1
|
Umer MJ, Zheng J, Yang M, Batool R, Abro AA, Hou Y, Xu Y, Gebremeskel H, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Cai X, Liu F, Zhang B. Insights to Gossypium defense response against Verticillium dahliae: the Cotton Cancer. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:142. [PMID: 37121989 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, also referred as "The Cotton Cancer," is responsible for causing Verticillium wilt in cotton crops, a destructive disease with a global impact. To infect cotton plants, the pathogen employs multiple virulence mechanisms such as releasing enzymes that degrade cell walls, activating genes that contribute to virulence, and using protein effectors. Conversely, cotton plants have developed numerous defense mechanisms to combat the impact of V. dahliae. These include strengthening the cell wall by producing lignin and depositing callose, discharging reactive oxygen species, and amassing hormones related to defense. Despite the efforts to develop resistant cultivars, there is still no permanent solution to Verticillium wilt due to a limited understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive both resistance and pathogenesis is currently prevalent. To address this challenge, cutting-edge technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), and gene delivery via nano-carriers could be employed as effective alternatives to control the disease. This article intends to present an overview of V. dahliae virulence mechanisms and discuss the different cotton defense mechanisms against Verticillium wilt, including morphophysiological and biochemical responses and signaling pathways including jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and strigolactones (SLs). Additionally, the article highlights the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gene expression regulation, as well as the different methods employed to identify and functionally validate genes to achieve resistance against this disease. Gaining a more profound understanding of these mechanisms could potentially result in the creation of more efficient strategies for combating Verticillium wilt in cotton crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jawad Umer
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Mengying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Raufa Batool
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamir Ali Abro
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yuqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Haileslassie Gebremeskel
- Mehoni Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - ZhongLi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, China/National Nanfan, Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, China.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farmer EE, Pearce G, Ryan CA. In vitro phosphorylation of plant plasma membrane proteins in response to the proteinase inhibitor inducing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 86:1539-42. [PMID: 16578842 PMCID: PMC286733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A polygalacturonide purified from a tomato leaf pectic polysaccharide that induces the systemic synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in tomato plants enhances the phosphorylation of specific proteins in plasma membrane fractions isolated from tomato and potato leaves. In tomato plasma membranes, two proteins of 34 and 29 kDa show enhanced phosphorylation in response to the polyuronide. In potato plasma membranes, only a protein of 34 kDa exhibited enhanced phosphorylation due to the polyuronide. A noncarbohydrate class of proteinase inhibitor inducing factor, recently identified by workers in this laboratory, resulted in the in vitro hyperphosphorylation of a family of proteins of approximately 27 kDa. The phosphorylation of specific polypeptides in leaves in response to the same factors that induce the expression of proteinase inhibitor genes suggests that protein kinases may play an important role in the mechanism of signal transduction leading to defense gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Farmer
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aoyagi H, Akimoto-Tomiyama C, Tanaka H. Preparation of mixed alginate elicitors with high activity for the efficient production of 5'-phosphodiesterase by Catharanthus roseus cells. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1567-71. [PMID: 16937247 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
When various autoclaved microbial cells suspensions (exogenous elicitors) were added to Catharanthus roseus cell cultures, its growth was inhibited but 5'-phosphodiesterase (PDase) production was stimulated. The greatest effect was with autoclaved Alteromonas macleodii: the dry cell concentration decreased from 13 to 10.9 mg/ml while PDase production increased from 0.022 to 0.235 U/ml. A combination of A. macleodii (as exogenous elicitor) and 0.1%(w/v) alginate oligomers (AO: acting as both endogenous elicitor and scavenger of active oxygen species) minimized the cell growth inhibition but enhanced PDase production (0.474 U/ml) about 20 times higher than the control (no addition). The method for the preparation of mixed alginate elicitors with high activities containing exogenous elicitor (autoclaved A. macleodii), endogenous elicitor (AO), and trans-4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one was developed. The mixed alginate elicitors significantly promoted PDase production (2.67 U/ml) by C. roseus, and the productivity was increased 120-fold compared to the control without cell growth inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Aoyagi
- Institute of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fradin EF, Thomma BPHJ. Physiology and molecular aspects of Verticillium wilt diseases caused by V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2006; 7:71-86. [PMID: 20507429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Verticillium spp. are soil-borne plant pathogens responsible for Verticillium wilt diseases in temperate and subtropical regions; collectively they affect over 200 hosts, including many economically important crops. There are currently no fungicides available to cure plants once they are infected. TAXONOMY Kingdom: Fungi, phylum: Ascomycota, subphylum, Pezizomycotina, class: Sordariomycetes, order: Phyllachorales, genus: Verticillium. Host range and disease symptoms: Over 200 mainly dicotyledonous species including herbaceous annuals, perennials and woody species are host to Verticillium diseases. As Verticillium symptoms can vary between hosts, there are no unique symptoms that belong to all plants infected by this fungus. Disease symptoms may comprise wilting, chlorosis, stunting, necrosis and vein clearing. Brown vascular discoloration may be observed in stem tissue cross-sections. Pathogenicity: Verticillium spp. have been reported to produce cell-wall-degrading enzymes and phytotoxins that all have been implicated in symptom development. Nevertheless, evidence for a crucial role of toxins in pathogenicity is inconsistent and therefore not generally accepted. Microsclerotia and melanized mycelium play an important role in the disease cycle as they are a major inoculum source and are the primary long-term survival structures. Resistance: Different defence responses in the prevascular and the vascular stage of Verticillium wilt diseases determine resistance. Although resistance physiology is well established, the molecular processes underlying this physiology remain largely unknown. Resistance against Verticillium largely depends on the isolation of the fungus in contained parts of the xylem tissues followed by subsequent elimination of the fungus. Although genetic resistance has been described in several plant species, only one resistance locus against Verticillium has been cloned to date. Useful website: http://cbr-rbc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/services/cogeme/
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie F Fradin
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics (CBSG), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang HK, Zhang X, Mao BZ, Li Q, He ZH. Alpha-picolinic acid, a fungal toxin and mammal apoptosis-inducing agent, elicits hypersensitive-like response and enhances disease resistance in rice. Cell Res 2004; 14:27-33. [PMID: 15040887 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-picolinic acid (PA), a metabolite of tryptophan and an inducer of apoptosis in the animal cell, has been reported to be a toxin produced by some of plant fungal pathogens and used in screening for disease resistant mutants. Here, we report that PA is an efficient apoptosis agent triggering cell death of hypersensitive-like response in planta. Confirmed by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS), rice suspension cells and leaves exhibited programmed cell death induced by PA. The PA-induced cell death was associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that could be blocked by diphenylene iodonium chloride, indicating that the generation of reactive oxygen species was NADPH-oxidase dependent. We also demonstrated the induction of rice defense-related genes and subsequent resistant enhancement by PA against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Hence, it was concluded that the PA-stimulated defense response likely involves the onset of the hypersensitive response in rice, which also provides a simple eliciting tool for studying apoptosis in the plant cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Kuo Zhang
- SHARF and National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taylor AT, Kim J, Low PS. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the signal-transduction pathways of the soya bean oxidative burst. Biochem J 2001; 355:795-803. [PMID: 11311144 PMCID: PMC1221797 DOI: 10.1042/bj3550795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative burst constitutes one of the most rapid defence responses characterized in the Plant Kingdom. We have observed that four distinct elicitors of the soya bean oxidative burst activate kinases of masses approximately 44 kDa and approximately 47 kDa. Evidence that these kinases regulate production of reactive oxygen species include: (i) their rapid activation by oxidative burst elicitors, (ii) their tight temporal correlation between activation/deactivation of the kinases and activation/deactivation of the oxidative burst, (iii) the identical pharmacological profile of kinase activation and oxidant production for 13 commonly used inhibitors, and (iv) the autologous activation of both kinases and oxidant production by calyculin A and cantharidin, two phosphatase inhibitors. Immunological and biochemical studies reveal that the activated 44 kDa and 47 kDa kinases are mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family members. The kinases prefer myelin basic protein as a substrate, and they phosphorylate primarily on threonine residues. The kinases are themselves phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, and this phosphorylation is required for activity. Finally, both kinases are recognized by an antibody against activated MAP kinase immediately after (but not before) cell stimulation by elicitors. Based on these and other observations, a preliminary sequence of signalling steps linking elicitor stimulation, kinase activation and Ca(2+) entry, to initiation of oxidant production, is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 1393 Brown Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Rafael MA, Valle T, Babiano MJ, Corchete P. Correlation of resistance and H2O2 production in Ulmus pumila and Ulmus campestris cell suspension cultures inoculated with Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 111:512-518. [PMID: 11299016 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Dutch elm disease (DED) pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Buissm. elicited the production of H2O2 in cell suspension cultures of the resistant species Ulmus pumila L. This response was not observed in suspensions of the susceptible elm U. campestris Mill. H2O2 production started after a lag time of 30-40 min following inoculation, peaked between 4 and 6 h and lasted up to 24 h. Treatment of the suspensions with exogenously added H2O2 did not cause accumulation of the sesquiterpene phytoalexins mansonones nor of the coumarin scopoletin. Spore germination and growth of O. novo-ulmi were significantly delayed with different amounts of H2O2 (0.1-1 mM). These results suggest that H2O2 production is an inducible defence response which may contribute to DED resistance by delaying the growth of the pathogen at the earliest stages of infection. Whether H2O2 is involved in other elm defence responses to the pathogen is presently unknown, but its production seems to be an independent event from phytoalexin formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. De Rafael
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, Spain; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Able AJ, Guest DI, Sutherland MW. Hydrogen peroxide yields during the incompatible interaction of tobacco suspension cells inoculated with Phytophthora nicotianae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 124:899-910. [PMID: 11027737 PMCID: PMC59193 DOI: 10.1104/pp.124.2.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2000] [Accepted: 06/26/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rates of H(2)O(2) production by tobacco suspension cells inoculated with zoospores from compatible or incompatible races of the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae were followed by direct measurement of oxygen evolution from culture supernatants following catalase addition. Rates of HO(2)(*)/O(2)(-) production were compared by following the formation of the formazan of sodium, 3'-[1-[phenylamino-carbonyl]-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro) benzene-sulfonic acid hydrate. In the incompatible interaction only, both reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced by the cultured host cells in a minor burst between 0 and 2 h and then in a major burst between 8 and 12 h after inoculation. Absolute levels of H(2)O(2) could not be accurately measured due to its metabolism by host cells, but results are consistent with the majority of H(2)O(2) being formed via dismutation of HO(2)(*)/O(2)(-). The effects of inhibitors of endogenous Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (diethyldithiocarbamate) and catalase (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and salicylic acid) were also examined. Yields of ROS in the presence of the inhibitors diphenylene iodonium, allopurinol, and salicylhydroxamic acid suggest that ROS were generated in incompatible host responses by more than one mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Able
- Centre for Rural and Environmental Biotechnology and Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Akimoto C, Aoyagi H, Dicosmo F, Tanaka H. Synergistic effect of active oxygen species and alginate on chitinase production by Wasabia japonica cells and its application. J Biosci Bioeng 2000; 89:131-7. [PMID: 16232715 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(00)88726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1999] [Accepted: 10/28/1999] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The specific chitinase productivity of a Wasabia japonica cell suspension culture under pure oxygen aeration was 3.8 times higher than that of a suspension culture aerated with ordinary air. During aeration with pure oxygen, both oxygen consumption by the cells and the H2O2 concentration in the medium increased. Addition of H2O2 to the cultivation medium also promoted the specific chitinase productivity. H2O2 could pass freely through the cell membrane. It was assumed that the excess oxygen was converted into active oxygen species such as H2O2, and that the promotion of chitinase production was probably due to the generated active oxygen species. Addition of alginate oligomer (AO, an endogenous elicitor-like substance) to cultures aerated with pure oxygen or supplemented with H2O2 resulted in synergistic increases in chitinase production. Based on these results, the development of a simple and efficient chitinase production system was investigated. Cells were immobilized in alginate gel (instead of adding AO to the medium) and cultivated in a medium containing H2O2. The specific chitinase productivity increased to the levels observed in the suspension culture system. During repeated batch cultivation of immobilized cells, the chitinase production remained stable for three repeated batches. When immobilized protoplasts were cultivated in a medium containing H2O2, there was 7-fold increase in chitinase production compared with that of immobilized cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Akimoto
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- E Blée
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-CNRS-UPR 406, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schroeder Taylor AT, Low PS. Phospholipase D involvement in the plant oxidative burst. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 237:10-5. [PMID: 9266820 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-triggered generation of reactive oxidants, termed the oxidative burst, contributes to disease resistance in both plant and animal kingdoms. Since phospholipase D plays a key role in the neutrophil oxidative burst signaling cascade and is highly abundant in plants, we investigated its participation in the plant oxidative burst. Thin layer chromatography of extracted phospholipids revealed no changes in phosphatidic acid levels in soybean cells undergoing oxidant production, and no changes in phosphatidyl-ethanol biosynthesis could be detected when ethanol was present during elicitation. An inhibitor of phosphatidic acid hydrolase, propranolol, did not modify burst parameters or phosphatidic acid levels during the burst, suggesting our inability to detect phosphatidic acid accumulation was not due to rapid elimination. Furthermore, exogenous phosphatidic acid did not elicit a burst or enhance elicitor-stimulated bursts. Finally, ethanol, a substitute nucleophile, did not abrogate the burst. With data showing the presence of phospholipase D in soybean cells, these data argue that soybean phospholipase D does not participate in signaling the oxidative burst. This constitutes the first major difference between the plant and animal oxidative burst signal transduction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Schroeder Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hrazdina G, Borejsza-Wysocki W, Lester C. Phytoalexin Production in an Apple Cultivar Resistant to Venturia inaequalis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 1997; 87:868-876. [PMID: 18945056 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.1997.87.8.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cell suspension cultures of the scab-resistant apple (Malus x domestica) cultivar Liberty were challenged with yeast extract to mimic the effect of biological stress such as fungal invasion. The cells responded to the challenge by production of novel compounds. Suspension cultures of the scab-susceptible cultivar McIntosh, when similarly challenged, showed no detectable response. The major compound produced by scab-resistant cells in response to the challenge has been identified as the 2,4-methoxy-3-hydroxy-9-O-beta-D-glucosyloxydibenzofuran by UV, mass spectrometry, (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. We suggest the trivial name malusfuran for the compound. Malusfuran production was initiated approximately 24 h after being challenged. Malusfuran inhibited spore germination and growth of Venturia inaequalis at millimolar concentrations, indicating its role as a possible phytoalexin. The aglycone of malusfuran, 2,4-methoxy-3,9-hydroxy-dibenzofuran, showed higher toxicity to V. inaequalis than to the parent malusfuran. In vitro cultures of V. inaequalis produced a beta-glucosidase that hydrolyzed ortho- and para-substituted nitrophenyl-beta-glucosides, suggesting that the aglycone may act as the actual phytoalexin.
Collapse
|
13
|
Schreck S, Dörnenburg H, Knorr D. Research report: Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide production in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) suspension cultures as a stress reaction to high pressure treatment. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/08905439609549909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
14
|
Smith CJ. Tansley Review No. 86 Accumulation of phytoalexins: defence mechanism and stimulus response system. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1996; 132:1-45. [PMID: 33863060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb04506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytoalexin synthesis is a defence-response- that is characterized by a requirement for a number of distinct elements, all of which must be present for the response to be expressed fully. These same elements: a signal, a cellular receptor, a signal transduction system and a responsive metabolic system, are also used to describe a stimulus-response system. A number of molecular species can function as signal molecules or elicitors of phytoalexin synthesis, including poly- and oligosaccharides, proteins and polypeptides, and fatty acids. Few receptors for elicitors have been identified but those that have been are proteins located on the plasma membrane of the plant. Induction of phytoalexin synthesis involves selective and co-ordinated activation of specific defence response genes, including those encoding the enzymes of phytoalexin synthesis, and these genes constitute the responsive metabolic system. The separate, and distant, locations of the receptor and the responsive genes means that the event in which the signal is perceived by the receptor must be relayed to the genes by means of a second messenger system. Several second messengers are candidates for such a coupling- or signal transduction-system, including udenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, Ca2+ , diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, active oxygen species and jasmonic acid. Each has been examined as a possible component of the signal transduction system mediating between the elicitor receptor interaction and the phytoalexin synthesis it induces. Analysis of the signalling events is made complex by the simultaneous solicitation by the invading micro-organism of several defence responses, each of which might involve elements of a different signal system. The same complexity is evident which the role of phytoalexin accumulation in resistance is analysed. Evaluation of the contribution made by phytoalexin accumulation towards resistance has been attempted by the use of various inhibitors and enhancers of the process. Transgenic and mutant plants with specific alterations in one or more ot those elements necessary for the plant to respond to the signals for phytoalexin synthesis and other defence responses, are beginning to aid resolution of the complex pattern ot signalling events and the respective roles of the inducible defence mechanisms in resistance. CONTENTS Summary 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Chemistry of phytoalexins 3 III. Phytoalexin accumulation as a determinant of resistance 6 IV. Elicitation of phytoalexin accumulation 11 References 34.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Smith
- Biochemistry Research Croup, School of Biological Scietices, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chandra S, Low PS. Role of phosphorylation in elicitation of the oxidative burst in cultured soybean cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:4120-3. [PMID: 11607537 PMCID: PMC41896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative burst is likely the most rapid defense response mounted by a plant under pathogen attack, and the generated oxidant species may be essential to several subsequent defense responses. In our effort to characterize the signal-transduction pathways leading to rapid H2O2/O2- biosynthesis, we have examined the role of protein phosphorylation in this resistance mechanism. K-252a and staurosporine, two protein-kinase inhibitors, were found to block the oxidative burst in a concentration-dependent manner. When added during H2O2 generation, the burst was observed to rapidly terminate, suggesting that continuous phosphorylation was essential for its maintenance. Importantly, phosphatase inhibitors (calyculin A and okadaic acid) were found to induce the oxidative burst in the absence of any additional stimulus. This may suggest that certain kinases required for the burst are constitutively active and that stabilization of the phosphorylated forms of their substrates is all that is required for burst activity. In autoradiographs of elicited and unstimulated cells equilibrated with 32PO4(3-), several phosphorylated polypeptide bands were revealed that could represent proteins essential for the burst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Donato M, Chiavazza P. Rapid hydrogen peroxide release in cell suspensions ofCapsicum spp. elicited by fungal preparations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02825359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- H I McKhann
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1606
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Legendre L, Yueh YG, Crain R, Haddock N, Heinstein PF, Low PS. Phospholipase C activation during elicitation of the oxidative burst in cultured plant cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
19
|
Legendre L, Heinstein P, Low P. Evidence for participation of GTP-binding proteins in elicitation of the rapid oxidative burst in cultured soybean cells. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)88677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
20
|
?-Tocopherol alteration of soybean antiherbivory toTrichoplusia ni larvae. J Chem Ecol 1991; 17:1941-51. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00992579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/1991] [Accepted: 06/03/1991] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
21
|
Graziana A, Ranjeva R, Teissié J. External electric fields stimulate the electrogenic calcium/sodium exchange in plant protoplasts. Biochemistry 1990; 29:8313-8. [PMID: 2174697 DOI: 10.1021/bi00488a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
External electric fields of low intensity stimulated calcium influx in protoplasts isolated from carrot cell suspension cultures in field intensity dependent and frequency-dependent ways. The field-induced calcium uptake involved a temperature-dependent system that was saturable by external calcium. The induction process appeared mainly cumulative as long as the morphology of the protoplasts did not change (up to 10 min). The stimulation elicited by the electric fields was effective even after switching the field off; the influx increased for 5 min and then slowed down to its initial value 15 min later. During electrostimulation, an additional amount of ATP was accumulated; on removal of the stimulatory field, the extra amount of ATP was consumed, whereas the plasma membrane was hyperpolarized and sodium ions were expelled from the protoplasts. Inhibition of either ATP accumulation or consumption results in the inhibition of both calcium influx and sodium efflux, demonstrating that these processes are coupled. From the data obtained in this work, it may be concluded that the electric field stimulates an ATP synthase like activity; the consumption of the ATP thus formed elicits an electric potential (probably due to the efflux of cations and more specifically sodium) that drives the influx of calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Graziana
- Centre de Physiologie Végétale de l'Université Paul Sabatier, URA 241, Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Smith SE, Smith FA. Structure and function of the interfaces in biotrophic symbioses as they relate to nutrient transport. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1990; 114:1-38. [PMID: 33874304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review we compare the structure and function of the interfaces between symbionts in biotrophic associations. The emphasis is on biotrophic fungal parasites and on mycorrhizas, although necrotrophic parasitic associations and the Rhizobium/legume symbiosis are mentioned briefly. We take as a starting point the observations that in the parasitic associations nutrient transport is polarized towards the parasite, whereas in mutualistic associations it is bidirectional. The structure and function of the interfaces are then compared. An important common feature is that in nearly all cases the heterotrophic symbiont (whether mutualistic or parasitic) is located topologically outside the cytoplasm of the host cells, in an apoplastic compartment. This means that nutrient movements across the interface must involve transport into and out of this apoplastic region through membranes of both organisms. Basic principles of membrane transport in uninfected cells are briefly reviewed to set the scene for a discussion of transport mechanisms which may operate in parasitic and mycorrhizal symbioses. The presence and possible roles of ATPases associated with membranes at the interfaces are discussed. We conclude that cytochemical techniques (used to demonstrate the activity of these enzymes) need to he extended and complemented by biochemical and biophysical studies in order to confirm that the activity is due to transport ATPases. Nevertheless, the distribution of activity appears to he in accord with polarized transport mechanisms in some pathogens and with bidirectional transport in mycorrhizas. The absence of ATPases on many fungal membranes needs re-examination. We emphasize that transport mechanisms between mycorrhizal symbionts cannot be viewed simply as the exchange of carbon for phosphate. Additional features include provision for transport of carbon and nitrogen as amino acids or amides and for ions such as K+ and H+ involved in the maintenance of charge balance and pH regulation, processes which also occur in parasitic associations. Interplant transport of nutrients via mycorrhizal hyphae is discussed in the context of these complexities. Some suggestions for the directions of future work are made. CONTENTS Summary 1 I. Introduction 2 II. The availability of nutrients to the symbionts 3 III. Structure of interfaces between symbionts 4 IV. Identity of nutrients transferred: an overview 12 V. Membrane transport: basic principles 14 VI. Transport at the interface of biotrophic symbioses 15 VII. Regulation of pH in biotrophic symbioses 25 VIII. Conclusions: 26.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Smith
- Departments of Agricultural Biochemistry (Waite Agricultural Research Institute), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
| | - F A Smith
- Departments of Botany, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Apostol I, Low PS, Heinstein P. Effect of age of cell suspension cultures on susceptibility to a fungal elicitor. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1989; 7:692-695. [PMID: 24240464 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/1988] [Revised: 12/20/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungal elicitor induced phytoalexin formation and the corresponding fluorescence transitions of the molecular probes pyranine and oxonol VI, in soybean (Glycine max Merr var Kent) and cotton (Gossypium arboreum L. Nanking) cell suspensions were both significantly affected by the age of the cells. During the lag phase and the beginning of the exponential growth phase both cultures exhibited stress responses (i.e. phytoalexin formation and molecular probe fluorescence transitions) in the absence of added elicitors. This behavior was termed autoelicitation because elicitation occurred without added external stimuli. In contrast, cells in the late exponential-early stationary phase were relatively unresponsive to elicitor. During intermediate growth periods the cell suspensions behaved optimally, producing no phytoalexins until stimulated with an elicitor. It would appear, therefore, that the culture period can be divided into 3 phases, with respect to susceptibility to fungal elicitors: a distinct autoelicitation period (immediately after transfer of the cells into fresh medium), followed by a period in which negligible amounts of phytoalexins are synthesized without elicitor, and culminating in a late period in which the cells respond poorly to elicitor. The onset and duration of these periods are somewhat different for soybean and cotton cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Apostol
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Linsefors L, Björk L, Mosbach K. Influence of Elicitors and Mevalonic Acid on the Biosynthesis of Ginsenosides in Tissue Cultures of Panax ginseng. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(89)80039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
|