder L: -2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is caused by mutations in a gene present on chromosome 14q22.1 and encoding L: -2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. This FAD-linked mitochondrial enzyme catalyses the irreversible conversion of L: -2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate. The formation of L: -2-hydroxyglutarate results from a side-activity of mitochondrial L: -malate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that interconverts oxaloacetate and L: -malate, but which also catalyses, very slowly, the NADH-dependent conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to L: -2-hydroxyglutarate. L: -2-Hydroxyglutarate has no known physiological function in eukaryotes and most prokaryotes. Its accumulation is toxic to the mammalian brain, causing a leukoencephalopathy and increasing the susceptibility to develop tumours. L: -2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria appears to be the first disease of 'metabolite repair'.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Schaftingen
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Struys EA. D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria: unravelling the biochemical pathway and the genetic defect. J Inherit Metab Dis 2006; 29:21-9. [PMID: 16601864 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-006-0317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA) is a neurometabolic inherited disorder first described in 1980. In the following years, it became clear that the clinical phenotype of the disease varies widely from severe neonatal to asymptomatic. However, the sparse biochemical knowledge made D-2-HGA a poorly understood disease. Much progress has been made in the last five years in various studies, revealing two human enzymes that play a role in the metabolism of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG): hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (HOT) and D-2-HG dehydrogenase. HOT is expected to be responsible for the formation of D-2-HG, while D-2-HG dehydrogenase converts D-2-HG into 2-ketoglutarate. We demonstrated pathogenic mutations in the D2HGD gene in patients with D-2-HGA, helping to unravel the primary defect causing D-2-HGA. However, in approximately 50% of the patients with D-2-HGA examined, no pathogenic mutations have yet been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard A Struys
- VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Rzem R, Veiga-da-Cunha M, Noël G, Goffette S, Nassogne MC, Tabarki B, Schöller C, Marquardt T, Vikkula M, Van Schaftingen E. A gene encoding a putative FAD-dependent L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase is mutated in L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16849-54. [PMID: 15548604 PMCID: PMC534725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404840101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the biochemical and genetic defect in L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a neurometabolic disorder characterized by the presence of elevated concentrations of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid. Evidence is provided for the existence in rat tissues of a FAD-dependent enzyme catalyzing specifically the oxidation of L-2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate. This enzyme is mainly expressed in liver and kidney but also at lower levels in heart, brain, and other tissues. Subcellular fractionation indicates that the liver enzyme is present in mitochondria, where it is bound to membranes. Based on this information, a database search led to the identification of a gene encoding a human hypothetical protein homologous to bacterial FAD-dependent malate dehydrogenases and targeted to mitochondria. The gene encoding this protein, present on chromosome 14q22.1, was found to be in a region homozygous in patients with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria from two consanguineous families. Three mutations that replaced a highly conserved residue (Lys-71-Glu and Glu-176-Asp) or removed exon 9 were identified in homozygous state in patients from three distinct families and were found to cosegregate with the disease. It is concluded that L-2-hydroxyglutarate is normally metabolized to alpha-ketoglutarate in mammalian tissues and that L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is caused by mutations in the gene that most likely encodes L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. The pathological findings observed in this metabolic disorder must therefore be due to a toxic effect of L-2-hydroxyglutarate on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Rzem
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Achouri Y, NOëL G, Vertommen D, Rider M, Veiga-Da-Cunha M, van Schaftingen E. Identification of a dehydrogenase acting on D-2-hydroxyglutarate. Biochem J 2004; 381:35-42. [PMID: 15070399 PMCID: PMC1133759 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of frozen rat liver were found to catalyse the formation of 3H2O from DL-2-hydroxy[2-3H]glutarate. Three peaks of enzyme activities were observed on separation by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose. The first and second peaks corresponded to an enzyme acting on L-2-hydroxyglutarate and the third peak corresponded to an enzyme acting on D-2-hydroxyglutarate, as indicated by competitive inhibition of the detritiation of the racemic radioactive compound by the unlabelled L- and D-isomers respectively. The enzyme acting on the D-form was further characterized. It was independent of NAD or NADP and it converted D-2-hydroxyglutarate into a-ketoglutarate, transferring electrons to artificial electron acceptors. It also oxidized D-lactate, D-malate and meso-tartrate and was stimulated by Zn2+, Co2+ and Mn2+, but not by Mg2+ or Ca2+. Subcellular fractionation indicated that it was present in the mitochondrial fraction. The enzyme was further purified by chromatography on Blue Trisacryl and phenyl-Sepharose, up to a stage where only a few bands were still visible by SDS/PAGE. Among the four candidate polypeptides that were identified by MS, one corresponded to a predicted mitochondrial protein homologous with FAD-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase. The corresponding human protein was expressed in HEK-293 cells and it was shown to catalyse the detritiation of DL-2-hydroxy[2-3H]glutarate with similar properties as the purified rat enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Achouri
- *Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology (ICP), Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gaëtane NOëL
- *Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology (ICP), Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- †Hormone and Metabolic Research Unit, Université catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology (ICP), Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark H. Rider
- †Hormone and Metabolic Research Unit, Université catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology (ICP), Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Veiga-Da-Cunha
- *Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology (ICP), Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emile van Schaftingen
- *Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology (ICP), Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail )
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15
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Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Brunengraber H, Jakobs C. Investigations by mass isotopomer analysis of the formation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate by cultured lymphoblasts from two patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. FEBS Lett 2004; 557:115-20. [PMID: 14741351 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism first described in 1980. To date, more than 40 patients have been diagnosed with this disease. To identify the metabolic precursor of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), cultured human lymphoblasts from two patients with D-2-HG aciduria were grown in culture medium supplemented with [U-(13)C(6)]glucose or [(2)H(5)]glutamate. Mass isotopomer distribution measurements of D-2-HG, 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) and citrate were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mass isotopomer distributions in D-2-HG, 2-KG and citrate, following [U-(13)C(6)]glucose and [(2)H(5)]glutamate incubations, revealed that 2-KG interconverts rapidly to D-2-HG and that D-2-HG is formed within the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard A Struys
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jansen GA, Wanders RJ. L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase: identification of a novel enzyme activity in rat and human liver. Implications for L-2-hydroxyglutaric acidemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1225:53-6. [PMID: 8241290 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(93)90121-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we studied the degradation of L-2-hydroxyglutarate in tissues from rat and man in order to try and find the underlying basis for the accumulation of this metabolite in L-2-hydroxyglutaric acidemia patients. The results show that L-2-hydroxyglutarate is not degraded by an oxidase but via a dehydrogenase which was found to be present in liver only. This newly identified enzyme activity was characterized kinetically, although the nature of the reaction product remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Jansen
- Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Der Garabedian PA, Vermeersch JJ. Lysine degradation in Candida. Characterization and probable role of L-norleucine-leucine, 4-aminobutyrate and delta-aminovalerate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferases. Biochimie 1989; 71:497-503. [PMID: 2503054 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(89)90180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three enzymes partially purified that catalyze respectively the transamination of L-norleucine, 4-aminobutyrate and delta-aminovalerate with alpha-ketoglutarate as aminoacceptor were characterized and isolated from L-lysine adapted cell of Candida guilliermondii var. membranaefaciens. The transaminases have a maximum activity in the pH range of 7.8-8.5 and at 55 degrees C, 45 degrees C and 40 degrees C respectively. alpha-Ketoglutarate and to a lesser extent pyridoxal-5'-phosphate were effective protecting agents against rise in temperature. The enzymes exhibit absorption maximum at 280 nm, 330 nm and 410 nm. The fact that L-norleucine-leucine aminotransferase, 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase and delta-aminovalerate aminotransferase are strongly induced by growing the yeast Candida on L-lysine suggests new hypothetic pathways for the catabolism of L-lysine where the main substrate of each aminotransferase could be an intermediary metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Der Garabedian
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UER 58, Paris, France
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Der Garabedian PA, Lotti AM, Vermeersch JJ. 4-Aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from Candida. Purification and properties. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 156:589-96. [PMID: 3699025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme which catalyzes the transamination of 4-aminobutyrate with 2-oxoglutarate was purified 588-fold to homogeneity from Candida guilliermondii var. membranaefaciens, grown with 4-aminobutyrate as sole source of nitrogen. An apparent relative molecular mass of 107,000 was estimated by gel filtration. The enzyme was found to be a dimer made up of two subunits identical in molecular mass (Mr 55,000). The enzyme has a maximum activity in the pH range 7.8-8.0 and a temperature optimum of 45 degrees C. 2-Oxoglutarate protects the enzyme from heat inactivation better than pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme exhibits two maxima at 412 nm and 330 nm. The purified enzyme catalyzes the transamination of omega-amino acids; 4-aminobutyrate is the best amino donor and low activity is observed with beta-alanine. The Michaelis constants are 1.5 mM for 2-oxoglutarate and 2.3 mM for 4-aminobutyrate. Several amino acids, such as alpha,beta-alanine and 2-aminobutyrate, are inhibitors (Ki = 38.7 mM, Ki = 35.5 mM and Ki = 33.2 mM respectively). Propionic and butyric acids are also inhibitors (Ki = 3 mM and Ki = 2 mM).
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Duran M, Kamerling JP, Bakker HD, van Gennip AH, Wadman SK. L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria: an inborn error of metabolism? J Inherit Metab Dis 1980; 3:109-12. [PMID: 6787330 DOI: 10.1007/bf02312543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A 5-year-old boy, excreting large amounts of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid in the urine (3.3-7.6 mmol/l), is described. The patient presented with psychomotor retardation and dystrophy. His skeletal age was delayed. The EEG was not well differentiated; it resembled that observed in 2-year-old children. There was a severe anaemia, which reacted well to iron supplements. The 2-hydroxyglutaric acid was found to have the L-configuration, as analysed by capillary gas chromatography of the O-acetylated di-(-)-2-butyl ester derivative. The relation of L-2-hydroxyglutarate excretion to known metabolic pathways is discussed.
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Chalmers RA, Lawson AM, Watts RW, Tavill AS, Kamerling JP, Hey E, Ogilvie D. D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: case report and biochemical studies. J Inherit Metab Dis 1980; 3:11-5. [PMID: 6774165 DOI: 10.1007/bf02312516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A patient with protein-losing gastroenteropathy and egg allergy has been shown to have a previously unrecognized organic aciduria, D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. The observations made are consistent with an inherited metabolic disorder in the catabolism of 5-aminolaevulinate possibly due to deficient activity of a specific D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase.
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Abstract
Hydroxylysine is metabolized via two routes by a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain as shown by the oxidation of selected intermediates. Hydroxy-L-lysine is oxidized via a pathway analogous to the monooxygenase pathway for L-lysine, and data suggest that at least some of tthe enzymes are those involved in the metabolism of L-lysine. Hydroxy-L-lysine is also converted by a racemase to allohydroxy-D-lysine, which is then degraded via a pathway analogous to, but different from, that described for D-lysine, involving hydroxy-L-pipecolate, 2-amino-5-hydroxyadipate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate. Data obtained with mutants unable to oxidize L-pipecolate suggest that the enzymes for the metabolism of hydroxy-L-pipecolate are distinct from those for L-pipecolate. Studies on D- and L-lysine degradation have shown that the previously described pathways for these compounds are present in this soil pseudomonad.
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Huggins AK, Boulton AP. 2-Hydroxyglutarate in crustaceans. Biochem J 1971; 125:1141-3. [PMID: 4335539 PMCID: PMC1178279 DOI: 10.1042/bj1251141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hiles RA, Triebwasser KC, Henderson LM. The degradation of hydroxy-L-lysine in liver via its phosphate ester. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 41:662-8. [PMID: 4394647 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
1. A new method is described for the measurement of d-2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase in samples of animal tissues. 2. The distribution of the enzyme in a number of animals was determined. Of the animal tissues tested, the most active source of the enzyme was found to be rabbit kidney cortex. 3. The enzyme was purified from rabbit kidney to a stage at which it appears to be homogeneous in the analytical ultracentrifuge and on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 4. The molecular weight was estimated by gel filtration to be approx. 102000; combination of gelfiltration data and the sedimentation coefficient gave a value of 95000. 5. The purified enzyme has a spectrum typical of a flavoprotein. The change induced in the spectrum on addition of d-malate or d-lactate suggests the formation of a flavin semiquinone. 6. Flavin can be removed by treatment with acid ammonium sulphate, and activity can be restored to the inactive apoenzyme by addition of FAD, but not of FMN or riboflavin. 7. Studies of acceptor specificity showed that the enzyme has a relatively weak d-2-hydroxy acid oxidase activity.
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Hammerstedt RH, Swan PB, Henderson LM. Degradation of 5-hydroxylysine in the rat and in the perfused liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 128:243-51. [PMID: 5677183 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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