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Zhang X, Li M, Xu Y, Ren J, Zeng AP. Quantitative study of H protein lipoylation of the glycine cleavage system and a strategy to increase its activity by co-expression of LplA. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:32. [PMID: 31049074 PMCID: PMC6480901 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine cleavage system (GCS) plays a key role in one-carbon (C1) metabolism related to the biosynthesis of a number of key intermediates with significance in both biomedicine and biotechnology. Despite extensive studies of the proteins (H, T, P and L) involved and the reaction mechanisms of this important enzyme complex little quantitative data are available. In this work, we have developed a simple HPLC method for direct analysis and quantification of the apo- and lipoylated forms (Hapo and Hlip) of the shuttle protein H, the latter (Hlip) is essential for the function of H protein and determines the activity of GCS. Effects of temperature, concentrations of lipoic acid and Hapo and the expression of H protein on its lipoylation were studied. It is found that Hlip is as low as only 20–30% of the total H protein with lipoic acid concentration in the range of 10–20 μM and at a favorable temperature of 30 °C. Furthermore, Hapo seems to inhibit the overall activity of GCS. We proposed a strategy of co-expressing LplA to improve the lipoylation of H protein and GCS activity. With this strategy the fraction of Hlip was increased, for example, from 30 to 90% at a lipoic acid concentration of 20 μM and GCS activity was increased by more than 2.5 fold. This work lays a quantitative foundation for better understanding and reengineering the GCS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- 1Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Mei Li
- 1Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Yingying Xu
- 1Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Jie Ren
- 1Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- 1Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Beijing, 100029 China.,2Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
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Spalding MD, Allary M, Gallagher JR, Prigge ST. Validation of a modified method for Bxb1 mycobacteriophage integrase-mediated recombination in Plasmodium falciparum by localization of the H-protein of the glycine cleavage complex to the mitochondrion. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 172:156-60. [PMID: 20403390 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The glycine cleavage complex (GCV) is a potential source of the one carbon donor 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH(2)-THF) in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. One carbon (C1) donor units are necessary for amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, and for the initiation of mitochondrial and plastid translation. In other organisms, GCV activity is closely coordinated with the activity of serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) enzymes. P. falciparum contains cytosolic and mitochondrial SHMT isoforms, and thus, the subcellular location of the GCV is an important indicator of its role in malaria metabolism. To determine the subcellular localization of the GCV, we used a modified version of the published method for mycobacteriophage integrase-mediated recombination in P. falciparum to generate cell lines containing one of the component proteins of the GCV, the H-protein, fused to GFP. Here, we demonstrate that this modification results in rapid generation of chromosomally integrated transgenic parasites, and we show that the H-protein localizes to the mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroya D Spalding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Kikuchi G, Motokawa Y, Yoshida T, Hiraga K. Glycine cleavage system: reaction mechanism, physiological significance, and hyperglycinemia. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2008; 84:246-63. [PMID: 18941301 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.84.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the following reversible reaction: Glycine + H(4)folate + NAD(+) <==> 5,10-methylene-H(4)folate + CO(2) + NH(3) + NADH + H(+)The glycine cleavage system is widely distributed in animals, plants and bacteria and consists of three intrinsic and one common components: those are i) P-protein, a pyridoxal phosphate-containing protein, ii) T-protein, a protein required for the tetrahydrofolate-dependent reaction, iii) H-protein, a protein that carries the aminomethyl intermediate and then hydrogen through the prosthetic lipoyl moiety, and iv) L-protein, a common lipoamide dehydrogenase. In animals and plants, the proteins form an enzyme complex loosely associating with the mitochondrial inner membrane. In the enzymatic reaction, H-protein converts P-protein, which is by itself a potential alpha-amino acid decarboxylase, to an active enzyme, and also forms a complex with T-protein. In both glycine cleavage and synthesis, aminomethyl moiety bound to lipoic acid of H-protein represents the intermediate that is degraded to or can be formed from N(5),N(10)-methylene-H(4)folate and ammonia by the action of T-protein. N(5),N(10)-Methylene-H(4)folate is used for the biosynthesis of various cellular substances such as purines, thymidylate and methionine that is the major methyl group donor through S-adenosyl-methionine. This accounts for the physiological importance of the glycine cleavage system as the most prominent pathway in serine and glycine catabolism in various vertebrates including humans. Nonketotic hyperglycinemia, a congenital metabolic disorder in human infants, results from defective glycine cleavage activity. The majority of patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia had lesions in the P-protein gene, whereas some had mutant T-protein genes. The only patient classified into the degenerative type of nonketotic hyperglycinemia had an H-protein devoid of the prosthetic lipoyl residue. The crystallography of normal T-protein as well as biochemical characterization of recombinants of the normal and mutant T-proteins confirmed why the mutant T-proteins had lost enzyme activity. Putative mechanisms of cellular injuries including those in the central nervous system of patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia are discussed.
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Fujiwara K, Kaminishi Y, Inoue Y, Yabuuchi M. Monoclonal antibody monospecific to glycine for brain immunocytochemistry. Brain Res 1998; 806:210-8. [PMID: 9739142 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed mouse monoclonal antibodies (AGLY-1-8, all IgG1 subisotype mAbs) against glycine (Gly) conjugated to bovine serum albumin using glutaraldehyde (GA)-NaBH4. Among these, AGLY-4 mAb was found to be the most useful for Gly immunocytochemistry (ICC) in functions of specificity and sensitivity without non-specific immunobinding. AGLY-4 was demonstrated to be monospecific to Gly by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) binding test, and not reactive to any of the other amino acids and peptides tested. Using this antibody, indirect immunoperoxidase staining was observed in different regions of the rat brain fixed with GA in combination with borohydride reduction. In contrast, immunoreactivity was quite low in tissues fixed only with GA. Absorption controls indicated that the immunostaining could be completely inhibited by 5 microg/ml of Gly-human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate prepared using GA and NaBH4, which was consistent with the results of an ELISA inhibition test. No cross-reaction occurred with other GA-conjugated amino acids. Dense ICC staining was observed in the rat neurons related to the auditory and vestibular centers, and modest immunostaining was seen in all the structures of the cerebellar cortex except for the Golgi cells which were strongly stained. These results were in complete agreement with the previous methods using polyclonal anti-Gly serum. Also, a new finding was that staining was noticed in certain cells widely distributed in the different brain regions. These results strongly suggest that the monoclonal antibody has a potential for elucidating the precise distribution of Gly-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujiwara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8131, Japan.
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5
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Turner S, Ireland R, Rawsthorne S. Purification and primary amino acid sequence of the L subunit of glycine decarboxylase. Evidence for a single lipoamide dehydrogenase in plant mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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6
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Abstract
The localization of the glycine cleavage system was examined in the rat brain by immunohistochemistry using an antibody to P-protein (a constituent of the system). In all sites studied, the enzyme was confined to the astrocytes. The intensity of astrocyte staining varied in different brain regions, with the strongest staining being noted in the hippocampus, the cerebellar cortex, the Bergmann glia in the cerebellum and the Muller cells in the retina. The weakest staining was seen in the brainstem and spinal cord. P-protein was found to be located in the mitochondria by an ultrastructual study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Department of Anatomy II, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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Neuburger M, Jourdain A, Douce R. Isolation of H-protein loaded with methylamine as a transient species in glycine decarboxylase reactions. Biochem J 1991; 278 ( Pt 3):765-9. [PMID: 1898363 PMCID: PMC1151412 DOI: 10.1042/bj2780765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A three-step protocol was devised to purify H-protein, which can be readily released as a soluble protein from pea mitochondria. After the final step of purification (anion-exchange chromatography) the native enzyme was eluted as two distinct peaks at 250 and 350 mM-KCl if the lysis buffer contained glycine. Each from exhibited an identical Mr of 15000 on SDS/PAGE and they were not distinguishable by PAGE under non-denaturating conditions. Both forms catalysed the rapid fixation of [14C]bicarbonate to the carboxy group atom of glycine during the exchange reaction, whereas the reversible exchange of electrons between NADH and lipoamide bound to the H-protein in the presence of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was seen only with the form eluted at 350 mM-KCl. During the early steps of H-protein isolation, when P- and H-protein react together in the presence of glycine, the methylamine intermediate bound to the lipoamide of the H-protein accumulates in the medium at the expense of oxidized H-protein. Under these conditions the methylamine intermediate, which is a rather stable structure, was easily separated from the oxidized H-protein on ion-exchange chromatography. The methylamine bound to the lipoamide of the H-protein prevented the reversible exchange of electrons between NADH and lipoamide. High concentrations of glycine were required for the loading of H-protein with methylamine catalysed by a large excess of P-protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neuburger
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires et Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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Okamura-Ikeda K, Fujiwara K, Motokawa Y. Mechanism of the glycine cleavage reaction. Properties of the reverse reaction catalyzed by T-protein. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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9
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Abstract
It can be concluded on the base of data from literature and of our own results, that the metabolism of glycine is localized mainly in liver tissue. The main catabolic pathway of nutritional glycine proceeds via the glycine-cleavage enzyme, serinehydroxymethyltransferase and serinedehydratase or serine-pyruvate aminotransferase and via serine and pyruvate. The physiological significance of this metabolic pathway is estimated. The catabolism via the C1-pool is limited by the regeneration rate of tetrahydrofolic acid. Other pathways (via glyoxylate, SHEMIN-cycle, aminoacetone cycle) are only of minor significance for the catabolism of glycine originating from food.
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Fujiwara K, Okamura-Ikeda K, Ohmura Y, Motokawa Y. Mechanism of the glycine cleavage reaction: retention of C-2 hydrogens of glycine on the intermediate attached to H-protein and evidence for the inability of serine hydroxymethyltransferase to catalyze the glycine decarboxylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 251:121-7. [PMID: 3098173 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycine is converted to carbon dioxide and an intermediate attached to a lipoic acid group on H-protein in the P-protein-catalyzed partial reaction of the glycine cleavage reaction [K. Fujiwara and Y. Motokawa (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8156-8162]. The results presented in this paper indicate that the decarboxylation is not accompanied by the removal of a C-2 hydrogen atom of glycine and instead both C-2 hydrogens are transferred with the alpha carbon atom to the intermediate formed during the decarboxylation of glycine. The purified chicken liver cytosolic and mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase preparations could not catalyze the decarboxylation of glycine in the presence of either lipoic acid or H-protein. The decarboxylation activity of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase preparation purified from bovine liver by the method similar to that of L. R. Zieske and L. Davis [(1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 10355-10359] was completely inhibited by the antibody to P-protein, while the antibody had no effect on the activity of the phenylserine cleavage. Conversely, D-serine inhibited the activity of phenylserine cleavage but the activity of the decarboxylation of glycine was not affected by D-serine. Finally, the two activities were separated by the chromatography on hydroxylapatite. The results clearly demonstrate that serine hydroxymethyltransferase per se cannot catalyze the decarboxylation of glycine.
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Kochi H, Seino H, Ono K. Inhibition of glycine oxidation by pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acids in rat liver mitochondria: presence of interaction between the glycine cleavage system and alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1986; 249:263-72. [PMID: 3753002 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acids which were transaminated products of valine, leucine, and isoleucine inhibited glycine decarboxylation by rat liver mitochondria. However, glycine synthesis (the reverse reaction of glycine decarboxylation) was stimulated by those alpha-keto acids with the concomitant decarboxylation of alpha-keto acid added in the absence of NADH. Both the decarboxylation and the synthesis of glycine by mitochondrial extract were affected similarly by alpha-ketoglutarate and branched-chain alpha-keto acids in the absence of pyridine nucleotide, but not by pyruvate. This failure of pyruvate to have an effect was due to the lack of pyruvate oxidation activity in the mitochondrial extract employed. It indicated that those alpha-keto acids exerted their effects by providing reducing equivalents to the glycine cleavage system, possibly through lipoamide dehydrogenase, a component shared by the glycine cleavage system and alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes. On the decarboxylation of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acids in intact mitochondria, those alpha-keto acids inhibited one another. In similar experiments with mitochondrial extract, decarboxylations of alpha-ketoglutarate and branched-chain alpha-keto acid were inhibited by branched-chain alpha-keto acid and alpha-ketoglutarate, respectively, but not by pyruvate. NADH was unlikely to account for the inhibition. We suggest that the lipoamide dehydrogenase component is an indistinguishable constituent among alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes and the glycine cleavage system in mitochondria in nature, and that lipoamide dehydrogenase-mediated transfer of reducing equivalents might regulate alpha-keto acid oxidation as well as glycine oxidation.
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12
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Walker JL, Oliver DJ. Glycine decarboxylase multienzyme complex. Purification and partial characterization from pea leaf mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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13
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Mechanism of the glycine cleavage reaction. Further characterization of the intermediate attached to H-protein and of the reaction catalyzed by T-protein. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Fujiwara K, Motokawa Y. Mechanism of the glycine cleavage reaction. Steady state kinetic studies of the P-protein-catalyzed reaction. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)82042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Hampson RK, Barron LL, Olson MS. Regulation of the glycine cleavage system in isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32819-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Kikuchi G, Hiraga K. The mitochondrial glycine cleavage system. Unique features of the glycine decarboxylation. Mol Cell Biochem 1982; 45:137-49. [PMID: 6750353 DOI: 10.1007/bf00230082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Mendelson IS. A strategy for glycine encephalopathy therapy. JOURNAL OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY RESEARCH 1982; 26 (Pt 2):107-110. [PMID: 6809951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1982.tb00134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An inherited defect in the glycine cleavage enzyme results in the condition of neonatal glycine encephalopathy which has not responded to the current innovative methods of therapy. A re-examination of the enzyme structure and metabolic pathways, leads us to recommend future clinical evaluation of (1) vitamin-responsiveness, e.g., pyridoxine, folate and lipoic acid, (2) methionine, (3) N5, N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate and (4) alpha-methylserine therapy during the critical period of neonatal brain growth and development.
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Okamura-Ikeda K, Fujiwara K, Motokawa Y. Purification and characterization of chicken liver T-protein, a component of the glycine cleavage system. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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19
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The mitochondrial glycine cleavage system. Purification and properties of glycine decarboxylase from chicken liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Moore AL, Dench JE, Jackson C, Hall DO. Glycine decarboxylase activity in plant tissues measured by a rapid assay technique. FEBS Lett 1980; 115:54-8. [PMID: 7389918 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Fujiwara K, Okamura K, Motokawa Y. Hydrogen carrier protein from chicken liver: purification, characterization, and role of its prosthetic group, lipolic acid, in the glycine cleavage reaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 197:454-62. [PMID: 389161 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Halliwell B. The chloroplast at work. A review of modern developments in our understanding of chloroplast metabolism. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1979; 33:1-54. [PMID: 415334 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(79)90024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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O'Brien WE. Inhibition of glycine synthase by branched-chain alpha-keto acids. A possible mechanism for abnormal glycine metabolism in ketotic hyperglycinemia. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 189:291-7. [PMID: 708054 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Motokawa Y, Kikuchi G, Narisawa K, Arakawa T. Reduced level of glycine cleavage system in the liver of hyperglycinemia patients. Clin Chim Acta 1977; 79:173-81. [PMID: 890950 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(77)90475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the glycine cleavage system in liver of hyperglycinemia with organic acidemia was 1/6 to 1/20 tha of normal human livers. The reduced activity results from the reduction in concentration of the enzyme of the glycine cleavage system. All the protein components of the glycine cleavage system examined were reduced when the activity was determined seprately. H-protein was purified from patients' and control livers, and there was found no difference in their chromatographic properties.
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25
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Ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase. I. Purification and role in pantothenate biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Kochi H, Kikuchi G. Mechanism of reversible glycine cleavage reaction in Arthrobacter globiformis. Function of lipoic acid in the cleavage and synthesis of blycine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:71-81. [PMID: 1259444 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Motokawa Y, Kikuchi G. Glycine metabolism by rat liver mitochondria. Reconstruction of the reversible glycine cleavage system with partially purified protein components. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:624-33. [PMID: 4460882 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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