1
|
Thygesen P, Andersen HS, Behrens C, Fels JJ, Nørskov-Lauritsen L, Rischel C, Johansen NL. Nonclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterisation of somapacitan: A reversible non-covalent albumin-binding growth hormone. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 35:8-16. [PMID: 28595133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Somapacitan is an albumin-binding growth hormone derivative intended for once weekly administration, currently in clinical development for treatment of adult as well as juvenile GH deficiency. Nonclinical in vivo pharmacological characterisation of somapacitan was performed to support the clinical trials. Here we present the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of somapacitan in rats, minipigs, and cynomolgus monkeys. METHODS Pharmacokinetic studies investigating exposure, absorption, clearance, and bioavailability after single intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration were performed in all species. A dose-response study with five dose levels and a multiple dose pharmacodynamic study with four once weekly doses was performed in hypophysectomised rats to evaluate the effect of somapacitan on growth and IGF-I production. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic profiles indicated first order absorption from the subcutaneous tissue after s.c. injections for somapacitan in all three species. Apparent terminal half-lives were 5-6h in rats, 10-12h in minipigs, and 17-20h in monkeys. Somapacitan induced a dose-dependent growth in hypophysectomised rats (p<0.001) and an increase in plasma IGF-I levels in rats (p<0.01), minipigs (p<0.01), and cynomolgus monkeys (p<0.05) after single dose administration. Multiple once weekly dosing of somapacitan in hypophysectomised rats induced a step-wise increase in body weight with an initial linear phase the first 3-4days in each dosing interval (p<0.001). CONCLUSION The nonclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of somapacitan showed similar pharmacokinetic properties, with no absorption-limited elimination, increased clearance and increased and sustained levels of IGF-I in plasma for up to 10days after a single dose administration in all three species. Somapacitan induced a dose-dependent increase in body weight and IGF-I levels in hypophysectomised rats. Multiple dosing of somapacitan in hypophysectomised rats suggested a linear growth for the first 3-4days in each weekly dosing interval, whereas daily hGH dosing showed linear growth for approximately two weeks before reaching a plateau level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thygesen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Haemophilia Pharmacology, DK-2760, Maaloev, Denmark.
| | | | - Carsten Behrens
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein & Peptide Chemistry, DK-2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Christian Rischel
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Large Protein Biophysics & Formulation, DK-2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
HULMES JEFFREYD, MIEDEL MAYC, LI CHOHHAO, PAN YUCHINGE. Primary structure of elephant growth hormone†. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
Hashimoto Y, Ikeda I, Ikeda M, Takahashi Y, Hosaka M, Uchida H, Kono N, Fukui H, Makino T, Honjo M. Construction of a specific and sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay for 20 kDa human growth hormone. J Immunol Methods 1998; 221:77-85. [PMID: 9894899 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty kilodalton human growth hormone (20K-hGH) is a naturally occurring isoform lacking amino acid residues 32-46 of 22K-hGH. Due to this structural similarity to 22K-hGH, no one has constructed a specific and sensitive assay system for 20K-hGH, which can be used for measuring physiological concentration of this isoform in the circulation. To construct such a specific assay system, we have generated polyclonal antibodies (pAb) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant 20K-hGH. Binding characteristics to 20K-, 22K-hGH and monkey GH (mGH) of these five mAbs, designated A23, B13, C02, D05, and D14, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and surface plasmon resonance analysis. Only one of them, the mAb D05, does not crossreact with 22K-hGH. It was also observed that mAb B13 does not crossreact with mGH, although the later is 96% homologous to hGH. Using these antibodies we have established several sandwich EIA systems for circulating 20K-hGH. The combination of A23 as a solid-phase antibody and B13 as a labeled antibody permitted both high sensitivity to 20K-hGH (< 0.1 ng/ml) and low cross-reactivities with 22K-hGH (< 2%), mGH (< 0.3%) and rat GH (< 0.1%). The clearances of administered 20K-hGH were determined by this combination in both rats and monkeys. In the assay of physiologically circulating 20K-hGH in humans, the combination of D05 and affinity-purified anti-20K-hGH pAb showed the highest sensitivity to 20K-hGH (< 10 pg/ml) and substantially no cross-reactivity with 22K-hGH (< 0.1%). The plasma 20K-hGH concentration in healthy female subjects was determined by this combination. The assay systems constructed here enables us to directly measure circulating 20K-hGH in physiological condition with no interference of 22K-hGH for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hashimoto
- Institute of Biological Science, Mitsui Pharmaceuticals, Mobara, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martini JF, Pezet A, Guezennec CY, Edery M, Postel-Vinay MC, Kelly PA. Monkey growth hormone (GH) receptor gene expression. Evidence for two mechanisms for the generation of the GH binding protein. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:18951-8. [PMID: 9228076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.30.18951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone receptor (GHR) cDNA was cloned from the liver of Rhesus macaque using polymerase chain reaction. As deduced from the nucleotide sequence, the mature GHR is a protein of 620 amino acids which presents 94.1% identity with the human receptor. The monkey GHR (mkGHR) expressed in 293 cells presented the expected specificity for a primate GHR and was able to transduce a transcriptional effect of GH. Human GH was able to activate tyrosine phosphorylation of both the tyrosine kinase JAK2 and the receptor in 293 cells co-transfected with mkGHR and JAK2 cDNAs. The GH binding protein (GHBP), the soluble short form of the GHR, was also present in monkey serum. Expression of the GHR cDNA in eucaryotic cells indicated that the GHBP can be produced by proteolytic cleavage of the membrane receptor. Northern blot analysis of GHR gene expression in different tissues allowed us to identify three different transcripts of 5.0 and 2.8 kilobase pairs and a smaller one of 1.7 kilobase pairs which could encode a GHBP. Rapid amplification of cDNA extremities (3'-RACE-polymerase chain reaction) was used to identify a cDNA encoding a protein in which the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the receptor are substituted by a short sequence of 9 amino acids. This transcript was present in various tissues and could encode a GHBP as well, suggesting for the first time that two different mechanisms can coexist for the generation of the GHBP: proteolytic cleavage of the membrane receptor and a specific mRNA produced by alternative splicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Martini
- INSERM Unité 344, Endocrinologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Necker-Enfants Malades, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Secchi C, Borromeo V. Structure and function of bovine growth hormone. Bovine growth hormone as an experimental model for studies of protein-protein interactions. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 688:161-77. [PMID: 9061453 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a polipeptide that controls the differentiation, growth and metabolism of many cell types, and is secreted from the hypophysis of all vertebrate species tested so far. Despite the overlapping evolutionary, structural, immunological and biological properties, it is well-known that GHs from distinct mammalian species have significant species-specific characteristics. The main purpose of this review is to highlight bovine GH (bGH) structural features related to its species-specific properties. Novel interest in bGH is also aroused by the advent of biotechnological methods for production of recombinant proteins. In fact recombinant bGH will have a great importance in veterinary medicine research and as a 'high tech' drug that needs to be monitored in zootechnical productions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Secchi
- Istituto di Fisiologia Veterinaria e Biochimica, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson OL, Cleland JL, Lee HJ, Charnis M, Duenas E, Jaworowicz W, Shepard D, Shahzamani A, Jones AJ, Putney SD. A month-long effect from a single injection of microencapsulated human growth hormone. Nat Med 1996; 2:795-9. [PMID: 8673926 DOI: 10.1038/nm0796-795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An injectable sustained-release form of human growth hormone (hGH) was developed by stabilizing and encapsulating the protein, without altering its integrity, into biodegradable microspheres using a novel cryogenic process. A single injection of microspheres in monkeys resulted in elevated serum levels of recombinant hGH (rhGH) for more than one month. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its binding protein IGFBP-3, both of which are induced by hGH, were also elevated for four weeks by the rhGH containing microspheres to a level greater than that induced by the same amount of rhGH administered by daily injections. These results show that, by using appropriate methods of stabilization and encapsulation, the advantages of sustained-release formulations previously demonstrated for low-molecular-weight drugs can now be extended to protein therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O L Johnson
- Alkermes, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pearlman R, Bewley TA. Stability and characterization of human growth hormone. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1993; 5:1-58. [PMID: 8019691 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1236-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Pearlman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Genetech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scammell JG, Von Haven R, Friesen HG, Wear LB, Thompson ME, Brady AG, Williams LE, Abee CR. Characterization of prolactin and growth hormone immuno- and bioactivities in the pituitary gland and serum of the squirrel monkey(Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis). Am J Primatol 1992; 26:35-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350260107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/1990] [Revised: 02/18/1991] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
de Jiménez Bonino MB, de Nué IA, Oré R, Sánchez D, Ferrara P, Capdevielle J, Cascone O. Primary structure of alpaca growth hormone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1991; 38:193-7. [PMID: 1761365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1991.tb01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced and carbamidomethylated alpaca growth hormone was submitted to tryptic digestion. Peptides in the mixture were purified by reverse phase HPLC and N-terminal determination and an amino acid analysis of each was performed. Data obtained and the already known primary structure of the equine growth hormone allowed the assembly-by homology-of a definite sequence of amino acids for the polypeptide chain of the protein. Present data provide further information about the relationship between growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B de Jiménez Bonino
- Institute of Chemistry and Biological Physicochemistry (UBA-CONICET), Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Styne DM. The growth hormone secretory response to growth hormone releasing factor in the developing rhesus monkey. J Med Primatol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1991.tb00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M. Styne
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of CaliforniaDavis
- School of MedicineDavisCaliforniaU.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kobayashi T, Yasuda A, Yamaguchi K, Kawauchi H, Kikuyama S. The complete amino acid sequence of growth hormone of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1078:383-7. [PMID: 1859828 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary structure of growth hormone (GH) isolated from the adenohypophysis of the bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) was determined. The hormone was reduced, carboxymethylated and subsequently cleaved with cyanogen bromide. Intact bullfrog GH was also digested with lysyl endopeptidase and trypsin. The resulting fragments were separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and subjected to sequence analysis using an automated gas-liquid sequencer employing the Edman method. Bullfrog GH was found to consist of 190 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence determined is in accord with that deduced from bullfrog GH cDNA by Pan and Chang (1988) except for nine residues at positions 43-48, 73, 80 and 87. Sequence comparisons revealed that bullfrog GH is more similar to tetrapod GHs (e.g., 69% homology with sea turtle GH, 66% with chicken GH and 61% with ovine GH) than to GHs of teleosts (e.g., 35% homology with chum salmon GH and 33% with bonito GH) except for eel (52% identity). Bullfrog GH and prolactin exhibit a sequence homology of 25%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Foster DN, Kim SU, Enyeart JJ, Foster LK. Nucleotide sequence of the complementary DNA for turkey growth hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:967-75. [PMID: 2125220 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Near-full length complementary DNA (cDNA) clones encoding turkey growth hormone (GH) have been isolated from a pituitary library. The longer of the two turkey GH cDNA clones that were sequenced is 803 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 41 nucleotides of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame of 648 bp that encodes a 25 amino acid leader polypeptide segment as well as a 191 amino acid mature turkey GH protein, and a 3'-UTR that is 92 bp long followed by a 22 bp poly A tract. Comparison of the turkey GH nucleotide sequence to that of other avian GH clones shows the coding region to be greater than 93% homologous while the homology to mammalian GH sequences is between 68 and 78%. Northern blot analysis showed an approximate 800 bp turkey GH processed mRNA transcript that hybridized to the turkey GH cDNA probe. A large up-regulation of turkey GH transcription occurred when intact cultured pituitaries were treated with 1 nM human growth hormone releasing hormone but only modest changes were observed when cultures were treated with thyroid releasing hormone or somatostatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D N Foster
- Department of Poultry Science, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rivero JL, Cascone O, Biscoglio de Jimenez Bonino MJ. Conformational comparison in the growth hormone family. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 95:229-32. [PMID: 2109667 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90070-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The method of Kubota et al. [Biochim. biophys. Acta 701, 242-252 (1982)] was applied to several members of the growth hormone family in order to examine their conformational homology. 2. The method neither detects differences between rat, cow, sheep, horse and alpaca hormones, nor between monkey and human hormones. 3. Lack of homology between primate and non-primate growth hormones was found in segments 42-49 and 184-191. The first fragment could be linked to species-specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Rivero
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yasuda A, Yamaguchi K, Papkoff H, Yokoo Y, Kawauchi H. The complete amino acid sequence of growth hormone from the sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1989; 73:242-51. [PMID: 2707583 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(89)90097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of growth hormone (GH) from a reptilian species (the sea turtle, Chelonia mydas) has been determined for the first time. The hormone was reduced, carboxymethylated, and subsequently cleaved in turn with cyanogen bromide and Staphylococcus aureus protease. The intact protein was also cleaved with lysyl endopeptidase and o-iodosobenzoic acid. The resulting fragments were exclusively separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and subjected to sequence analysis by automated gas-phase sequencer employing the Edman method. The sea turtle GH consist of 190 amino acid residues with two disulfide linkages formed between residues 52-160 and 180-188, and possesses a microheterogeneity, indicated by the presence or absence of an additional alanine residue at the N-terminus. Sequence identities of sea turtle GH to other species of GH are 89% with chicken GH, 79% with rat GH, 68% with blue shark GH, 58% with eel GH, 59% with human GH, and 40% with a teleostean GH such as chum salmon. On the basis of amino acid sequence comparisons, a molecular phylogenetic tree is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yasuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Iwate, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li CH, Izdebski J, Chung D. Primary structure of fox pituitary growth hormone. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1989; 33:70-2. [PMID: 2722401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tryptic digests of fox growth hormone (fGH) were separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and by paper electrophoresis. From the amino acid composition of these tryptic peptides and from their alignment with the expected tryptic peptides from bovine growth hormone (bGH), the primary structure of fGH is proposed. There are only 17 amino acid residues which are different in these two growth hormone molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Ermácora MR, Rivero JL. Secondary structure prediction of 11 mammalian growth hormones. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1988; 32:223-9. [PMID: 3243668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1988.tb00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The secondary structure of 11 mammalian growth hormones has been predicted by combining five different methods. Three long helical regions located around residues 20, 120, and 170 constitute the most prominent common feature in the species studied. The strong amphiphilic character of these helices suggests that they can play an important role in protein folding or stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ermácora
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysicochemistry (UBA-CONICET), Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jørgensen KD, Svendsen O, Greenough RJ, Kallesen T, Goburdhun R, Skydsgaard K, Finch J, Dinesen B, Nilsson P. Biosynthetic human growth hormone: subchronic toxicity studies in rats and monkeys. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1988; 62:329-33. [PMID: 3413036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1988.tb01898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthetic human growth hormone was injected subcutaneously in rats for 90 days and in cynomolgus monkeys for 30 days. The daily doses were 0.5, 3.3 and 25 IU kg-1 (rats) and 0.3 and 15 IU kg-1 (monkeys). The growth hormone was tolerated well in both rats and monkeys. No drug related deaths occurred and all animals appeared to be normal and also behaved normally throughout the dosing period. Increased body weight gain, increased food utilisation and increased organ weights were seen in the rats in the high and intermediate dose groups. The higher doses of human growth hormone (3.3 and 25 IU kg-1) caused a glandular hyperplasia of the mammary gland in male and female rats with evidence of secretory activity. In the female monkeys secretory activity was seen without any sign of mammary gland hyperplasia. Mucification of the vaginal epithelium and stress induced prostatitis was observed in the rats. Additional treatment related changes in the rats were an increased haematopoietic activity in the spleen and an increase in the amounts of calcium and phosphate excreted in urine. An increase in fasting plasma glucose levels was seen in the male monkeys on the high dose level. The changes observed during the treatment periods presumably represent exaggerated pharmacological effects of the growth hormone.
Collapse
|
19
|
Agellon LB, Davies SL, Lin CM, Chen TT, Powers DA. Rainbow trout has two genes for growth hormone. Mol Reprod Dev 1988; 1:11-7. [PMID: 2908440 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the primary structures of two mRNA species (GH1 and GH2), each predicted from the cloned cDNA and genomic gene sequences, that encode growth hormone in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Both GH1 and GH2 mRNA contain open reading frames comprising 630 nucleotides and encode 210 amino acid residues, of which 11 are variant. The translated regions of mRNA are flanked by a short 5'-untranslated sequence, which is highly conserved, and a relatively long 3'-untranslated sequence, which is highly divergent. The differences at the 3'-untranslated regions suggest that the GH1 and GH2 mRNA originate from different loci. RNA blot analysis of trout pituitary RNA using an oligonucleotide probe specific for the GH2 sequence indicates that the cloned gene is expressed. The GH1 and GH2 mRNA likely are transcribed from two distinct loci, which were duplicated during tetraploidization of the salmonid genome between 50 and 100 million years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B Agellon
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A well-known law states that 'if a thing can go wrong it will go wrong'. This clearly applies to the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatic axis as to many other physiological and biochemical systems. Defects of this axis, giving rise to stunted growth, can occur at several different points, as has been discussed in detail in this review. Defects at the level of the brain can lead to inadequate production or secretion of the factors that control growth hormone secretion. Defects at the level of the pituitary can lead to failure to produce or secrete adequate quantities of growth hormone, or to production of inactive hormone. Defects at the level of target organs can lead to inability to respond to growth hormone or somatomedins. The axis involved in the production and effects of growth hormone is a complex one, and defects have been identified at most of the points that 'could go wrong', although in many cases the molecular details are far from fully understood. Increased understanding of the biochemistry and physiology of the hormonal control of growth, and of the impairments to which it is subject, should provide an improved basis for treatment of growth defects. Nevertheless, there remain many points at which our knowledge is very incomplete. The field is a rapidly moving one and further developments in both basic understanding and clinical treatment are to be expected during the next few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wallis
- Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nicoll CS, Steiny SS, King DS, Nishioka RS, Mayer GL, Eberhardt NL, Baxter JD, Yamanaka MK, Miller JA, Seilhamer JJ. The primary structure of coho salmon growth hormone and its cDNA. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1987; 68:387-99. [PMID: 2449377 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(87)90077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Total RNA was extracted from coho salmon growth hormone (sGH) cell regions and used to synthesize double-stranded cDNA, which was inserted into a plasmid vector and used to transform Escherichia coli HB101. The total RNA was also separated according to size by electrophoresis on agarose gels and the fraction that directed the cell-free synthesis of protein in the size range of GHs of other species was isolated and used to screen the transformed colonies of E. coli. A clone containing the putative sGH cDNA was identified and its nucleotide sequence was determined. To verify that the cDNA was that of sGH, the GH cell region of coho pituitary glands was incubated in organ culture. The secreted GH was purified by HPLC and the sequence of its 42 amino-terminal amino acids was determined. Comparison of this sequence with the amino acid sequence derived from the cDNA showed that it encoded sGH. Medium containing the presumptive sGH as the only prominent protein was active in a GH radioreceptor assay that involved labeled bovine GH and pregnant mouse liver membranes: the sGH was approximately 10% as active as the bGH standard. RNA blotting analysis showed that sGH was the major species of RNA produced by the GH cell region of the salmon pituitary. The mRNA of sGH differed from those of human, rat, and bovine GH in that its 3'-untranslated region was unusually large (about 500 nucleotides) but the coding region showed significant homology with mammalian GHs and resembled them in having a strong (78%) preference for G and C in the third positions of the codons. The amino acid sequence of sGH showed 32-34% and 19-22% identical homology with mammalian GHs and prolactins, respectively. Several conserved regions between sGH and mammalian GH and PRL molecules were also revealed that could indicate conservation of structurally and/or functionally important domains. Hydropathy analysis disclosed that although sGH and the GH of a representative mammal (pig) had similar profiles in some regions, the sGH was overall more hydrophobic than the pig (p) GH. Similarities and differences, were also noted in the predicted secondary structure of sGH and pGH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Nicoll
- Department of Physiology-Anatomy, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abdel-Meguid SS, Shieh HS, Smith WW, Dayringer HE, Violand BN, Bentle LA. Three-dimensional structure of a genetically engineered variant of porcine growth hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:6434-7. [PMID: 2819877 PMCID: PMC299091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.18.6434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of a genetically engineered variant of porcine growth hormone, methionyl porcine somatotropin (MPS), has been determined at 2.8-A resolution, using single crystal x-ray diffraction techniques. Phases were obtained by use of a single isomorphous K2OsCl6 derivative and were improved by use of the density modification procedure. The MPS structure is predominantly helical. It consists mainly of four antiparallel alpha-helices arranged in a left twisted helical bundle, a structural motif observed in a number of other unrelated proteins. However, the way the four helices are connected in the bundle is unusual and, to our knowledge, has never been reported before. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of MPS with that of other growth hormones reveals that residues within the alpha-helices are predominantly invariant and thus these invariant residues are necessary to maintain the structural integrity of these proteins.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight modern techniques in HPLC and electrophoresis used for protein hormone separations. The advent of biotechnological methods for production of synthetic polypeptides and recombinant proteins will have a significant future impact on the types of therapeutics and metabolites that need to be monitored in the clinical laboratory. The protein hormone examples given in this work were selected because of the comprehensive body of separation science literature and not necessarily for their future importance in medicine. The intention was to present an array of general methods and techniques which may be useful to the clinical investigator for analysis of any protein hormone.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Monkey pituitary somatotropin has been studied by zero-order, second-order, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Difference absorption spectra have also been generated during proteolytic digestion of the hormone. The molar extinction coefficient of the native protein was found to be 23,800 +/- 550 (M-1 cm-1) at 276.6 nm. A comparison of the conformations of monkey and human pituitary somatotropins indicates a close relationship between the two molecules, including alpha-helix contents of 55 +/- 5%.
Collapse
|